human sexuality midterm
One of the most important findings in Kinsey's work was that:
there was extraordinary diversity in sexual behavior.
The umbrella term for those whose gender expression or identity is not congruent with the sex assigned at birth is:
transgender
A ____ person cross-dresses for sexual arousal, whereas a ____ person cross-dresses to feel comfortable and congruent.
transvestite; transgender
Most people who seriously participate in any of the marital therapies are likely to be better off afterward, and about _____ of them will no longer be dissatisfied with their marriages.
two-thirds
Sex researchers believe that the most that can be said of a person is that his or her behaviors are:
typical or atypical of the group average.
All the following are Victorian perspectives on sexuality that persist today EXCEPT the:
value placed on women being sexually experienced.
As part of sexual arousal, the engorgement of cavernous bodies with blood is ______________, and increased muscle tension is ______________.
vasocongestion; myotonia
To minimize the possibility of vaginal infections, a person should:
wear cotton rather than synthetic underpants.
Dominique thinks that she was exposed to HIV. When will the antibodies be detectable in her blood?
3-8 weeks following exposure
According to Gottman and Levenson's research, to stay satisfied with a close relationship, it is important to maintain a rewards-to-costs ratio of at least:
5 to 1.
Though a precise figure is difficult to acquire, the CIA conservatively estimates that ______ women and children from more than 40 different countries of origin are being trafficked and exploited within the U.S. sex industry.
50,000
Mieko and Kitsune had unprotected sex for an entire year. What is the likelihood that Mieko became pregnant?
85 percent
Which of the following is TRUE about the hymen in a woman's sexual anatomy?
A hymen can be stretched or broken during non-sexual activities.
What has historical and cross-cultural research revealed about the prevalence of abortion?
Abortion rates decline when there is comprehensive sex education, easy access to contraception, and pro-family social policies. When abortion is restricted, women are more likely to seek unsafe and unregulated methods of terminating their pregnancies. Correct! All these answers are correct. Abortion rates are the same regardless of whether abortion is broadly legal or prohibited.
With reference to cross-cultural comparisons, which of the following statements about adolescent pregnancies in the U.S. is FALSE?
Adolescents in the US are more sexually active than their European counterparts.
In which of the following ethnic groups would you MOST likely find a couple with a relationship characterized by egalitarianism (that is where responsibilities are shared rather than based on traditional gender roles)?
African American
Which of the following is NOT a sampling-related problem that occurs in sex research?
African Americans and Latin Americans are overrepresented in most studies.
What is the problem with depending on the media as a source for sexual attitudes and information?
Because of their entertainment orientation, there are few realistic depictions of sexuality.
A local radio talk show host asks his listeners to call in and report how frequently they engage in sexual intercourse. Which of the following BEST describes the validity of this information?
Because this sample is not representative of the community, it will not be valid.
All of the following behaviors help to maintain relationship satisfaction EXCEPT:
Inflation of expectations
Which of the following statements about anal intercourse is FALSE?
It is less common than oral sex among gay men.
What is the nature of IVF?
It is typical for a couple to need multiple rounds and to pay $14 k per round.
All the following are valid concerns about maternal depression EXCEPT:
Postpartum depression affects 75% of new parents, but usually subsides in two weeks.
Which of the following is NOT a recommended practice for successful negotiation?
Promote your partner's happiness by accommodating every request they make.
What has the research revealed regarding the geography of parenthood and well-being?
The relationship between parenthood and life satisfaction depends on geography, with it having a negative relationship in Western countries that endorse an ideology of intensive parenting but do not have supportive family policies.
Which of the following are benefits of consuming sexually-explicit materials?
The sexual sensations elicited by erotica are pleasurable. The material is a source of sexual information and fantasy. Correct! All of these. The material can address desire discrepancy in couples.
How does childhood sexual exploration influence adult sexual orientation?
There is no hard evidence that such experiences influence adult sexual orientation.
How are sexual orientation and gender identity related to each other?
They are conceptually independent of each other.
All of the following are psychological reasons a person may remain in a relationship of intimate terrorism EXCEPT:
They know that violence is common in long-term relationships and legal in their state.
