human sexuality ch 13

identity acceptance

"I am gay"; person accepts sexuality

identity tolerance

"I probably am gay"; seek out other homosexuals; first contacts are critical; begin to tolerate this idea

identity comparison

"i maybe homosexual? " because being heterosexual didn't feel right

1993 Bill Clinton being "Dont' Ask, Don't Tell"

(it was illegal to be gay and be in the military) realized they had a lot of gay people doing good job in military; didn't have to lie but couldn't outwardly say "I am gay"

cultural difference tell us

- cultures set their own definitions of homosexuality -some ethnic groups are more disapproving of homosexuality than U.S. whites

sociological theory:

- emphasis is on labels and their effects - basic premise is that society is not accepting -society labels behavior that is different/not liked as homosexual -this continues the negative connotation of homosexuality -this may then be a self fulfilling prophesy -behavior is labeled as homosexual, then the person may become convinced that they are homosexual and live life as a gay person

birth order

- gay men are likely to have late birth order and multiple older brothers -this is not true for lesbians

ex of cultural differences: lesbians in latin culture

- harder for lesbian Latinos to be lesbian in their culture due to their cultural definitions of a woman

kinsey believes

- it is hard to define a homosexual - we should talk of homosexual behavior, not homosexuality

why do gay activists prefer to be called gay instead of homosexual

- the word "gay" instead of homosexuals because ithas too many negative connotations

exclusively homosexual men: women:

-2% -1%

what are the statistics for sexual orientation? only heterosexual: men: women: only homosexual: men: women:

-90% & 90% -2% & 1%

interactionist theory: ____ theory (1996) believes the ___ becomes____ due to: bem believes: and temperament is many things:

-Bem's - exotic, erotic - the interaction between biological factors and environmental experiences -that biology affects temperament in childhood - level of aggressiveness & level of activity

arousal

-Gay men are aroused by male stimuli; straight men are aroused by female stimuli -Women, both gay and straight, show arousal to both male and female stimuli

learning theories

-Reward and punishment shape behavior -Believe people are born sexual not straight or gay -If early sexual experience was homosexual and pleasant may continue

gay bars and gay baths

-Social clubs instead of going to bar may go to the gay bath instead -Baths have a lot of water features (hot tubs, pools, ect.) -Had a lot of anonymous unprotected sex -Many closed down during the 1980s because of the HIV/AIDS

conversion therapy (reparative therapy)

-Treatments designed to turn LGBs into heterosexuals have been around for about 100 years -By 2000 scandals became so great that the APA issued and official opposing statement -Performed by far right religious groups -Treatment is inhuman;; electric shock to genitals when showing nude photos of the same gender -Seen as an illness that needs to be cured -Doesn't change the person's sexual orientation just makes them feel guilty -APA has a statement against this therapy

differences between gay men and lesbians

-Women are more likely to be bisexual -women are less likely to be exclusively homosexual -women have more change over time with their sexuality

studies with control groups

-a) asked if homosexuals has more psychological disturbances than the heterosexuals -b) found more disturbances in adjustment phase with homosexuals -c) homosexuals had more suicide attempts, neurosis, and disturbed family relationships

Population studies: - uses _____ samples from______ populations -found: -also found: results have been debated: percentage-wise:

-a) uses random samples from general population -b) found: higher depression rated in gay and lesbians than heterosexuals -c) also found: higher suicide attempts in LGBT youth than straight youth -may have higher rates because of hate crimes and lack of support in identity -more LGBT youth attempted suicide but 90% of LGBT youth didn't

children by

-adoption -artificial insemination -children from previous heterosexual relationships

why do people become homosexual?

-biological theories -learning theories -interactionist theory -sociological theory

four types of research studies on mental health and homosexuals

-clinical studies -studies with control groups -non-patient research -population studies

lesbian

-female homosexuals -traces from Sappo who lived on the island of Lesbos in 600 BC -wrote love poems to other women -had child while in a heterosexual marriage but focused on other women in her poetry

the clinical study found non-patient research: found: there is no evidence to support: in 1973 APA:

-groups not in therapy were compared -no difference between homosexuals and heterosexuals -the idea that homosexuals are ill or poorly adjusted -removed homosexuality from being a mental illness

straight

-heterosexuals

we don't know what cause ___ no single ___ explains all cases assuming all gays are similar is ___ ___ there may be types of homosexuals so we should identify ____ instead of looking at all homosexuals as ____

-homosexuality -theory -not true -types -one

gay community maybe... "fence-sitters" "LUGs" some gays.... some heterosexuals....

