Humanities Test #2

philosophes

A group of French "radicals" who focused on human reason and making critical changes in society

Jacques-Louis David

Neoclassicism French painter known for his classicism and his commitment to the ideals of the French Revolution. His works include The Oath of the Horatii (17850 and The Death of Marat (1793).

Robert Adam

Neoclassicism Scottish architect who designed many public buildings in England and Scotland (1728-1792), neoclassicism

Antonio Canova

Neoclassicism leading neoclassical sculptor of the day

Joseph Haydn

Classical Music Father of the symphony Austrian, born in Rohrau, Austria, in 1732. Classical composer. Father of the String Quartet". He was also instrumental in the development of the piano trio and in the evolution of sonata form.

George Friderich Handel

Classical Music Famous Works: The Messiah

oratorio

a musical composition for voices and orchestra based on a religious text

Madame de Pompadour

The mistress of Louis XV who used her ability to take away her "services" to gain power and to give advice about and make important government decisions

Comédie Française

The world's first national theatre. Developed in 1680 after the death of Moliere was the combination of all the acting troupes of France into one whole. It was given a monopoly on the performance of all spoken drama in French that used to be owned by the Confrerie de la Passion. Installed at the Bourgogne. Lost court favor in 1697, and it was split in two between itself and the Opera.

French Academy

a royal society group which met to discuss scientific discoveries. Encouraged by state and had various types of people included in discussion, and organized libraries for its members.

Cavalier

a royalist supporter of Charles I during the English Civil War

French garden

a style of garden with is formally (i.e. symmetrically) laid out in geometric lines and patterns with carefully pruned foliage. Based of Baroque prototypes, it was particularly associated with French chateaux gardens.

English garden

a type of garden design of artificial naturalness that became popular in England beginning in the early 1700s with irregular features and winding walkways

Moliére

Baroque France French classicist playwright who produced popular comedies that exposed the hypocrisies and follies of society. Tartuffe

Serpentine

Resembling a serpent in form or movement

Cartouche

A carved tablet or drawing representing a scroll with rolled-up ends, used ornamentally or bearing an inscription. An oval ring containing the name and titles of a king

concerto

A musical composition for a solo instrument or instruments accompanied by an orchestra, esp. one conceived on a relatively large scale

"Sun King"

A nickname for Louis xiv that captures the magnificence of his court and of the Palace of Versailles, which he built. Louis himself adopted the sun as his emblem.

epistolary novel

A novel composed wholly or primarily of letters. Unfolds through the written documents passed from person to person.

symphony

An elaborate musical composition for full orchestra, typically in four movements, at least one of which is traditionally in sonata form.

fête galante

An elegant and graceful outdoor celebration, such as those seen in the picnics and flirtatious games often represented in the works of Antoine Watteau (French, 1684-1721) and other Rococo painters of French aristocratic life.

caricature

An exaggerated portrayal of one's features

parterre

An ornamental garden arrangement.

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

Isaac Newton

Enlightenment (1642-1727) Used past scientists and mathematician's work. Used Galileo, Descartes, and Bacon's findings to come up with his own laws and other things (3 laws of motion).

Jonathan Swift

Enlightenment (1667-1745) was a scornful critic of England's rising merchant class. He wrote great satires, Gulliver's Travels and A Modest Proposal in which he presents human nature as deeply flawed.

Voltaire

Enlightenment (1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Thomas Hobbes

Enlightenment (Social Contract)- the agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government. wrote "Leviathan" believed man is self- serving and quarrelsome by nature

John Milton

Enlightenment (XVII.) English poet, author, polemicist and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. Best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost

Samuel Johnson

Enlightenment 1709-1784; the greatest literary figure of the 18th century; literary critic, conversationalist, and novelist; stood for the Bible; staunchly supported the Scriptures against the claims of Deism

chinoiserie

French term for Chinese manner, lacquered and/or painted decoration which grew out of Europe's mad love with things Oriental between the 17th and 19th century. - a style in art reflecting Chinese influence

salon

Gathering of the social, political, and cultural elite in France during the Enlightenment. - location where philosophes met to discuss and debate

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793). Austrian-born

Marie de' Medici

Queen regent to the child king Louis XIII, she led a reign dominated by the nobility

Alexander Pope

Enlightenment

opera buffa

"comic" opera/used to make fun of the things that opera seria took seriously

genre scenes

"everyday" life; one of the main themes of Dutch Baroque art

carpe diem

"seize the day"

coda

"tail"; it is a musical section placed at the end of a piece or movement that does not represent part of a described form such as Theme and Variations form.