Match the contraceptive label with its appropriate description. Each item is worth 0.2 points. Uterine implant that can be in place for up to 12 years and has less than a 0.1 typical use failure rate, but does not protect against STIs and may increase menstrual flow and cramps. Oral medication that does not interfere with intercourse and reduces menstrual cramps, but does not protect against STIs and has a typical use failure rate of 9. Barrier worn inside the vaginal canal that protects against STIs and does not reduce sensation during intercourse, but may be difficult to insert and has a typical failure rate of 21. Method in which a woman tracks her fertile days without any medical side effects or costs, but does not protect against STIs and has a typical failure rate of 12. Barrier worn over the cervix that does not interfere with intercourse and does not need to be fitted, but may be difficult to insert and has a typical failure rate of 15.
Uterine implant --> ParaGard IUD Oral medication --> combination pill Barrier worn inside the vaginal canal --> Female Condom Method in which a woman --> Fertility Awareness Barrier worn over the cervix --> FemCap
Which of the following is NOT a recommendation for expressing or receiving a complaint?
Wait until you are in the car so that you have something to talk about.
Which of the following BEST explains the relationship between biological sex and gender roles?
We may be born male, female, or a variation of the two, and how our gender roles develop is a complex issue.
What is the meaning of "biological sexism" of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?
Women are more vulnerable to infection and long-term effects of STIs than men.
Which statement about breasts is FALSE?
Women with bigger breasts produce more milk than women with smaller breasts.
If someone wants their betrayal to do the least harm to their relationship, they should:
admit to their wrongdoing without being asked.
Who seek partners who offer charisma, humor, kindness, and intelligence?
all genders
Carmen often complains that the men she meets are distant and cannot commit to her. She falls in love easily and is very sexual. Her relationships are marked by extreme happiness, jealousy, and dark despair. According to the attachment theory of love, researchers would most likely classify her as an adult with:
anxious attachments.
Among sex workers, Burnette found that:
approximately 90% want to leave the profession, but do not have the resources to do so.
Erotic fantasies:
are a healthy part of sexuality and may enhance relationships.
Two unrealistic expectations that mainstream heterosexual pornography can be consistently accused of perpetrating are that men ____ and women ____.
are always ready for sex; can orgasm from any position
According to the most recent model of sexual orientation (Storms), bisexual individuals:
are high on both homoeroticism and heteroeroticism dimensions.
David believes that his partner Scott intentionally scheduled conflicting social plans on an evening when the two of them scheduled to have dinner with David's mother, because Scott has never gotten along with David's mother. Scott says that he thought the dinner was planned for the following week. David and Scott are engaged in a(n):
attributional conflict.
Two important strategies for overcoming jealousy are self-reliance and:
bolstering your sense of self-worth.
Janet concludes that a tribe is bizarre because the men adorn themselves by making holes in their genitalia and filling the holes with little wire rings. She overlooks the fact that in her own culture, people pierce their ears, tongues, eyebrows, and other body parts. This is an example of:
ethnocentrism
The correct order of Masters and Johnson's model is:
excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
Which of the following hormones is released by the pituitary gland and stimulates maturation of gametes in the testes and ovaries?
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Caleb and Kiedra want very much to have a baby. To maximize the possibility of pregnancy, they should have intercourse:
frequently within the six-day period ending on the day of ovulation.
Across history and cultures, love has almost universally been conceptualized as:
involving sexual intimacy. existing only in marriages. a heterosexual experience. Correct! none of these.
Tyrell and Tenisha like to play house. Every time they play, Tenisha scolds Tyrell for the pretended mess he makes and ridicules him for not knowing how to set the table. He is not allowed to hold her doll except under her watchful eye. According to social learning theory, these roles are:
learned through observation and imitation.
Yahvi, a 12-year-old girl, just completed a comprehensive sex education unit in school. Vanita, Yahvi's cousin who is also a 12-year-old girl, goes to a different school that takes an abstinence-only approach to sex education. Compared to Vanita, Yahvi is:
less likely to become pregnant before she graduates from high school.
Social factors that predispose teenagers to engage in early sexual behavior include:
low parental monitoring. parent substance use. poverty. Correct! all of these.
