HY 103 EXAM 2

Giles Corey

"more weight" Brought to court and refused to plead, he was told he was going to be tortured until he entered a plea. They tortured him to death. Giles Corey wanted the ability for his daughters to inherit his estate.

Iroquois confederation (Great League)

5 nations that decided to stop the Mourning wars. The members of the Great League don't raid each other.

Neolin

A Delaware religious prophet. During a religious vision, the Master of Life instructed Neolin that his people must reject European technology, free themselves from commercial ties with whites and dependence on alcohol, clothe themselves like the ancestors, and drive the British from their territory

Bathsheba Kingsley

A congregationalist woman who rode from town to town as an evangelist. She faced church discipline. She was advised to keep chiefly at home by the religious council. The council encouraged her to pursue religion and hold private meetings, she was forbidden to speak in public.

Quitrent

A fee you pay to continue to work the land. The king uses this for profit.

Sons of Liberty

A group of citizens that created protests against Britain. In New York City, hundreds of residents shouted liberty in the streets every night. The Sons' leaders had a broad following of craftsmen, laborers, and sailors.

Anne Hutchinson

A midwife and the daughter of a clergyman. Arrived in Massachusetts in 1634. Hutchinson began holding meetings in her home, where they discussed religious issues among men and women. Hutchinson felt that all the ministers in Massachusetts were guilty of faulty preaching's. Ministers and magistrates were intent on suppressing her views. She was denounced for Antinomianism (putting one's judgement or faith above human law and teachings of the church). In 1637 she was placed on trial. Hutchinson and her followers were banished.

Ft. Louisbourg

A pivotal battle in the Seven Years War that ended the French colonial era in Atlantic Canada.

Proclamation of 1763

A response to an Indian uprising that seized Detroit and nine other forts, killing hundreds of white settlers. The proclamation prohibited further colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. This land was reserved exclusively for Indians. The proclamation also banned the sale of Indian lands to private individuals.

Jamestown

A settlement in the colony of Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. Sponsored by the Virginia company, the settlement was created with the intent to copy the Spanish and locate riches.

Nathaniel Bacon

A wealthy planter who arrived in Virginia in 1673, hated Berkeley and his men. Started Bacon's Rebellion. Rapidly gained support from small farmers, landless men, indentured servants. The bulk of his army had consisted of men who had recently been servants.

Revenue Act of 1767

Also known as the Townshend Acts. Parliament imposed new taxes on goods imported into the colonies and to create a new board of customs commissioners to collect them and suppress smuggling.

John Winthrop

American colonial leader and leader of the Puritan belief. Wanted the colonies to be a haven for the Puritan belief and a model for the Christian community "a city upon a hill." Thought the role of government should be to enforce religious beliefs and promote social stability.

George Whitefield

An English minister who sparked the Great Awakening. He brought his highly emotional brand of preaching to colonies from Georgia and New England. He proclaimed that god was merciful, rather than being predestined for damnation, men and women could save themselves by repenting their sins. Tens of thousands of colonists came to his sermons and helped him establish the revivals.

"Light Horse" Harry Lee

An early American Patriot and politician. Lee made a name for himself as he and his men raided British supply trains to help provide provisions for the Continental Army. Lee became a key intelligence gatherer for General Washington. He was highly regarded by Washington for his abilities in that area. Light Horse Harry Lee and his Legion participated in the Siege of Yorktown and were present when Cornwallis surrendered. After the war, Lee served as governor of Virginia, and as a member of Congress.

Stamp Act

An enacted British tax that many colonists felt violated their liberty. In response a crowd of people from Boston assaulted the home of Thomas Hutchinson, who was chief justice and lieutenant governor of Massachusetts. The crisis that followed the Stamp act began a battle for America to define and extend liberty.

George III

Assumed the throne of Great Britain in 1760. Under his rule Britain reverted in the mid-1760's to America's main goal is to enrich the mother country. Most of the Declaration of Independence consists of a lengthy list of grievances directed against King George III, ranging from quartering troops in homes to imposing taxes without colonial consent.

