HUMNTR 2210 Chapter 5: Lipids

Arrange the following foods from lowest percentage of Kcal from fat (at top of the list) to highest percentage of Kcal from fat (bottom of the list: canola oil bread cheddar cheese whole milk

1. Bread 2. Whole Milk 3. Cheddar Cheese 4. Canola Oil

What are some ways to limit trans fat intake at home?

Broil, pan-fry, or grill meats instead of deep-fat frying with shortening. Use vegetable oils or softer tub margarines instead of stick margarine or shortening. Use reduced-fat or fat-free milk instead of non-dairy creamers.

If a food manufacturer sets out to reduce the fat content of a cookie, food scientists will need to consider ____.

Changes in the texture of the food product. Changes in the flavor of the food product.

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?

Chicken Ice Cream Eggs Turkey Lean ground beef

Pair each lipoprotein with its primary component.

Chlyomicron--Triglyceride LDL--Colesterol HDL--Protein

True:False- Most Americans need to drastically cut the amount of fat they consume each day.

False

Margarine is a leading source of cholesterol in the typical American diet.

False.

Pair the correct type of blood pressure with its definition.

Systolic blood pressure--pressure in the arterial blood vessels associated with pumping of the blood from the heart. Diastolic blood pressure--pressure in the arterial blood vessels when the heart is between beats.

Which statements are true about omega-6 fatty acids?

They are also called unsaturated fatty acids. The first carbon-carbon double bond is on the sixth carbon from the methyl end of the carbon chain.

Triglycerides are used as the primary energy source by muscles ___.

When the body is at rest. During low-intesntiy physical activity.

What are some components of plaque?

White blood cells calcium cholesterol

Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?

alpha-linolenic acid linoleic acid

The main sources of saturated fat in American diets are ____.

animal fats.

Cholesterol ____ be made by the body.

can.

When the ____ in polyunsaturated fatty acids break down, rancid by-products occur.

carbon-carbon double bonds.

Choose a lipid that can be synthesized by the body?

cholesterol

A major function of phospholipids (e.g., lecithin) in foods is to act as a(n) ____.

emulsifier.

Pair the nutrients claims in reference to fats with its correct definition.

fat free--less than 0.5g of fat per serving. low fat--3g of fat or less per serving (or, if the serving size is small, per 50 grams of food). reduced of less fat--at least 25% less fat per serving in comparison to the full-fat version of the food product.

High dietary consumption of trans fatty acids ____ the risk of cardiovascular disease.

increases

What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?

insulation. Energy storage. Transport of fat-soluble vitamins.

Name the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.

lipids

Oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids are typically ____ at room temperature.

liquid.

The majority of fatty acids in the body and in foods are ____-chain fatty acids.

long

A teaspoon of stick margarine has ____ trans fattty acids than a teaspoon of tub margarine

more

Reduced triglyceride, reduced blood clotting, and reduced pain from rheumatoid arthritis are benefits associated with intake of ____.

omega-3 fatty acids

What are some examples of foods that may contain partially hydrogenated (trans)fats?

potato chips shortening French fries stick margarine

Considering their health effects, trans fatty acids are most similar to ____.

saturated fatty acids.

Butter is solid at room temperature. Butter contains mostly ____ fatty acids.

saturated.

How are fatty acids of various chain lengths absorbed and transported.

short and medium-chain fatty acids--travel as a water-soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver. long-chain fatty acids--reform into a triglyceride in the intestinal absorptive cell and travel through the lymphatic system.

List the steps of the development of atherosclerosis in the arteries starting with arterial damage and ending with a heart attack.

1. Damage occurs in blood vessel lining. 2. Plaque is deposited at the site of initial damage. 3. As plaque accumulates, arteries Harden, narrow, and lose elasticity. 4. Clot or spasm in a plaque-clogged artery leads to a heart attack.

Lipids are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?

Do not readily dissolve in water.

Just because a food is high in fat does not mean it is unhealthy. Some high-fat foods, such as plant oils and nuts, should be included in the diet because they are sources of ____.

Fat-soluble vitamins Essential fatty acids

Why is LDL considered "bad" cholesterol?

If not cleared from the bloodstream, LDL cholesterol builds up in blood vessels. Buildup of LDL in blood vessels contributes to atherosclerosis, a process that increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

The layer of triglycerides beneath the skin serves to ____.

Insulate the body.

What three organs and/or glands produce lipase?

Salivary glands Pancreas Stomach

Pair the type of fatty acid with its correct structure.

Saturated Fatty Acid--No carbon-carbon double bond Monounsaturated fatty acid--one carbon-double bond Polyunsaturated fatty acid--two or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

____ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds.

Saturated.

Which of the following are true in terms of triglyceride digestion and absorption?

Two utter fatty acids are removed prior to absorption. Fatty acids and monoglycerides are absorbed by the intestinal cells. Digestion primarily occurs in the small intestine via pancreatic lipase.