A nationwide study of two years' worth of credit-card receipts from a major online provider of pornography found that states whose residents consume the most pornography tend to have:
more conservative and religious populations than states whose residents exhibit lower levels of consumption.
Which of the following is the most difficult cancer to diagnose in women because there are no symptoms in the early stages?
ovarian cancer
Research on reactions to relationship dissolution indicates that people:
overestimate how painful it will be, and gradually bounce back.
For an embryo to develop male genitals, the embryo must:
receive genetic and hormonal signals.
The ruling in the Supreme Court case Obergefell v. Hodges in 2015 was historically significant because it:
recognized the constitutional right of individuals to marry, regardless of sex, in every state.
Most people who have committed infidelity in their committed relationship indicate that _______ played an important role in their decision.
relationship dissatisfaction
A person who enjoys all kinds of sexual expressions, has a positive attitude toward sexual activities, is comfortable talking about sex, and uses contraception responsibly would most likely:
score high on a measure of erotophilia.
In Baxter's research with college students, the most common method of breaking up involves strategies that are ______.
self-oriented and indirect
Jen has had three boyfriends over the last five years. She has been sexually active with each of them, but never had sex outside of the relationship while she was with a boyfriend. Jen is practicing:
serial monogamy.
Sexual harassment involves:
sexual comments or overtures that persist after a request that they stop.
Sexual orientation refers to a person's ___________, which may change over time.
sexual identity, interests, and behaviors
When Ellen accepted a new project at work and started working longer hours, she and her partner Samantha went through a great deal of conflict because Samantha got to see her less and felt like Ellen was choosing work over their relationship. Together they came up with creative ways to spend time with each other and both made a renewed commitment to their relationship. What Ellen and Samantha experienced is best described as a(n):
structural improvement.
William Masters and Virginia Johnson contributed all the following to our understanding of human sexual behavior EXCEPT they did not:
support Freud's distinction between clitoral and vaginal orgasms.
The American Psychiatric Association does not list domination and submission as a paraphilic disorder because:
the behaviors are consensual and do not cause psychological distress.
The part of the body that is most important for desire and sexual response is:
the brain
What are the two components of the female reproductive cycle?
the ovarian cycle and the menstrual cycle
For your roommate, it is very important that the two of you live together next year. You wouldn't mind living with them again next year but have considered other roommate options. In this relationship, you have more power than your roommate. This is an example of:
the principle of lesser interest.
Debra tells her partner that she doesn't like it when he comes home late from a night drinking with his friends. Which of the following would be his response involving validation?
"I can see why it would bother you, but I feel like this is something I need in the middle of a long week at work."
Steve and Miranda are a heterosexual married couple with a small child. Though they care about each other very much, Steve commits infidelity and Miranda seeks separation and divorce. What would be most effective for Steve to say to seek forgiveness and repair the relationship?
"I had sex with someone else, and you're so amazing, and I don't know how I could do that to you. I never meant to hurt you and I'm sorry."
According to the Maltz hierarchy, an interaction wherein an individual with sadistic sexual interest dominates and gives physical pain to a partner with masochistic sexual interest per their shared BDSM script would be categorized as a:
+3
In India, cultural tradition has favored the practice of arranged marriages, wherein parents choose the spouse of their young adult child. Recently, however, as many as _____ of marriages in India are semi-arranged, wherein young adults are involved in the spouse selection process.
2 in 3
Approximately ____ women and ____ men have experienced sexual assault, obsessive relational intrusion, or intimate partner violence in their lifetimes.
1 in 3; 1 in 3
One teaspoon of ejaculate can contain _____ sperm, though only _____ will reach the fallopian tubes.
100 million to 600 million; less than 1,000
The U.S. Department of Justice estimates that in the United States, the median age of entry into sex work is between _________ years of age.
12 and 14
Please match the following individuals with their diagnosis.