James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson

Believed religion necessary as a foundation for public morality. But viewed religious doctrines through the Enlightenment lens of rationalism and skepticism. They believed in a God, but not one that intervened in the lives of men

Northwest Ordinance

Called for the eventual establishment of from three to five states north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi. The Northwest Ordinance pledged that they would treat the local Indians fairly and their land would not be taken without their consent. This was the first official recognition that Indians continued to own their land. Congress realized that taking Indian land would produce endless, expensive military conflicts. The ordinance also prohibited slavery in the Old Northwest. But for years, owners brought slaves into the area.

"Minutemen"

Civilian colonists who independently organized to form militias during the American Revolutionary War.

Jonathan Edwards

During the 1720's and 30's Jonathan Edwards pioneered an intensely emotional style of preaching. In one speech he portrayed a sinful man suspended over a bottomless pit of eternal fire by a slender thread that might break at any moment. This caused members of his congregation to fear hell and acknowledge their sins, pleading for divine grace.

John Underhill

During the Pequot war The Puritans killed over 400 during the raid. This was way too many fatalities for the Native Americans. The Narragansett say that the puritans killed too many, the puritans think that the Native Americans are bad at fighting. John Underhill Says the native Americans might fight 7 years and kill 7 people.

Virtual Representation

Each member represented the entire empire, not just his own district. All Britons believed this.

Thomas Paine

Emigrated to Philadelphia in late 1774 and quickly became associated with a group of advocates of the American cause. Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense which appeared in January 1776 but listed the author as "an Englishman". In the pamphlet he attacked the English government, then talked about American independence, and closed the pamphlet with an outline of the vision of a new government. The new nation would become the home of freedom.

John Smith

English colonist responsible for the survival of Jamestown. He was a bold leader, with military experience and determination which allowed his colonies to thrive. Was able to negotiate with the native people for food which was a large reason for his success. Named New England.

Puritants

English religious dissenters who believed they needed to purify the Church of England from its Catholic Practices. They sought to purify the church but not separate. A large number of colonists who came to the Americas practiced the Puritan beliefs.

Sumptuary laws

Forbid people from dressing or consuming products above your station. They created laws about what you can wear based on your social class.

William Berkley

Governor of Virginia, for thirty years ran a corrupt regime in alliance with an inner circle of the colony's wealthiest tobacco planters.

The Dominion of New England

Hoping to raise more money from America to reduce his dependence on parliament, James II combined Connecticut, Plymouth, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, New York, and East and West Jersey into a single super colony.

Pontiac's Rebellion

In 1763, in the wake of the French defeat, Indians of the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes launched a revolt against British rule.

Boston Massacre

In March 1770, a fight between a snowball-throwing crowd of protestors and British troops escalated into an armed confrontation that killed five protestors from Boston. Seven of the soldiers were found not guilty, two were convicted of manslaughter.

Thomas Jefferson

In Virginia, Thomas Jefferson drew up a Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom, which was introduced in the House of Burgesses in 1779 and adopted in 1786. Wanted to separate church and state

Shays' Rebellion

In late 1786 and early 1787, crowds of debt-ridden farmers closed the courts in western Massachusetts to prevent the seizure of their land for failure to pay taxes. They called themselves regulators. Massachusetts resisted pressure to issue paper money or other ways to assist needy debtors. The participants in this rebellion believed they were acting in the spirit of the Revolution. The rebels were dispersed in January 1787, and more than 1,000 were arrested.

Isaac Newton

In the seventeenth century, the English scientist revealed the natural laws that governed the physical universe. The deists believed that this was the purest evidence of God's handiwork. Protestants could accept Newton's findings while remaining devout churchgoers, but deists concluded the best form of religious devotion was to study the workings of nature.

James II

James believes he has absolute authority, and is catholic. James is very interested in consolidating and rationalizing his interest in the new world. James dissolves the 5 colonies and puts them into one, calls it the dominion. The puritans are furious

Herbert Jeffries

Jeffries carried out Bacon's orders after he died. He attempted to supplant Berkeley as governor; in turn, Berkeley retreated to England in the hope of pleading his case to the king but died before he had the chance to do so.