-hostile or suspicious of people who claim to be bisexual -negative term used by gays to define bisexuals - (lesbian until graduation) too much work to be in a heterosexual relationship until after you're done with school -don't believe bisexuality isn't real; that the person hasn't given themselves permission to be fully gay -are hostile towards bisexuals

six stages of identity development

-identity confusion -identity comparison -identity tolerance -identity acceptance -identity pride -identity synthesis

ex of cultural differences:

-in mexican culture the role that is played defines his sexual preference -anal intercourse is preferred (because it is most like vaginal intercourse) -oral sex is rare -The penetrating partner is seen as heterosexual whereas the receiving partner is seen as homosexual

Reiss' Theory of Sexual Identification

-in society with rigid gender roles, women raise children -therefore, boys don't have a chance to learn male roles from adult males, so they become homosexual due to modeling after women -some boys may simply reject the rigid roles assigned to men and choose not to model after the men -evidence supports the idea that in societies with rigid gender roles, there is more homosexuality -there is greater homosexuality in societies with high maternal involvement and low paternal involvement

_____ has positive impact on ____. why?

-internet -identity -provide information -give opportunities to talk with others who are gay -it can help foster/create a positive self image

clinical studies

-looked at homosexuals that were in therapy -found they were different from heterosexuals -were found to be poorly adjusted (no smooth social skills) and & neurotic

Criticisms of Bem's Theory

-looks at male experience, not female experience -some evidence contradicts his theory, but he doesn't discuss it

brain: levays work found: criticisms of levay's work:

-may have anatomical differences -Looked at homosexuals and heterosexuals brains during the 1970s -Found that a cluster of cells in the hypothalamus were ½ the size in gay men then straight men -Didn't find out sexual orientation until after measurements -Sample was very small 19 gay men, 16, straight men, 6 straight women -All gay men and one straight woman had passed away from AIDS -No lesbians were used in the study -The record stated he just assumed the others were straight

these two factors show gender differences: boys are: they typically play: then see other: this lead them to:

-more active and more aggressive -with other boys who have the same temperament -as exotic --> becomes erotic -feel general arousal when around these exotic people

reiss calls this the "____ pathways" to homosexuality a ____ pathway is seen when gender roles are not as rigid here people can explore ___ and choose to ___ with certain people

-negative -positive -roles -identify

mental illness

-people believed they were basically possessed -Now viewed as sickness or illness -Being called "sick" could be considered as another form of persecution of gays and lesbians

bisexuality: numbers of bisexuality in men: women:

-sexual orientation toward men and women: slang term is AC-DC -1.8% -2.8%

genetic

-studies of twines led to theory -Believed that there are 3 genes that may be responsible for homosexuality on chromosome 7, 8, and 10 -Most likely a combination of genes

queer

-used by gay activists gays, lesbians, transgender (any one who has a different sexual orientation)

prenatal

-variation of prenatal development is cause of homosexuality -According to one theory, homosexuality is caused by a variation in prenatal development -Mothers who has extreme stress can lead to homosexual child; after WWII they found more homosexuals men due to mothers stress from war -Mother's stress reduced testosterone increasing homosexual possibility -With females if high levels of estrogen may have lesbian behaviors -DES is estrogen linked to homosexual and bisexual behavior in women -Birth order of men can be a factor (only if they have older brother not older sister) -Birth order does not affect lesbians -Gays are more likely to be left handed

coming out

-when the person acknowledges to themselves and others that they are gay or lesbian -they are psychologically vulnerable at this time -after coming out there is often a period of exploration -first relationships -the integration stage: person is more integrated into the society as a gay person

facts of children who were adopted by homosexual couples

1) majority of children are straight 2) mental health is the same as in all other children 3) they have similar social skills and popularity as other children

ex of cultural differences: chinese american

1) public behavior and private behavior 2) family loyalty and family roles are more important than individual desires

