IA final exam

Keck and Sikkink

According to Keck and Sikkink, transnational advocacy networks have been relevant in many social causes including environmental and human rights. These networks consist of many groups, including NGOs, foundations and the media. Governments, as the determinant of rights, play an important role in associating with transnational advocacy networks. According to Keck and Sikkink, transnational advocacy networks have grown at a rapid pace with globalization. Now though, tension exists between nationalist views and these transnational networks. Governments have the ability to promote or lessen the abilities of these networks. transnational advocacy networks push states to take positions and hold them accountable Voluntary, reciprocal, horizontal patterns of exchange Different from INGOs Boomerang effect- how these networks pressure govs Uncover and investigate problems, set agendas, promote norm implementation, influence the discursive positions of states Counter hegemonic orgs- bottom up, focused on change, voluntary/horizontal/reciprocal

Marx

Capitalism is divided into Owners, Bourgeoisie and Proletariat Capitalism exploits workers Proletariat are a commodity meant to provide capital, almost like soldier or slave Proletariat exploited by wealthy in diff ways Technology reducing proletariat worth Marketing creating new wants/ cultural integration Marx loved idea of world as single marketplace In favor of a multicultural society- liked aspects of globalization but not the economic aspects of it

Rise of China

Civil War 1949 ● Communist Party(Led by Mao Zedong) declares victory over Socialist Party ○ Establishment of Communist Government ○ Socialist Party Pushed to Taiwan Mao's reform of China ● Extraction on Western norms and values ● "New" Chinese Values Great Leap Forward & Cultural Revolution ● Mao's attempt to industrialize China and increase agricultural production ○ Lead to famine and chaos in China(20 Million Deaths) 1980's Economic Reforms under Deng Xiaoping "Socialism with Chinese Characteristics" ● Deng Opened China to Western Powers ○ China began to see effects of Capitalism inside borders The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is one of the key ways China is involved in globalization ● The BRI is a key factor in the development of Asia. The BRI includes two intertwining components, one is the Silk Road Economic Belt and the other is the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. ● The BRI heavily emphasizes China's importance in the global sphere. It has five major goals/priorities. ○ Policy coordination, facility connectivity, initiating trade barriers, financial integration, implementing people-to-people bonds. ● China is helping bolster their own production → creating an export market for its goods Key Takeaway: China invests overseas → countries become richer → people buy fancier goods → heavily contributes to the GDP of the China + strengthens manufacturing power + advances export markets → rapid economic growth ***CHINA HAS ENV, ETHNIC, WOMENS RIGHTS ISSUES China regional econ today due to history? How would a scholar who supports globalization and the free market feel about the rising cultural influence of China? What does the future hold for western trading systems in the face of the rising potential success of the BRI?

Wallerstein

Endless accum of capital is current state of world econ Those motivated by max $ will be rewarded Dependence on many intertwined institutions States interfere, which is nec Cyclical rhythms of quasi-monopolies, evolution of leading industries Core and periphery economies

appadurai

Extreme levels of globalization currently visible Scapes are things that are subjective and fluid. Seen differently by different perspectives. Leads to imagined worlds Ethno, media, techno, finance, ideo Scapes cause global flows Less boundaries b/t countries Clash between homogenation and heterogenation of world culture

Florida

Florida believes, in contrast to Friedman's flat world theory, that the world is filled with peaks and valleys of economic prowess. A small amount of concentrated, urban areas are driving the economy as a whole, many of those being in the US. While Florida believes that population clustering can enhance productivity, the increasing economic and political disparities between the urban and rural areas can threaten continual progress. Few regions relevant in world econ Cities and regions driving world econ growing too... extensive globalization Patents going to US/ Germany/ Japan Productivity advantages of clustered areas including knowledge spillovers Peaks create econ/political disparities that could threaten future progress innovation/ scientific advancement clustered

