Humanities Ch 13 The Working Class and the Bourgeoisie

Honore de Balzac

(1799-1850) French literary realism. Committed to examining life without bias. Chiefly remembered for his series of 91 interconnected novels and stories known collectively as The Human Comedy which pictures urban society as amoral and brutal characterized by a Darwinian struggle for power.

Honore Daumier

(1808-1879) a painter known for his political satire. the development of lithography made it possible for his cartoons to be printed regulary in the news paper. He focused on ordinary life and regularly lampooned neoclassical and Romantic art.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

(1811-1896), She wrote the abolitionist book, Uncle Tom's Cabin. It helped to crystallize the rift between the North and South. It has been called the greatest American propaganda novel ever written, and helped to bring about the Civil War.

Charles Dickens

(1812-1870) English literary realism. His novels illuminate the enorous inequities of class in the 19th century England. His detailed and sympathtic depiction of the English lower classes is what came to be termed Literary Realism.

Richard Wagner

(1813-1883), German composer of operas and inventor of the music drama in which drama and spectacle and music are fused Works: The Ring of Nibelung; Tristan and Isolde

Giuseppe Verdi

(1813-1901) Italian composer who lead the way in politicizing opera compositions. Master of Italian grand opera. among his best-known operas are Aida, Otello, Rigoletto, and La Traviata.

Gustave Courbet

(1818-1877), French painter noted for his realistic depiction of everyday scenes.He was the son of a farmer and self-taught artist. His goal was to paint the worls as he saw it. He rejected the the traditional political and moral dimension of realism in favor of a more subjective and apolitical approach to art. Paintings: The Stonebreakers, depicts two workers, an older man and a young boy, pounding stone to make gravel for a road. Together, the two suggest the unending nature of their work, backbreaking work has afflicted generation after generation. Per Courbet, a complete expression of human misery.

Karl Marx

(1818-1883) along with Frederick Engles wrote the Communist Manifesto.

Charles Baudelaire

(1821-1867), a French poet noted for macabre imagery and evocative language. Wrote: a book of 100 poems entitled : Les Fleurs du Mal "Flowers of Evil" He was charged with giving "offense to the public and religious morality" His poems are an attack on the romanticized view of life he believes it is a requirement of modern life to look at reality, even grim realities with open eyes.

Gustave Flaubert

(1821-1880) French literary realism. Wrote Madam Bovary.

Emile Zola

(1840-1902) his literary realism is known as naturalism. It's distinction from realism is that it does not pretend to be objective reporting. i.e. the artist's own personalit influences his work and his view of he world. He also believes that al lhuman beings are products of hereditary and environmental factors over which they have no control but which very much determine their lives. Wrote: The moment in Art (1867) stated that there are...two elements in a work, reality, which is nature and personal element, which is man. Nature is fixed and man is infinitely variable. -Wrote Therese Raquin-she has a love affair with her husband's friend. She and the lover drown her husband only to find that their guilt makes life together intolerable, leading them both plot each other's murder

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas

(1845) the autobiography of Frederick Douglas begins at his first memory of the Whipping of this Aunt which was his inauguration into slavery through his youth when he decides to stand up against his master and fight for his freedom

Uncle Tom's Cabin

(1852), Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. The novel describes the differing fates of 3 slaves. Her depiction of the plight of slaves roused anti-slavery snetiment world wide and became the best selling novel of the 19th century.

Madam Bovary

(1856) written by Flaubert and based on the true story of Daphine Delamar, an adulterous wife married to a country doctor, who died of grief after decieving and ruining her husband. The novel is a realist attack on the ROmantic sensibility.

Frederick Douglass

(1917-1895), one of the most prominent African American figures in the abolitionist movement. escaped from slavery in Maryland. he was a great thinker and speaker. published his own antislavery newspaper called the north star and wrote an autobiography that was published in 1845.

Sojourner Truth

(ca 1797-1883), American abolitionist and advocate of women's suffrage. Born into slavery, she escaped in 1827 changed her name and became a leading preacher against slavery and for the rights of women. her autobiography was widely read and influential.

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Naturalist novel

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International novel

..., - Many of Henry James' writings focus on the collision between American and European cultures; Europe is the home of arts and of "high civilization", and this is explored by this type of novel

Realism

..., A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

Transcendentalism

..., A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Walt Whitman

..., American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry. He linked the Romantic, Transcendental and Realist movements

Henry David Thoreau

..., American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War. He was a spokesman for the environment.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

..., American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Salon des Refuses

..., French for "exhibition of rejects" is generally an exhibition of works rejected by the jury of the official Paris Salon, but the term is most famously used to refer to the Salon des Refusés of 1863., A famous exhibition in 1863, the 'Salon des Refuses', was commissioned by Napoleon III, the French Emperor, as a recourse for artists who had their works denied entry into the Academie des Beaux-Arts' annual 'Salon de Paris' that year. Amongst the mediocre rejects displayed, a few gems made their debut - including Manet's "Le Dejeuner sur 'Herbe" and Whistler's "Symphony in White, No. 1".

