Humanities Final Exam Study Guide
(Chapter 1) Becoming an "Infinite Person" Why is Leonardo da Vinci Considered the perfect model of the "Infinite Person"?
(1452-1519) Leonardo da Vinci is considered the model of the "Infinite Person". He is also called the Rennaisance Man due to the widely diverse range of interests and achievements Ex: Planning early version of the airplane and the submarine, building the hydrometer, Inventing the science of meteorology. The more we absorb from The Humanities the more we expand our knowledge.
(Chapter 2) Guidelines to be more critical thinkers that can be applied to any work of art. Ex: 1. A Painting 2. A Piece of Music 3. A Play or a Dance
1. Don't jump to conclusions: Don't make your first response "I love this" or "I hate this" 2. Ask: What have I seen, read, or heard? 3. Explore context and speculate about Ideas. 4. Consider Craft and Technique. 5. Consider Form: Ex: Does this creation fit into a formal category?
(Chapter 2) What are the main characteristics of "Literalist" and "Figurative" Critical Response?
1. Literalist: Term that refers to a noncritical thinker person. They prefer ideas that are prepackaged. 2. Figurative: Term That refers to a critical thinker person. They have wide experiences in many fields. They use figurative speech and Metaphoric Language. They have a wide range of reading.
(Chapter 2) Critical Thinking: It includes three important activities: 1. Defining and Solving Problems: 2. Challenging Assumptions: 3. Recognizing Contexts:
1. The first step in solving a problem is to define it, to determine if the problem really exists or not. 2. Challenging Assumptions: Are a fact of everyday communications. Two different people can assume different opinion about a new. 3. Recognizing Contexts: Everyone and everything exists in a context of circumstances and relationships.
(Chapter 11) Three important ways of looking at morality:
1. Utilitarianism 2. Categorical Imperative 3. Altruism
(Chapter 1) Gift of The Humanities 4. A Deeper Sense Of The Past
A Deeper Of The Past: The realized human being is an accumulation of what has gone before effects that are present. The past has its right to be heard.
(Chapter 11) Adam Smith and Capitalism
Adam Smith: (1723-1790) Economic philosopher that believe the perfect society was one in which all people were free to pursue Self-Interest, and they became the basis for the capitalist system of today. Capitalism: An Economic system based on Adam Smith's philosophy that if people are allowed to make as much money as they can, others will profit also.
(Chapter 12) Literary Hedonism
Another name for a Hedonism view is Carp Diem which means, have all you can during your brief lifetime. Ex: Shakespeare
(Chapter 2) What distinguishes an Apollonian Response to The Humanities from a Dionysian Response?
Apollonian Response to The Humanities: Is that side of the human personality dominated by reason and discipline, analytical, Rational and a coherent thought. Dionysian Response to The Humanities: is that she of the human personality dominated by feelings, Intuition and Freedom.
(Chapter 1) Definition of Humanities
Are the studies of human culture, such as literature, philosophy, history and art, and the creative expressions of men and women around the world.
(Chapter 1) Gift of The Humanities. 1. Beauty
Beauty: Is what makes life good, Beauty has an apparent relation with pleasure. People prefer Beauty than Ugliness. Leonardo da Vinci, (painted the Mona Lisa) Aesthetic Pleasure: is the pleasure that Beauty inspires us to be. Beautiful Movements: The perfection of movement inspire on us a sense of awe and admiration.
(Chapter 11) Categorical Imperative
Categorical Imperative: By philosopher Immanuel Kant, explain that the inborn capacity to understand certain concepts like the difference between right and wrong can be faced with moral decisions. He admitted that Self-Interest often suppressed the Moral Imperative. Moral Imperative: Are the actions based on our internal knowledge of right and wrong, and sometimes is suppressed by our Self-Interest.
(Chapter 2) What is the importance of Critical Thinking?
Critical Thinking: Is the rational and logical analysis of subjects objectively, gathering all information, to arrive conclusions based on evidence, and not jumping to conclusions based on an emotional response. Critical Thinking: Defines, Describes, and Analysis something.
(Chapter 2) Differences between empathy and Alienation.
Empathy: Is the process by which we identify ourselves with another person, or a character in a book, film or play for a short period of time. Empathy is crucial to the entertainment process. Alienation Effect: Is the use of theatrical techniques designed to distance the audience from an emotional response.
(Chapter 12) Hedonism Reconsidered
Fundamental Hedonism is clear: Pleasure is experienced through the five senses: Hear, Vision, Smell, Taste, and Touch. But some people today choose to Relegate pleasure to a low priority, without being unnatural. Ex: People who devote their lives to working in a clinic thousands of miles from civilization.
(Chapter 12) Hedonism
Hedonism: Is the philosophy that said: Happiness is equivalent to{Physical Pleasure Possession of things that provide us with pleasure.} Big Earnings Theory: from a Hedonist view that people who work hard or who make sacrifices for others, deserve materials and rewards.