John Rolfe

John Rolfe finds a crop that they can sell, tobacco. Rolfe imports the Caribbean plant that the natives have been smoking for a long time, the worth of it in England is 5-10 times as much. Virginia quickly fills up with tobacco farmers.

A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God

Jonathan Edwards' own account of the mighty way in which God moved among the people of Northampton, Massachusetts and other nearby communities in the early stages of The Great Awakening.

Mourning wars

Low intensity, or low casualty wars also known as blood feuds. They retaliated for deaths of family members or clan members by capturing or killing natives from rival tribes. Rarely ended in large bloody battles or decisive defeat.

Indenture

Men and Women who sign a contract that requires them to work forced labor for a certain amount of years in return for land and freedom at the end.

Miatonomi

Native Americans should stop fighting each other, because do the English fight each other? Every native American should group in an alliance against Puritans.

Bunker Hill

Occurred on June 17, 1775, early in the Revolutionary War. The British defeated the Americans at the Battle of Bunker Hill in Massachusetts. Despite their loss, the inexperienced colonial forces inflicted significant casualties against the enemy, and the battle provided them with an important confidence boost.

Antifederalists

Opponents of ratification.Insisted that the Constitution shifted the balance between liberty and power too far in the direction of power.Small farmers saw no need for a stronger central government. Anti-Federalists repeatedly predicted that the new government would fall under the sway of merchants, creditors, and others hostile to the interests of ordinary Americans. Popular self-government, they claimed, flourished best in small communities, where rulers and ruled interacted daily. Only men of wealth would have the resources to win election to a national government. They thought the absence of a bill of rights was absurd. They were now being asked to surrender most of their powers to the federal government, with no requirement that it respect American's basic liberties.

Quartering Act

Parliament empowered military commanders to lodge soldiers in private homes.

Solomon Stoddard

Pastor of the Congregationalist church in Massachusetts. Stoddard significantly liberalized church policy while promoting more power for the clergy, decrying drinking and extravagance, and urging the preaching of hellfire and the Judgment.

Praying towns

Places where the Native Americans wear clothes, men work in the fields, women work in the home. Not very many praying towns. At their height, there were about 16 towns with 2000 people in each. The weaker Native American groups join the praying towns.

George Washington

Played the leading military role in the American revolution. Congress appointed him the leading commander and chief of the Continental Army.

Opechancanough

Powhatan's brother and successor. Led the uprising of 1622. He led a brilliantly planned surprise attack that kills about ⅔ of the colony. He caught them in the fields in the spring, while they are out working. The surviving colonists organized themselves into military bands, which then massacred scores of Indians and devastated their villages. By going to war, declared Governor Francis Wyatt, the Indians had forfeited any claim to the land. Two years later, The Virginia Company surrendered its charter and Virginia became the first royal colony, its governor now appointed by the crown.

Deganawida

Preached that there was a great spirit rather than many spirits that rules the world. The people were the great spirit's children and they needed to stop fighting each other.

Declension

Puritan leaders began to worry about their society's growing commercialization and declining piety. By 1650, less than half the population of Boston had been admitted to full church membership. New Englanders faced a choice, they could uphold rigorous standards of church admission or they could make admission easier. The Half-Way Covenant tried to address the problem by allowing for the baptism and a half-way membership. But church membership remained stagnant.

Bill of Rights

Ratified by the states in 1791. Not included in the original Constitution. Madison believed that the balances of the Constitution would protect liberty so adding a Bill of Rights would be "redundant or pointless". But nevertheless, Federalists and Anti-Federalists believed the new national Constitution should also have one. Many delegates refused to vote for ratification unless it would be added. In a sense, the Bill of rights offered a definition of the "unalienable rights".

Baron von Steuben

Served as Inspector General and a Major General in the American Revolutionary war. Taught the Continental army military drills, tactics, and disciplines. Served as George Washington's chief of staff in the final years of the war.