Although Cameron is 15, she has not begun to develop breasts, does not menstruate, and she appears short for her age. Medical tests reveal that she does not have ovaries and is missing an X chromosome. --> Turner Syndrome Sam is tall, has little body hair and unusually small testicles, and is starting to develop rounded hips and breasts. Medical tests reveal he has low levels of testosterone and an extra X chromosome. --> Klinefelter Syndrome When Casey reached puberty but did not begin to menstruate, her parents took her in for medical testing. Tests revealed that Casey's chromosomes are XY and her gonads are producing testosterone, but she developed feminine external genitalia because her body is unable to respond to testosterone. --> Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Ari has been identified as female since birth. However, during puberty Ari's testicles descended and what was thought to be Ari's clitoris enlarged into the glans of a penis. Ari also developed other male secondary sex characteristics. Since then, Ari has claimed a male gender identity. --> 5-Alpha Reductase/DHT Deficiency Hayden was born with female genitals that were masculine in appearance, did not feed well, and soon developed dehydration and abnormal heart rhythm. Medical tests revealed that while she had XX chromosomes, she had abnormally high levels of androgen due to a gland disorder. --> Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
According to your authors, what would be the BEST response to a five-year-old's question "Where do babies come from?"
Briefly discuss the basics of reproduction, check to see whether the child has understood your answer, and express your openness to answer similar questions in future.
Kyl and Brent encourage their child Zoomer to play with any toys and to wear any clothes that interest them. When shopping, they allow Zoomer to browse across the toy and clothing sections to pick out the most appealing items. Brianna and Devon encourage their child Noah to only play with toys and wear clothes that are marketed for boys. When shopping, they stop and point out trucks and dinosaur shirts and move quickly past any toys or clothing they perceive to be feminine. Which socialization process are both pairs of parents using to shape their child's gender roles?
Channeling
This image depicts the I3 Model of Situational Couple Violence perpetration. Match the following descriptions with their correct box in the model. Each pair is worth 0.2 point.
Cheryl observed her husband flirting with another woman. --> Instigating trigger Jasper and Chloe have been very stressed lately because their hours have been reduced at work and they are struggling to pay bills.--> Impelling influence Dana and Leslie are pretty satisfied in their relationship. --> Inhibiting influence Michael grew up in a household with a father who was abusive toward his mother and siblings. --> Impelling influence Kendall and Dante respect each other and view their relationship as a partnership. --> Inhibiting influence
All of the following statements about sexual orientation are true EXCEPT:
Children who violate gender norms or who engage in sexual play with children of the same gender are more likely to have a sexual minority orientation later in life.
Sexual response is very similar across genders, except:
Cis and trans men experience a refractory period.
Please match the corresponding homologous sex organs.
Clitoris --> Glans of penis Clitoral hood --> Foreskin Labia majora --> Scrotum Labia minora --> Spongy tissue of shaft Ovaries -->Testes
Which of the following is the BEST tip for enhancing your sex life?
Communication about preferences and desires.
Which of the following statements about consensual non-monogamy is FALSE?
Consensual non-monogamists have significantly poorer quality of relationships than monogamists.
Nicole suspects that her best friend Tiffany is experiencing intimate partner violence from her husband Jason. What should Nicole do to help Tiffany? (Select all that apply.)
Continue to invite Tiffany to hang out even if Tiffany has been declining invitations. Say, "I'm worried about you, that doesn't sound healthy," whenever Tiffany describes a controlling or hurtful behavior.
All the following are TRUE regarding contraceptive use internationally EXCEPT:
Contraceptive use in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia is low because African and Indian women desire large families.
What is problematic with condemning all sexually explicit videos (SEV) as exploitative and to blame for sexual violence?
Correct! All of these. Violence and misogyny existed before SEV and are prevalent in other media. SEV can provide sexual expression for sexual minority members and those who have atypical sexual interests. It ignores the possibility that the actors consented to perform and derived pleasure from their experience.
Who is LEAST likely to recover quickly from the end of their relationship?
Danielle who scheduled a hair appointment and plans to get blackout drunk this weekend.
All of the following are true about dating and hooking-up EXCEPT:
Dating and hooking-up are the new courtship process of young people around the world.
David met Jason at a Halloween event at a local dance club. The two instantly had a connection and David has been looking forward to starting a relationship with Jason. However, last time they saw each other Jason disclosed to David that he is HIV+. What does this mean for David?
