HUN 2201 Chapter 6

Which of the following proteins are critical to the body's defense against bacteria and viruses?

antibodies

A deficiency of protein can lead to what condition in which fluid accumulates in the body's tissue spaces?

edema

A complete protein

contains all 9 essential amino acids.

Which of these elements is found in proteins but not in carbohydrates and lipids? oxygen carbon nitrogen hydrogen

nitrogen

Which of the following is an amino-acid containing hormone?

insulin

Nitrogen released from the breakdown of proteins

is used in the synthesis of urea, which is excreted by the kidneys in the urine.

The type of vegetarian who eats vegetables, grains, fruits, eggs, and milk but excludes all other types of animal protein is called a

lacto-ovo-vegetarian.

How many amino acids are considered essential to consume in the diet?

9

Which of the following statements about a high protein diet is TRUE?

?A diet high in protein does not have to be high in saturated fat.?

Proteins consist of a chain of some combination of amino acids linked by _______

peptide bonds

Which of the following foods is a source of complete protein? whole grain bread broccoli apple chicken

chicken

Kwashiorkor is a type of protein-energy malnutrition that develops when _____.

there is a severe deficiency of protein in the diet but an adequate intake of energy

Which of the following processes involves both the synthesis of new proteins and the breakdown of existing proteins to provide amino acids for building new proteins?

turnover

Most of the proteins in the body are synthesized from

twenty amino acids.

In phenylketonuria (PKU), which amino acid becomes conditionally essential?

tyrosine

The latest AMDR for protein is _____ of one's daily energy intake.

10 to 35 percent

Of the 20 amino acids used by the human body, how many are considered nonessential?

11

The body can make __________ nonessential amino acids.

11

Nearly 14% of Americans are vegetarians.

?False? (The book says, '3.4% of US adults reported that they are vegetarian, 10% said that more than half of their meals are vegetarian, and 4% of youth age 8 - 18 are vegetarians." So that's only 7.4% are vegetarian.

Because of their increased protein needs, it is unhealthy for athletes to choose to become vegetarians.

?False? In the book it says "most Americans, no matter what their activity level, already consume more than twice the RDA for protein." Also, it says, "can a vegetarian diet provide enough protein? ... yes... It is important for vegetarians to eat complementary proteins and obtain enough energy from other macronutrients to spare protein from being used as an energy source."

The plant sterols in nuts might help explain the association between regular nut consumption and a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease.

?True? (Book says, "regular nut consumption is linked to reduced cardiovascular disease, but mechanism is unknown. May be associated to substances in nuts such as ... plant sterols...")

A well-planned vegetarian diet reduces the risk for which of the following conditions?

?obesity OR diabetes? (both are in the book)

The USDA Food Patterns counts 1/3 cup of nuts as equivalent to

?one ounce of meat?

?Which of the following plant-based foods provides the MOST complete protein?

?soymilk?

?What dictates the structure of a protein molecule synthesized by the body? the body's need for a protein the number of essential amino acids available the DNA inside the nucleus of the cell the combination of proteins consumed in the diet

?the DNA inside the nucleus of the cell? The book says that function and structure of proteins are dictated by genes

An acceptable main dish for a lacto-ovo-vegetarian would be _____. stir-fried tofu and vegetables over brown rice a cheese and broccoli omelet All options are correct. baked ziti with ricotta cheese, spinach, and tomato sauce

All options are correct.

What happens to the amino acids that are absorbed after the digestive process is complete? A limited supply of all amino acids remains in amino acid pools in the blood and inside the cells. Many amino acids are used to build and maintain body tissues, make new clotting proteins, enzymes, antibodies, neurotransmitters, and other products. All options are correct. Some amino acids are degraded and the nitrogen excreted in urine while the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen remains are used for energy, or are stored as fat.

All options are correct.

Which of the following is a major function of protein in the human body? growth and maintenance of new tissue synthesis of certain hormones maintaining fluid balance All options are correct.

All options are correct.

Which of the following statements about dietary protein intake is TRUE? -On average, protein intake recommendations are lower for older adults than for young and middle-age adults. -The RDA for protein for sedentary adults is 1.2 g per kg of body weight. -Athletes have higher protein needs than sedentary adults. -The AMDR for protein is 10% to 25% of total energy intake.

Athletes have higher protein needs than sedentary adults.

A vegan diet is more restrictive than a fruitarian diet.

False

Essential amino acids are more important to the human body than nonessential amino acids.

False

It is necessary to eat animal-based proteins to stay healthy.

False

The majority of protein digestion occurs in the mouth.

False

To make a complete protein, complementary proteins must be eaten at the same meal.

False

Which of the following statements about the role of hydrochloric acid (HCl) is FALSE? -HCl denatures protein strands reaching the stomach. -Thinking about food stimulates the production of gastrin which, in turn, controls the production of HCl. -HCl inhibits the digestion of protein by denaturing pepsin. -HCl converts pepsinogen into pepsin.

HCl inhibits the digestion of protein by denaturing pepsin.

The positively charged electrolyte concentrated inside the cell is potassium, and the positively charged electrolyte concentrated outside the cell is

Sodium

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

The body stores excess protein primarily for energy reserves.

Which of the following occurs during protein synthesis? Transfer RNA collects amino acids from the cytoplasm and brings them to ribosomes for assembly into proteins. Messenger RNA collects amino acids from the cell nucleus and brings them to ribosomes for assembly into proteins. Transfer RNA copies genetic information from DNA in the cell nucleus, then brings it to amino acids in the cytosol. Once assembly of all amino acids is complete, the new protein leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm.