Gesamtkunstwerk

..., Wagner's theory of opera wherein all branches of art, including poetry, narrative, design, and architecture, are harnessed in a global art form, opera., German for "total artwork"; a term coined by Richard Wagner to describe the synthesis of all the arts (music, poetry, drama, gesture, architecture and painting.)

Expatriate

..., move away from one's native country and adopt a new residence abroad

Music drama

..., the term Richard Wagner used for his operas in which the actions acted out on stage are the visual and veral manifestations of the drama created by the instruments in the orchestra.

Henry James

..., wrote of the confrontation of innocent Americans with subtle Europeans. His novels frequently included women as the central characters, exploring their inner reactions to complex situations with a skill that marked him as a master of psychological realism.

Edouard Manet

A Flaneur per Baudelaire. It was his mission to shock the bourgeoisie. His painting Luncheon on the Grass was rejected by the Salon. Painting: Luncheon on the Grass

Flaneur

A french version of an English Dandy. A man about town with no apparent occupation, storlling the city, studying and experiencing it cooly, dispassionately. Moving among its crowds and cafes in fastidious and fashionable dress. According to Baudelaire, the Flaneur is distinguished also by the fact that he holds the vulgar, materialistic lifestyle of the bourgeoisie in contempt and he is devoted to shocking them.

Daguerreotype

A process like photogenic drawing which yields a positive image on a polished meal plate. Invented by Louis Daguere (1789-1851)

Opera Paris

A state institution and symbol of French culture and sovereignty and a reminder of the country's royal heritage. Even as the aristocracy lost its hold on power thorughout Europe, the opera house seemed to be an oasis of conservative stability and aristocratic values.

New Realism

Aany of various movements in literature, art, etc., that are considered as a return to a more realistic style with content such as social issues, morality, etc. In America demythologized the antebellum era Romantic view of slavery in art and music while also depicting the horrors of war with brutal directness.

Charles Garnier

Architect who designed the new Paris opera. (constructed 1860-1875). The facade is a marriage between Neoclassical and Baroque and thought to reflect a new imperial style. It's 98' staircase, loges and box seating were designed to allow the aristocrats and bourgeoisie to display themselves.

Communist Manifesto

Argues that class struggle characterized all past societies and that industrial society simplified these class antagonisms. Society as a whole is splitting up more ad ore into two great hositle camps, into two great classes directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat. -calls for the "forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions." and concluded, the proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains.

Marxism

Belief that the since the conditions in which one earns a living determined all other aspects of life -- social, political and cultural--capitalism mjst be eliminated because of its inherent unfairness. Reform was pointless and only a revolution of the working people would succeed in achieving meaningful change.

impressionism

Brought about by artists who followed Manet. The impressionists organized their own group exhibitions (Manet did not participate) The impressionists included: Claude Monet, Pierre Renoir, Bustave Caillebotte, Edgar Degas and Berthe Morisot. Impressionist distinguished by painting out of doors as they were interested in the natural effect of light.

Liberalism v Nationalism

Liberal agenda: universal necessity for equality and freedom at most basic level. Transnational -Nationalist agenda: focused on regional autonomy, cultural pride and freedom from monarchial control. Regional

Avant-garde

Literally means "advanced guard" this military term is used to esribed artists on the cutting edge. Experimentalists or innovators in any art

Bourgeoisie

Marx's term for the capitalist class, comprising the owners of the means of production.

Mark Twain

Master of satire. A regionalist writer, humorist and lecturer who gave his stories "local color" through dialects and detailed descriptions. Author of Huckelberry Finn.

suffrage movement

The term woman's suffrage refer to the economic and political reform movement aimed at extending suffrage — the right to vote — to women, that took place in the US between 1890 and 1920.

Literary Realism

This was the new style of literature that focused on the daily lives and adventures of a common person. This style was a response to Romanticism's supernaturalism and over-emphasis on emotion. The authors of literary realism aim is to not simply entertain but to advocate reform.

American womanhood

Whitman championed Americna womanhood. Whitman's "Song of Myself": I am the poet of teh woman the same as the man, And I say it is as great to be a womn as to be a man...

Proletariat

Working class, laborers and wage earners with no control over their own work.

Lithography

a planographic printmaking technique based on the antipathy of oil and water. The image is drawn with a grease crayon or painted with tusche on a stone or grained aluminum plate. The surface is then chemically treated and dampened so that it will accept ink only where the crayon or tusche has been used.

Photography Photogenic drawing

a process for fixing negative images on paper coated with light-sensitive chemicals discovered by William Henry Fox Talbot.

The gilded age

coined by Mark Twain, Refers to the era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era of the late 19th century (1865-1901). Is most famous for the creation of a modern industrial economy. Characterized by robber barrons, panics, and political corruption. New York was the epicenter of this new culture and economy where the American dream is expressed in dollars built on a framework of fraud and exploitation.

Plein air

painting in the outdoors to directly capture the effects of light and atmosphere on a given object. Before they were called impresionists they were called "Ecole de Plein Air," which implies the abandonment of the traditional studio. Theemhasized improvisation ad spontaneity. Each painting had to be quick, deliberately sketchy in order the capture the ever changing, fleeting efects of light in a natural seting.