(Chapter 1) Gift of The Humanities 3. Ideas
Ideas: Language is not only the vehicle until we can communicate with others every day, it is also by which we formulate ideas. If we have no words, we cannot have ideas.
(Chapter 2) Imagery and Sonnet.
Imagery: Used especially in poetry. Picture that a poetry creates to communicate in a few words his idea. Sonnet: A 14-Line Poem imposed on poets rules of length, rhythm and rhyming pattern.
(Chapter 1) What means Critical Thinking? Why is it important?
Is the critical process in which we directly appreciate what is there for us to Read, See or Hear. It is important to be an effective human. Critical Thinking carefully defines, describes and Analyzes something.
(Chapter 1) What is the Renaissance?
Is the humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, Literature, and philosophy during the 14th century in Europe.
(Chapter 11) Altruism
Is the opposite of Self-Interest. It is the quality if acting out of others rather than one's own.
(Chapter 1) What means Aesthetic Pleasure?
Is the pleasure that beauty inspires in us such as watching a sunset. Art, Music, Literature, Stories, and Songs are all the marvels of human mind Reminding us of what it means to truly be human.
(Chapter 11) Laissez-Faire
Laissez-Faire: French phrase meaning "Allow to do", from Adam Smith's philosophy that allows businesses to operate with little or no government control.
(Chapter 1) Gift of The Humanities 2. Language
Language: Is the Variety combination of words that allow us to communicate with each other. 1. Acquiring Models: We acquire models of how to say things in Ways that make others sit up and take notice. 2. Appreciating Variety: Playing with language has evolved into a high art. Good language needs no further justification. 3. Everyday Speech: Language is always changing, and mostly with the new words and phrases that we are using to communicate by text messages.
(Chapter 11) Machiavelli (1469-1527)
Machiavelli: Was a prominent Florentine Renaissance philosopher, who's theory about government, Self-Interest is necessary to make an effective government Self-Interest is necessary to make an effective government that provides for people better than they could provide for themselves. The term Machiavellian become a reference to a cynical individuals, who contempt the masses considering themselves superior and entitled power over them.
(Chapter 11) Moral Relativism
Moral Relativism: Moral standards are not universal. It depends on time, culture and situation. Ex: What is good for one may not be good for you. Times have changed. Rock and Roll were considered indecent when it appears in the 50's and 60's. Today it is not.
(Chapter 11) What are the key arguments supporting Moral Relativism, and what does Relativism imply?
Moral Relativists maintain that right and wrong must be defined within a given context that may or may not include the majority of people. Moral Relativism is attractive to those who believe in tolerance and avoid authoritarian excess.
(Chapter 11) Moral Systems
Moral Systems: Is a network of beliefs that can form the basis on which are moral choices made. Ex: Religion, Law, Etc. The terms should and should not constantly occur, especially in commentaries by religious moral authorities. Ex: The Catholic Church said that abortion should not be accepted.
(Chapter 11) Moral
Moral: Indicates a choice between significant options: Ex, good or bad, based on principles derived during our lives from reading, family teachings, education, religion, and law. Ex: good morning respect to elderly pray use a seat belt in a car
(Chapter 11) What impact has the Arts on Moral Beliefs, and what impact have Moral Beliefs had on the Arts?
Morality has been a central point of influence in the Western Literature and Art, and at the same time, Arts and Literature have played a great influence in Moral Attitudes and though, past and present. Ex: Representation of heaven and hell in Dante's Divine Comedy.
(Chapter 11) Morality and Self Interest
Morality is always based on Self Interest even though many philanthropy remains that charity is good, and acting out of Self-Interest is wrong.
(Chapter 11) Morality
Morality: Is the way to differentiate between actions. Ex: "Good" or right. "Bad" or wrong. The opposite of morality is immorality. Morality <> Immorality
(Chapter 11) What is the relationship between Religion and Morality?
Religion is a strong moral force. Major World, Religions {Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity} The Morality set by religion is complex and always open for discussion and debate but nevertheless, it remains as a powerful force for world's society.
(Chapter 1) What are the humanities?
The resources of The Humanities are unlimited. Ex: 1. Beauty 2. Language 3. Ideas 4. A deeper sense of the past.
(Chapter 12) Hedonist Assumption
There are 4 hedonist Assumptions about Pleasure and Happiness. 1. Everyone deserves as much pleasure as possible. 2. Pleasure is automatically good. 3. No amount of pleasure is ever too much. 4. The absence of pleasure is a misfortune for which compensation is due.
(Chapter 11) Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism: Is a moral philosophy based on mathematics, that allowed self-Interests to be both, defended and restricted. Utilitarianism: Is a moral philosophy that can revolve the greatest good for the greatest number of people, regardless of this group constitute a majority or not.