Hiawatha

Spreads Deganawida message, the death from the Mourning wars needs to stop.

Lord North

Started the Tea act, offering the East India company a series of rebates and tax exemptions to dump low-priced tea on the American market. Undercutting established merchants and smugglers. Colonists insisted that this would acknowledge Britain's right to tax the colonies. A group of colonists threw 300 chests of tea into the water, the event known as the Boston Tea Party.

James II

Succeeded his brother, Charles II, in 1685. James II was a practicing Catholic and a believer that kings ruled by divine right. James declared religious toleration for everyone, Catholics and Protestants. James II created the Dominion of New England. James's son gave the prospect of a Catholic succession, alarming those against popery.

Federalists

Supporters of the ratification of a national constitution.

Powhatan (Wahansunacock)

Supreme Chief of several hundred villages separated into 30 chiefdoms in eastern Virginia. At the time, the Powhatan Confederacy was considered the strongest group of native people on the Atlantic coast.

Banastre Tarleton

Tarleton was given command of the forces at Gloucester Point, across the York River from the British position at Yorktown. Following the American victory at Yorktown and Cornwallis' defeat in October 1781, Tarleton surrendered his position.

English Civil Wars

The English Civil Wars are about whether the King or Parliament controls the New World. During the English Civil Wars, the Puritans would leave Massachusetts and go back to England.

"Glorious Revolution"

The English Civil Wars, the long struggle for domination of English government between Parliament and the crown concluded in the Glorious revolution. A group of English aristocrats invited the Dutch nobleman William of Orange to assume the throne in the name of English liberties. William arrived in England with an army of 21,000 men, James II fled, and the revolution was complete.

Metacom (King Phillip)

The Narragansett leader. Leads revolution against Metacom.

Coercive (Intolerable) Acts

The acts the British government implemented in America. Quartering troops, The Tea act, The Stamp act, and the revenue act united the colonies in opposition to what was seen as a direct threat to political freedom.

Saratoga

The battle of Saratoga was a crucial victory for the patriots. It began as a plan by the British to strategically control Upstate New York and isolate New England from the Southern colonies in an effort to put an end to the Revolution. The first battle of Saratoga, the Battle of Freeman's Farm, took place in September 1777. A militia of sharpshooters from Virginia harassed the British, while other colonist forces aggressively charged into battle with them. The British lost two men for everyone on the American side. The second battle, the Battle of Bemis Heights, occurred in October, when Burgoyne determined to break free from the encircling colonial forces and drive them from the field. The British troops were devastated, and nearly lost their entrenched positions.

William Pitt the Elder

The driving force behind the British victory in the Seven Years War. He provided funding to Prussia, Britain's ally in the Seven Years' War, for troops to tie down French forces in Europe. He also funded the expansion of provincial militias in North America. By the summer of 1758, the British had 50,000 men in uniform in North America, serving as British Regulars or in colonial provincial regiments. Pitt's policies led to British success in the French and Indian War. But they also left Britain with a tremendous debt.

Independent Competency

The economic independence that came with secure land ownership or craft status among the Puritans.

Yorktown

The last major land battle in the revolutionary war with a decisive victory by the American Continental Army. The surrender by Cornwallis, and the capture of both him and his army prompted the British government to negotiate an end to the conflict.

"Bible Commonwealth"

The puritans believed that if they made god angry, he would punish them.

Salem Witch Trials

The term is not technically gendered, but women were always accused. There are 16 executions in all of Massachusetts before the Salem witch trials. There are 19 executions during the Salem witch trials.

Maleficium

The woman makes a deal with the devil in order to have power in the material world.

Continental Congress

To coordinate resistance to the Intolerable acts, a Continental Congress intervened in Philadelphia that month, bringing together the political leaders of twelve mainland colonies. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves and adopted the Continental Association, which called for an almost complete halt to trade with Great Britain.