Louis XIV

"the Sun King;" considered to be the model of absolute monarchs; he controlled all aspects of government, and demonstrated his power and wealth with his palace at Versailles

Cardinal Richelieu

(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.

Charles I

(1625-1649) Stuart king who brought conflict with Parliament to a head and was subsequently executed.

Charles II

(1660) British king, son of Charles I, took over after Oliver Cromwell's death. He led the reformation and was loved by the people. Passed the Habeas Corpus Act.

Frederick (II) the Great

(1740-1786) loved music, a private passion that infuriated his father; financial security was vital to his success;Prussia became a model for bureaucratic organization, military reform, and enlightened rule

Napoleon Bonaparte

(1769-1821) General during the French Revolution, who seized power in 1799, declared himself emperor in 1804, and conquered much of Europe. [226]

chorus

12 or 15 actors that represent the general public. They speak/sing in unison and comment on the action of the characters.

three estates

1st (Clergy, 1%), 2nd (Nobility 2%), 3rd (Everyone else 97%)

aphorism

A concise statement that expresses succinctly a general truth or idea, often using rhyme or balance

Industrial Revolution

A conjunction of major improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods and delivering them to market. (1750-1850)

minuet

A dance in 3/4 time; popular with the French

Absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

sonata form

A form used in the classical period, often as the first movement for a symphony or other large orchestras. Three parts: Exposition, Development, and Recapitulation.

poussiniste

A member of the French Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture during the early 18th century who followed Nicholas Poussin in insisting that form was the most important element of painting. See also Rubéniste.

deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Rococo

A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids. A fancy style of ornamentation with shell work and curve

Puritan

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

opera seria

A serious opera, made serious from an attempt to raise the literary level of the opera genre.

Neoclassicism

A style of art and architecture that emerged in the later 18th century. Part of a general revival of interest in classical cultures, Neoclassicism was characterized by the utilization of themes and styles from ancient Greece and Rome. - Sought to revive balance and objectivity in arts by returning to formal structures

painterly

A style of painting marked by openness of form, with shapes distinguished by variations of color rather than by outline or contour. In other words, the artist doesn't use lines to define the forms they are drawing, they used color.

aria

A vocal number for solo singer and orchestra, generally in an opera, cantata, or oratorio

recitative

A vocal solo in opera, cantats, and oratorios that declaims the text in a sung-speech manner, in free rhythm with minimal accompainment.

levée

A wall built along a river bank to prevent flooding

satire

A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way. It doesn't simply abuse (as in invective) or get personal (as in sarcasm). It targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals.

Henry Purcell

Baroque England A baroque composer born in 1659. He was from England and is famous mostly for his non-religious music. He wrote sacred and secular songs. He wrote pieces for solo voice, vocal music, instrumental music, and operas. One of his operas is Dido and Aeneas.

Robert Herrick

Baroque England Born 1591 Died 1674; Served as military chaplain, then worked with the parish. Wrote many types of poetry but was never married

Anthony van Dyck

Baroque England Flemish successor to Rubens he painted English royalty Charles I Dismounted

Inigo Jones

Baroque England Introduced Renaissance Classicism into England and often called the first English architect.

Pierre Corneille

Baroque France "Father" of French Tragedy" and author of Le Cid

Peter Paul Rubens

Baroque France A Flemish Baroque painter. He is famous for his nude paintings and for Descent From the Cross. Baroque characteristics in his paintings include theatrical lighting and moving figures.