Transfer RNA collects amino acids from the cytoplasm and brings them to ribosomes for assembly into proteins.

Denaturation results in the loss of the protein's function.

True

The majority of athletes can obtain an adequate amount of protein from eating a healthy diet.

True

The protein collagen helps to form scar tissue over a wound.

True

The quality of protein in tofu and tempeh is almost identical to that of meat.

True

Which of the following is NOT a component of an amino acid molecule?

a fatty acid group

The part of the protein molecule that contains nitrogen is called the ________.

amine group

A healthy immune system depends on an adequate supply of proteins that bind to and neutralize harmful invaders. What are these proteins known as?

antibodies

What food can be eaten with brown rice to ensure all of the body's amino acid needs are met?

black beans

Cream stiffens when it is whipped. The change that occurs in the protein is called

denaturation

The process that destroys the shape and activity of proteins when heat, acid, salts, or pressure is applied is known as ______.

denaturation

Cream stiffens when it is whipped. The change that occurs in the protein is called

denaturation.

Protein synthesis is directed by a compound in the cell nucleus called ___________.

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

This is the process by which cells use genes to make proteins.

gene expression

Which of the following groups of amino acids is essential? alanine, arginine, aspartic acid glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine cysteine, proline, serine methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan

methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan

Sheldon consumes mostly fruits, legumes and other vegetables, grains, nuts, and seeds, but he often eats eggs, yogurt, and cheese as well. Once or twice a week, he eats a meal containing meat, poultry, and/or fish. Sheldon consumes a

plant-based diet.

Which of the following sources of protein has the highest digestibility? kidney beans peanuts spinach pork

pork

A body that retains more nitrogen than it excretes is in _______.

positive nitrogen balance

The enzymes that digest proteins in the small intestine are

proteases

Which of the following is a source of complete protein? peanut butter pasta soy milk kidney beans

soy milk

During digestion proteins are denatured by hydrochloric acid in this organ.

stomach

Unless carefully planned, vegan diets may be low in which of the following essential micronutrients vitamins D and B12, calcium, and iron vitamins K and E, potassium, and magnesium vitamins C and E, thiamin, and calcium Vitamin B12, folate, sodium, and potassium

vitamins D and B12, calcium, and iron

Willa follows a vegan diet. Which of the following does she eat?

whole-grain bread dipped in olive oil

An 8-ounce glass of low-fat chocolate milk contains 160 kilocalories (kcal) and 8 grams of protein. What percent of the kcal in the milk comes from protein?

20%

Charlie is a 22-year-old male nonathlete who weighs 70 kilograms. How much protein should he consume daily?

56 grams

Carlos is a healthy but sedentary college student. He weighs 175 pounds. About how many grams of protein should he consume each day?

64 grams

Complementary proteins provide all twenty essential amino acid

?False? (Because there are only 9 essential amino acids. Thus, a trick question?)

Diets high in lean protein are associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease.

?False? (It just makes sense)

A substance-usually a protein-that the body recognizes as a foreign invader, triggering an immune response is an

antibody

High-protein diets of predominately animal sources are associated with high __________.

blood cholesterol

When a protein attracts or releases hydrogen, it acts as a

buffer

Proteins act as ____________ and help to maintain proper pH in blood by picking up or donating hydrogen ions.

buffers

An acid-base imbalance can result in -a blood pH of about 7.4. (No. Normal blood pH is between 7.35-7.45) -an increased rate of HCL production in the stomach. (There is no mention of this in the book. Only says that gastrin controls the production of it.) -widespread release of antibodies into the bloodstream. (No mention of this in the book, but it really makes no sense. Antibodies are triggered by the presence of foreign antigens.) -coma and death. (So I guess this is the right answer, even though there is no mention of it in the book anywhere.)

coma and death

The electrically charged particle that assists in maintaining the body's fluid balance is called a(n)

electrolyte.

Conduction of nerve signals and contraction of muscles depends on the proper balance of

electrolytes.

Which of the following is a protein? triglyceride estrogen enzyme disaccharide

enzyme

Complete protein is found abundantly in _____. meat vegetables whole grains fat

meat

As compared to the consumption of the same number of Calories in plant proteins, the production of beef releases more

methane

The process of combining two incomplete proteins to make a complete protein is called

mutual supplementation.

Which of the following is NOT a major function of protein in the human body? growth and maintenance of new tissue maintaining fluid balance providing energy to the blood cells and brain synthesis of hormones

providing energy to the blood cells and brain

Which of the following will not denature a protein? marinating a steak in red wine grilling a chicken breast refrigerating milk frying an egg

refrigerating milk

Which part of an individual amino acid distinguishes it from other amino acids?

side chain

After a person consumes a glass of soy milk, where does the majority of the digestion and absorption of the protein occur?

small intestine

The absorption of amino acids occurs in the

small intestine

A polypeptide consist of a string of how many amino acids?

ten or more

Lipoproteins and transferrin act as

transport proteins

Proteins play many important roles in the body, including _____. binding with and carrying oxygen in red blood cells mineralizing bones All options are correct. transporting nutrients through the bloodstream or across cell membranes

transporting nutrients through the bloodstream or across cell membrane

Which of the following nutrients is MOST likely to be deficient in a vegan diet?

vitamin B12

This is a nutrient of concern in vegetarian diets.

vitamin D