Coveture

When a woman married she surrendered her legal identity, which became "covered" by her husband. She could not own property or sign contracts in her own name, control her wages if she worked, write a separate will, or seek a divorce. The husband conducted business and testified in court for the entire family.

Ryaninjun

When the Puritans first settled in the New England area their preferred grain for baking was wheat, but they soon learned that corn (maize) grew much better in the New England soil. Although wheat didn't grow well here, a less popular European grain did - rye. Along with cornmeal, rye flour became the main ingredient for the bread baked by common people, and also gave it its name, Rye and Indian- Ryaninjun.

James Davenport

Whitefield's style of revival preaching convinced him that God was calling him. Davenport urged his followers to destroy immoral books and luxury items with fire. Davenport was charged with disorderly conduct as a result of his teachings. Later Davenport led a crowd to burn a large pile of books, he called them to throw their expensive and fancy clothing onto the fire, so as to prove their full commitment to God. Davenport, leading by example removed his pants and cast them into the bonfire. Davenport lost his support after this, and later claimed he had been possessed by demonic spirits.

Feudal

a made up word to describe how the middle age colonial system worked. King gives land to nobles, nobles let the working class work their farms.

Newburgh Conspiracy

a planned military coup by the Continental Army in March 1783, when the American Revolutionary War was at its end. Soldiers were unhappy that they had not been paid for some time and unfunded pensions that had been promised. George Washington stopped any serious talk of rebellion when he successfully appealed on March 15 in an address to his officers asking them to support the supremacy of Congress. Not long afterward, Congress approved a compromise agreement it had previously rejected: it funded some of the pay arrears and granted soldiers five years of full pay instead of a lifetime pension of half pay.

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

a series of essays written by John Dickinson and published under the name "A Farmer" from 1767 to 1768. The twelve letters were widely read and reprinted throughout the thirteen colonies and were important in uniting the colonists against the Townshend Acts.

Tituba

accused of being a witch, but escapes execution by accusing others to save herself

Sarah Good

accused of being a witch, goodwife, confessed to interaction with the devil and was executed

Sarah Obsborne

accused of being a witch, she confessed to interactions with the devil and died in prison awaiting execution

Anthony Johnson

arrived in Virginia as a slave during the 1620's, and later obtained his freedom. By the 1640's he was the owner of slaves and several hundred acres of land on Virginia's eastern shore. Blacks and whites labored side by side in the tobacco fields, sometimes ran away together, and established intimate relationships.

The Federalist Papers

collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pseudonym "Publius" to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution.

Benjamin Franklin

established the Library Company of Philadelphia in 1731. Franklin felt that weren't enough readers and so many people were poor. He could only find fifty people anxious for self-improvement and willing to pay for borrowing books. But reading soon "became fashionable" he said. Libraries soon sprang up in other towns. In 1729 Benjamin Franklin purchased the Pennsylvania Gazette. At its peak, the Gazette attracted 2,000 subscribers. Benjamin published Poor Richard's Almanack, and conducted experiments to demonstrate that lightning is a form of electricity. Drafted the Albany plan of Union of 1754, envisioned the creation of a Grand Council composed of delegates from each colony, with the power to levy taxes, deal with Indian relations, and common defense. The plan was rejected by colonial assemblies.Was part of the American delegation in the Treaty of Paris. They won the recognition of American independence and gained control of the entire region between Canada and Florida.

Susquehannock

group of Indians. In 1760 Declared "that white people had abused them and taken their land from them, and therefore they had no reason to think that they were now concerned for their happiness."

Charles Cornwallis

led several successful early campaigns during the American Revolution, securing British victories at New York, Brandywine and Camden. In 1781, as second in command to Gen. Henry Clinton, he moved his forces to Virginia, where he was defeated at the Battle of Yorktown.

New lights

revivalists

Treaty of Paris, 1783

signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America on September 3, 1783 ended the American Revolutionary War

Old lights

traditionalists

Uncas

was a chief of the Mohegans who made the Mohegans the leading regional Indian tribe in lower Connecticut.