Hyacinthe Rigaud

Baroque France French Baroque painter, renowned for his portrait painting of Louis xiv (14)

Jean-Baptiste Lully

Baroque France French composer (born in Italy) who was the court composer to Louis XIV and founded the national French opera (1632-1687)

André Le Nôtre

Baroque France French landscape architect and the principal gardener of King Louis XIV of France, his work represents the height of jardin a la francaise, Vaux-le-Vicmomte, Versailles

Nicolas Poussin

Baroque France French painter. Founder and greatest practitioner of 17th century French classicism. His work embodies the virtues of clarity, logic, and order. 1594- 1665.

Jean Racine

Baroque France Friend, 1639-1699, "The rule advocate" wrote adaptations of Greek Tragedies. Wrote "Phaedra" followed all neo classical rules. Was hot tempered and made many enemies. Phaedra was hissed off stage and Racine quit the theatre

Claude Lorrain

Baroque France Landscapes, seascapes, classical buildings, small people, middle vanishing point. He was a French Baroque painter for Louis XIV, as were most of his era

Charles Le Brun

Baroque France Louis's chief artist, painter, theorist, and teacher. Oversaw the group of artists and artisans that made stuff for the Versailles. Turned them into a machine of propaganda glorifying the King.

Jules Hardouin-Mansart

Baroque France chief architect of Louis XIV in 17th century; built most of the palace of Versailles, dome of the Invalides, and the Place Vendôme

Lope Félix de Vega

Baroque Spain 1562-163 1562-1635 Distivtive episodic structure, many scenes, large cast of characters, they range widely over both space and time rejected neoclassicism

Pedro Calderón de la Barca

Baroque Spain A Spanish Playwright that wrote primarily for court. Wrote secular plays. Cape and Sword Comedies (Happily resolved love intrigues) and Serious Plays(explored jealousy and honor). Wrote Life is a dream. Started a new form of theatre called la Zarzuela.

Diego Velázquez

Baroque Spain He was the court painter for King Philip IV of Spain. He lived from 1599-1660. He painted over forty portraits of the king, the sharp realism of which is a commentary on the fading glory and disillusionment of the Spanish monarchy. He is famous for the painting Surrender at Breda, in which he solves the problem of creating a multi-layered crowd and portraying the vastness of the army without losing the human scale. In his painting, he shows a reduced interest in the depth of the figures as he did not want the painting to look three-dimensional. Las Meninas (Maids of Honor)

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Classical Music 6 year old prodigy. Wrote more than 600 pieces of music. Gained instant celebrity. Died at 35. Music helped define a new style of composition

dramma giocoso

Combination of opera seria and opera buffa. Shows the character of society in Mozart's operas. Mozart's Don Giovanni

John Locke

Enlightenment 17th century English philosopher. Wrote that the mind was a "blank slate" or "tabula rasa"; that is, people are born without innate ideas. We are completely shaped by our environment . stated that it was the government's duty to protect life liberty and propert

Christopher Wren

Enlightenment An English architect of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. He designed many buildings in London for the large rebuilding effort that followed the city's "Great Fire" of 1666. Saint Paul's Cathedral is his best-known work.

Joseph Wright

Enlightenment An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump

John Dryden

Enlightenment As a poet, Dryden seldom gives expression to his personal feelings, but writes about public matters and issues. His readership, in that sense, is not personal, but national. As a playwright, he produced a number of successful and popular plays, most notably All for Love, an adaptation of Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra that adheres to the three classical unities of drama. Johnson called him "the father of English criticism." He also wrote mock.-epic poetry and scathing political satire, most notably Absalom and Achitophel, in which he analyzes the aftermath of the supposed conspiracy to assassinate Charles II and the brouhaha surrounding the Exclusion Bill. v Dryden almost single-handedly established the heroic couplet as the dominant verse form as is apparent in the works of many authors that follow on his heel as, for example, Pope.

Henry Fielding

Enlightenment As novels, which told stories and developed characters in a realistic social context, started to become more popular for the middle-class, this author told stories and developed characters in realistic settings, most known for his story Tom Jones in 1749, and Samuel Richardson in 1740.