concerns for children

1) will they have gender or gender identity problems? 2) will they have psychological problems? 3)will they have difficulty in relationships the answer is NO to all of these

biological theories

1. genetic 2. prenatal 3. brain 4. hormonal

at least one homosexual experience as and adult

10% for both men and women

had at least one same gender experience

10% for both men and women

hate crimes in adults

19% women 28% men

____ to ____ of child abusers are homosexuals

2-3%

2004 survey found

58% of Americans though that same sex relationships were wrong

hate crimes in youth

80% verbal harassment 11% physical harassment 9% sexually assaulted

_____crisis of 1980s cemented gay community

AIDS

cultural perspective: african americans

African American community is thought to be less tolerant of sexuality than whites or Latinos

metropolitan community church

Began because LGBT did not feel accepted in church; created by gays for gays

First activist groups

Formed after WWII

in the US was happened after WWII?

Gay communities began to flourish

studies with control groups was circular in design because

It compared homosexuals in therapy to heterosexuals who were not in therapy

______ believes a continuum is most accurate in rating sexual behavior

Kinsey

currently:

LGBT do not want to be seen as ill because they are not

greek letter ____: used with pride

Lambda

kinsey's point

Person may like homosexual acts or not. Seen strictly as a behavior; how many homosexual encounters does a person have to have in order to be labeled gay? Doesn't matter

hormonal

attempts to cure male homosexuality by administering testosterone have failed and seem to result in even more homosexual behavior than usual (no evidence)

identity pride

begin to feel proud who they are; increase coming out of the closet; us vs them(heterosexuals) mentality; further identification of homosexual

heterosexism

belief that heterosexuals is the norm therefore homosexual is abnormal

ex of cultural differences: in anglo culture:

both men in a homosexual encounter are seen as gay

covert homosexual

can be married in a heterosexual marriage and totally respected in their field

gays and lesbians have more history of:

childhood non-conforming play than heterosexuals

more _____ against gay men than lesbians

discrimination

this arousal becomes: for heterosexuals:

erotic and romantic arousal is female-focused

_____ is preferred by gay activists

gay

before the 1900s

homosexuality was seen as a sin; went against God and the accepted religious beliefs

bisexual

individuals are attracted to both genders

heterosexual

individuals are attracted to the opposite gender than themselves

homosexual

individuals are attracted to the same gender as themselves

LBG's still experiences ____ and ___ discrimination

job, wage

newspapers and magazines

made own so that everyone can be represented

hate crimes against LGB's

males report more than women

overt homosexual

may live entirely in the LGBTQ+ community

identity confusion

may try to be heterosexual which causes confusion because it doesn't feel right; "who am I?"

more ____ than ____ are homosexual

men women

cultural perspective: both black and latino

men are more likely to have homosexual behavior but identify as heterosexual

antigay prejudice

negative attitudes towards gays and lesbians

advocate college guide for LGBT Students

one of the many newspapers they created to include everyone

what shows solidarity?

pride marches and the use of slang

hate crime statitics act passed in 1990

protected gays and lesbians as a minority

ex of cultural differences: in egypt:

receiving partner is seen as gay, giving partner is seen as heterosexual

assumptions of clinical studies

results they were mentally ill; however they were comparing homosexuals in therapy to heterosexuals that weren't

20th century

seen as a sickness, help change (do treatment)

covert

sexual life is still private; still in the closet

homophobia

strong irrational fear of homosexuals

what did the AAP do in 2002?

supported adoption by gay parents

most important factor to raising healthy children is have at lease one ____ and ___ parent

supportive accepting

identity synthesis

synthesis and integrate into the community at large; realize there are good and bad people on both sides; integrate public and private identity

this arousal becomes: for homosexuals

the same is true for homosexual men, but they spent more time with girls growing up than with boys

overt

they are open about their sexuality; public about sexual orientation

alternative to kinsey's scale

use a two dimensional scale with: - heteroticism( arousal to opposite gender) -homoerotic (arousal to own gender) -bisexual person would be high on both -asexual person would be low on both

sexual orientation

who we are attracted to and have the potential for loving

how did the Nazi identify gay men?

with a pink triangle