David can be prescribed an antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to greatly reduce his likelihood of becoming infected.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding LGBTQ+ individuals' experiences with prejudice and discrimination?
Due to widespread social acceptance, now is a better time than ever to come out as a sexual or gender minority member.
What is a strong predictor of attraction for long-term relationships?
Homogamy - having similarity in interests, values, sociodemographic characteristics, and physical appearance.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding experiences of LGBTQIA+ teens?
Few LGBTQIA+ teens feel that they can openly talk to their parents about their orientation.
What health behavior is recommended to reduce your risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections?
Get tested regularly and use a condom/dental dam when infection status is positive or unknown.
All of the following are social factors involved in the spread of HIV EXCEPT:
HIV transmission through casual skin contact.
Johan and Elin have lived together in Stockholm Sweden for two years and are beginning to talk about marriage, though they have all of the legal benefits of marriage and their families do not expect them to marry. Matt and Samantha have lived together in Washington D.C. for two years and recently gave birth to their first child. They are beginning to talk about marriage because their families do not approve of their out-of-wedlock birth and are pressuring them to "make it official." According to what we learned about cohabitation from Sassler & Lichter (2020), which statement is MOST likely true of their futures?
Johan and Elin are more likely to stay together than Matt and Samantha.
Which of the following is NOT a psychosocial factor that strongly predicts perpetration of sexual assault?
Male biological sex.
Which of the following statements about marital sexuality is FALSE?
Married couples view declining frequency in sex as a major problem even if the overall relationship is good.
What is CURRENTLY the leading cause of developmental disabilities and birth defects in the United States?
Maternal drinking of alcohol during pregnancy
Please match the following couples with their type of love according to Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love.
Mei and Shu met through friends and have been dating privately for almost a year. They try to spend every free moment with each other and feel like they know everything about one another. They fear their time together may be coming to an end though, because their parents have been pressuring them to find good husbands and would be furious if they learned Mei and Shu are more than friends. --> Romantic love Isabel and Zach met on a spring break mission trip, fell madly in love with each other, and have decided to get married. Their parents think it is too soon, but they feel confident that they know all they need to know about each other. --> Fatuous love Vivek and Shivani have returned to Vivek's family home to settle into married life. Shivani doesn't know Vivek well but feels confident that her parents made a good choice and is looking forward to building a marriage with her new husband. --> Empty love During holiday visits, Jess loves to watch her parents, who have been married for 25 years. Like a dance they have perfected, they anticipate each other's movements and needs. Though she doubts they have a steamy sex life, watching their quiet affection comforts her. --> Companionate love Cara and Andrew enjoy spending time together and feel comfortable to talk about anything with each other. Though they care about each other, their relationship is platonic and they each have romantic partners. --> Liking
Which of the following is MOST TRUE regarding the gender identity of individuals with DSD?
More longitudinal research needs to be done in this area.
Which of the following statements regarding sexuality and aging is FALSE?
Most older people no longer want or enjoy sexual contact.
Greta has four children in her day-care class. Which child is MOST likely to have adjustment problems?
Nancy, living with both of her biological parents who argue a great deal.
Criticisms of efforts to label frequent sexual behavior "sexual addiction" include all the following EXCEPT:
Neither the professional literature nor the popular media has directed much attention to the idea that people can become dominated by insatiable sexual needs.
What would Lee (love styles) and Sternberg (triangular theory, love stories) agree is the most important for relationship satisfaction?
Partners who are similar in their way of loving.
What effect does physical health have on sexuality?
People who are not in good physical health are likely to have sexual difficulties.
Based on the findings of Jason Kerwin regarding the relationship between perceived risk of a negative health outcome and behavioral choices, how risky should negative health outcomes such as HIV be portrayed in order to promote health behaviors such as condom use?
Risk should be portrayed in a way that corresponds with reality.
Please match the following paraphilias with their corresponding description.