William Hogarth

Enlightenment English artist noted for a series of engravings that satirized the affectations of his time (1697-1764) "Marriage a la Mode"; created often satirical works

Jane Austen

Enlightenment English novelist noted for her insightful portrayals of middle-class families (1775-1817),

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Enlightenment French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland; believed that the natural goodness of man was warped by society; ideas influenced the French Revolution (1712-1778)

Samuel Richardson

Enlightenment One of earliest writes to write novel -- work of fiction (an enlightenment concept) Pamela

Denis Diderot

Enlightenment Philosopher who edited a book called the Encyclopedia which was banned by the French king and pope.

word painting

Music that imitates, describes or conjures images of the text being sung.

Olympe de Gouges

Neoclassicism ..., A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She lost her life to the guillotine due to her revolutionary ideas.

Josiah Wedgwood

Neoclassicism An English maker of pottery and china, he developed mass production of quality porcelain. Signature blue or pink with cameo inset

Mary Wollstonecraft

Neoclassicism British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women."

history painting

Paintings based on historical, mythological, or biblical narratives. Generally convey a high moral or intellectual idea and are often painted in grand pictorial style. most prestigious form of painting for French artists.

François Boucher

Rococo (1700-1770) influenced by Watteau, favorite painter of Mme. Pompadour (Louis XV's favorite mistress)

Elisabeth Louise Vigée-Lebrun

Rococo A French female painter who became famous and had an independent role in society as a painter. One of few women admitted to Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. Famous for naturalistic paintings of royalty. Marie-Antoinette with Her Children

Balthasar Neumann

Rococo A great architect of the eighteenth century, whose work clearly expresses the Baroque-Rococo style. His two greatest works are the pilgrimage church of Vierzehnheiligen in Germany and the Bishop's palace, the residential home of the prince-bishop of Wurzburg. The buildings display a mix of secular and spiritual with lavish decoration, light, bright colors, and elaborate detail.

Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin

Rococo Chardin is a painter of realistic images of the middle class which were influenced by seventeenth-century Dutch genre painting. The Art Critic Denis Diderot appreciated his work for its commendable values which were lacking in the frivolous paintings of the Rococo artists. French painter. He was influenced by Rousseau's view. He often depicted rural, quiet domestic life. He was a, "poet of the commonplace"

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo

Rococo He was a fresco painter who painted in the new artistic style known as rococo. His masterpiece, Allegory of the Planets and Continents, is on the ceiling of the Bishop's residence at Wurzburg. It is the largest ceiling fresco in the world

Jean-Antoine Watteau

Rococo This French Rococo artist was responsible for the creation of the fête galante genre. fetes galantes (aristocratic entertainments); air, lightness, and grace; mythological allusions; became the first rococo painter to be accepted to the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture in Paris in 1717; Departure from Cythera; The Sign for Gersaint's Shop

Jean-Honoré Fragonard

Rococo the main representative of Rococo, whose art was focused on the aristocracy and their indulgent lifestyle Influenced by Boucher, also promoted by Madame Pompadour THE SWING 1766 ; was a French Rococo painter who painted aristocratic hedonism, frivolity. The man pushing the swing could be identified to be the father, the man under the woman kicking her shoe into the air could be her lover, since he is looking up at her skirt, his work shows garden flirtation and his work contains love triangles. THE SWING is made of pastel colors, soft brushwork and detail on the characters. The mythology present accentuates love and the nature depicts frivolity.

castrato

a male singer who was castrated before puberty and retains a soprano or alto voice

Stuart dynasty

began with James I; rulers aspired to gain absolute power and resisted Puritains, and were religiously tolerant; dynasty was interrupted by a Civil war and the short reign of Oliver Cromwell, but resumed again with Charles II and finally ended with William and Mary

Maximilian de Robespierre

dictator of France during the Reign of Terror, most powerful figure of the Committee of Public Safety

comédie-ballet

genre introduced to France in the 1660s by Jean-Baptiste Lully. combination of ballet and sung drama, always flattering Louis XIV.

Lunar Society

group of businessmen, scientists, and craftsmen that met each month when the moon was full to discuss the practical application of knowledge