Most foods containing saturated fatty acids are ____ at room temperature

solid

what two chemical groups are found at the end of either side of the fatty-acid carbon chain?

An acid group (COOH) and a methyl group (CH3.

Which statement is true about the hydrogenation process?

It produces trans fats.

____ is a cholesterol-rich substance deposited in the blood vessels.

Paque.

Heart Disease is the ____ leading cause of death among North American adults.

#1

List the steps of fat digestion and absorption starting in the mouth (top of the list) ending at the small intestine (bottom of the list).

1. Some Lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach. 2. Salivary lipase and gastric lipase being digesting short-chain fatty acids in the stomach. 3. Bile emulsifies the fats. 4. Pancreatic lipase digest long-chain fatty acids and triglycerides. 5. Triglycerides are broken down and absorbed in the small intestine.

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for lipids according to the Food and Nutrition Board?

20-35% of Total Calories

The acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range set by the Food and Nutrition Board for lipids is ___% to ___% of kilocalories

45%-35%

One bowl of chicken tortilla soup has 5 grams of fat, which means that the food provides ____ kilocalories from fat.

45.

Which of the following functions of phospholipids in the body?

Absorption and transport of nutrients. Digestion of fats. Formation of cell membranes.

What are the functions of phospholipids in the body?

Aid in fat transport. Form lipid bilayer of cell membranes. Aid in fat digestion and absorption.

Pair each lipoprotein with its correct function.

Chylomicron--carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells. VLDL--carries lipids made and taken up by the liver to cells. LDL--carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources. HDL--contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and excretion from the body.

Pair the type of fatty acid with its associated shape of the carbon chain.

Cis fatty acid--Causes the carbon chain to bend. Trans fatty acid--Allows the carbon chain to remain straighter.

The American Heart Association recommends using plant oils rather than animal fats in food preparation to ____.

Decrease saturated fat intake

What are some health benefits associated with consuming a diet high in omega-3 fatty acids?

Decreased blood triglyceride levels Reduced inflammation Reduced risk of heart disease

What are some warnings signs of a heart attack?

Dizziness Chest Pain Jaw, neck, shoulder pain. Shortness of breath.

Match each type of lipid to a description of its chemical structure

Fatty acid--Chain of carbons flanked by hydrogens. Triglyceride--Glycerol backbone with three fatty acids. Phospholipid--Glycerol backbone with fatty acids and at least one phosphorus-containing group. sterol--Multi-ringed compound with a hydroxyl group

Pair the by-product from chylomicron digestion to their correct final destinations in the body.

Free fatty acids--Absorbed by cells within the vicinity and reform into triglycerides for storage or use. Glycerol--Circulates back to the liver. Chylomicron remnant--Removed from circulation by the liver and recycled to make other lipoproteins and bile acids.

What are the structural components of a triglyceride?

Glycerol backbone. Three attached fatty acids.

What are some of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

High blood cholesterol. Family history of cardiovascular disease. Smoking. Hypertension.

What are some ways to minimize trans fat intake?

Limit consumption of pastries. Limit consumption of cookies. Limit consumption of fried foods.

Which enzyme plays an important role in fat digestion?

Lipase

Which enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?

Lipoprotein lipase.

What is one of the most important functions of the phospholipid molecule?

Phospholipids help form cell membranes.

____ occurs when the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids in food products are broken down by ultraviolet light or oxygen

Rancidity

Current cholesterol-lowering medications act to ____.

Reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver. Bind to cholesterol in the GJ tract.

What are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?

Sald oils Margarine Butter Mayonnaise

Compared to foods made with unprocessed plant oils, partially hydrogenated oils are less likely to go rancid because ____.

They have fewer double bonds.

A(n) ____ is made of three fatty acids attached to glycerol.

Triglyceride

Which of the following is the body most efficient form of stored energy?

Triglycerides.

To reduce heart attack risk, the American Heart Association recommends consuming fish ____.

Twice per week.

From top to bottom, place the steps of dietary fat absorption in the order they occur.

1. Glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine into the small intestinal cells. 2. Triglycerides are reassembled within the cells lining the small intestine. 3. Triglycerides are packaged into chylomicrons. 4. Chylomicrons enter lymphatic system.

What are some positive attributes of fat in the diet?

Fat imparts a creamy texture to foods. Many flavors are fat soluble, so fat enhances the flavor of foods.

Match popular sources of dietary fat to either Mediterranean diet or the typical North American diet.

Mediterranean Diet--olive oil, fish, nuts. North American Diet--mayonnaise, margarine, whole milk.

Pair the type of fatty acid with its correct calssifcation.

Omega-3--essential fatty acid; alpha-linolenic acid. Omega-6--essential fatty acid; linoleic acid. Omega-9--nonessential fatty acid.