Seth derives sexual pleasure when his dog licks his genitals, and he often indulges in anal sex with the dog. He cares deeply about his dog and always makes sure that it is not hurt. --> Zoophilia Harry gets aroused sexually just by touching and kissing his girlfriend's shoes. He always asks his girlfriend to wear her shoes while having sex with her. --> Fetishism Uma likes to be slapped and choked by her partner, Ryan, while having sex. Ryan doesn't enjoy these activities and worries he is going to hurt her, but it's the only way Uma can enjoy sex. --> Masochism Matt likes to go to the downtown subway terminal and press his genitals on unsuspecting women in the crowd. He is not too concerned about being confronted because the women often don't realize he is touching them. --> Frotteurism Steve often uses a telescope in his bedroom to peep into the bedroom windows of his neighbors in an adjacent cul-de-sac, to watch while they undress. Watching an unsuspecting person undress gives intense sexual pleasure to Steve. --> Voyeurism
New Zealand is the only country that has fully decriminalized sex work. Based on what you have learned about the benefits of decriminalization, what do you expect the five-year follow-up study of the impact on the public health and welfare of sex workers since the decriminalization of prostitution in New Zealand found?
Sex workers had improved access to health care, better relationships with police, and safer working conditions.
Which of the following is NOT a major finding of the National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS)?
Sexual dysfunctions are more prevalent among men than women.
Which of the following statements concerning circumcision is FALSE?
Superincision, a variation of circumcision, involves removal of the glans.
What is the BEST advice to give to parents to help prevent child sexual abuse?
Teach children about private parts and their right to say no, and encourage open communication.
You are watching TV with your three-year-old son and he begins masturbating. According to your text, how should you respond to your child's sexuality?
Tell him that you understand that it's pleasurable and that it is best to do that in the privacy of his own room.
Which of the following courses does a sperm cell follow on its way to the exterior body of the male?
Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, urethra
All of the following accurately reflect power inequity among men and women in the U.S. EXCEPT:
The U.S. ranks in the top 25% in cross-national comparisons of female representation in government.
Helen has written an article in a popular woman's magazine exploring the many benefits of a cream she has developed and markets on the Internet. Helen asserts this cream has increased sexual responsiveness for nearly all the women who have tried it, although she does not explain how many women have reported this benefit, or what methods she used to determine if it was helpful for them. Helen does not list her educational credentials. Why should one be skeptical of Helen's claims?
The magazine is not a peer-reviewed publication, and there is no evidence Helen is a trained researcher. Because Helen does not describe her research methods, it is impossible to judge their quality. Helen is likely to benefit financially from her findings that the product works. Correct! All the above.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a pedophile?
The person has sexual interests for teen girls.
Twenty-year-old Jacob has a family history of testicular cancer, and his doctor tells him that his risk of developing testicular cancer is very high. The doctor advises him to perform a monthly testicular self-exam. In this case, which of the following is most likely to be the earliest warning sign that Jacob shouldn't ignore?
a painless lump on the testicle
What factors are commonly related to adolescent entrance into sex work? (Select all that apply.)
childhood abuse, parental rejection
If someone you know has experienced sexual contact against their will, it is important for you to:
continually offer shelter and comfort.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding sexual scripts?
correct! All of these statements are true. Interpersonal scripts are learned conventions and signals that enable two or more people to engage in sexual behaviors with each other. Intrapersonal scripts give erotic meaning to physiological sensations and are highly individualized. Cultural scripts indicate which behaviors are socially acceptable, when they are performed, and with whom.
Which of the following is TRUE about masturbation?
correct! All of these. Due to Abrahamic religious belief that sex is for procreation, masturbation has traditionally been viewed as immoral and harmful in cultures that practice Judeo-Christian or Islamic religion. There is a positive relationship between level of education and frequency of masturbation. Masturbation is important for learning about our bodies and is a safer source of sexual pleasure.
A couple whose conversation goes like this: "I hate that you always leave the car with an empty gas tank;" "Well, I hate that you always park the car under the tree so it gets bird droppings on it," is engaging in ____________, which is an example of _____________.
cross-complaining; defensiveness.
Information about patterns of sexual behavior among the Mehinaku, Mangaia, Dani, ancient Greeks, and Sambians helps us see that:
culture is the primary determinant in how sexual interests and attractions are expressed.