Gereffi

Global economy changing, which changes flows across national borders along with pecking order Dev strats affected by industrial organization Stakeholders need to understand new era of globalization to improve their position At the macro level are international organizations and regimes that establish rules and norms for the global community. Combine rules and resources. At the meso level, the key building blocks for the global economy are countries and firms. Upgrading: process of moving country's industry toward higher value activities in global productive network Trajectory: assembly to equip manuf to brand manuf to design manuf Global productive is interconnect, a network Integration of markets, disintegration of production Product space: where in supply chain/ which supply chai Upgrading assembly > original equipment manufacturing > original brand manufacturing > original design manufacturing

Harvey

Globalization has increased freedom, more dependent on skill/markets State acts to preserve framework World has become increasingly neolib since 1970s Dereg/privatization thru withdrawal of state Belief that market transactions are the key Has caused concentrated wealth Caused lost decade in Latin A + Africa

Econ ineq in intl inst

IIMF: The IMF is a complicated institution, While its main goal is providing resources to all nations in need through alliances, after researching the IMF and its influence we have understood that this is not the reality for most countries and people. The IMF has hidden economical and political agendas that they implement onto other people which leads to a systematic cycle of increased power for the global north and a continuous disadvantage for the global south. ● WTO: While the WTO has helped ease the process of facilitating trade. There has been many criticism against their policies especially regarding global south countries, where said policies have reduced the value of local produce, increased the economic gap between countries, and failed to protect poor countries and farmers while simultaneously providing a lot of aid to rich ones, to name a few. ● EU and Africa: Challenges for trade between continents , but EU is still the biggest trading partner of Africa. Future talks about the implementation of trading agreements must support development and growth between African countries and regions, as well as the continent as a whole Overall: ● One of the main goals of International Institutions is to help with growth and development of the world. But that is not always the case, especially regarding global south countries. In their efforts to decrease inequality between countries, international institutions have not always contributed to this. How to include global south in trade and dec making: Do you think international organizations should do more to help less developed countries? Based on this presentation how would you think these international organizations will evolve in the future? Especially in terms of the uneven power distribution between the global north and global south? International institutions are established to provide stability to our rapidly changing societies. However, the uneven distribution of power in terms of economies and trade between global north and global south countries have made it clear that the policies in place are creating a benefit gap between both economies. International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international financial institution and a major financial agency of the United nations. Its goal and mission are "working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world."Manage balance of payment difficulties and international financial crises. ● Promote international trade, exchange rate stability, sustainable economic growth and seeks to make resources available to member nations in financial need. The IMF exerts pressure on countries in the global south to facilitate their own gains. ● IMF's influence is far greater on the Global South than on the global North. The IMF does the opposite of implementing economic growth. ● Global North takes advantage of lower production costs and to lower their own trade imbalances. WTO The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international intergovernmental organization that regulates and facilitates trade. Even though the WTO is not a UN specialized agency, they cooperate with the United Nations System to help governments establish, revise, and enforce the rules that govern international trade. Multiple Criticisms from myriads of fields arise against the WTO such as: 1. Its service to multinational corporations' interest 2. Undermining local development. 3. Favoritism towards Global North countries 4. Some agreements have led to restrictive access for food and medicine resulting in many deaths Because of capitalism, countries are forced to open their borders and markets to low quality agricultural commodities from the US, China, EU, ..etc ● Countries are forced to import products that they produce (rice and sugar) WTO's trade liberalization does not guarantee economic growth nor poverty alleviation ● The benefits that result from the WTO's free trade are not equally distributed ○ China and India ● WTO's strategies to reduce trade barriers hurt developing countries EU EU is Africa's first trading partner ● Accounting for 28% of Africa's total trade in 2019. Aid-for-Trade: Eu provides substantial amounts of aid to stimulate trade in Africa EPAs: Economic partnership agreements are a scheme to create a free trade area (FTA) between the European Union and other countries. ● Bilateral Economic trade agreement ● EPAs are permanent arrangements that encourage a progressive shift from more traditional aid towards trade and investment as engines of growth, jobs, and poverty reduction. ● EPAs are reciprocal in nature, entailing rights and obligations for both EU and African countries. EPA issues: They're expected to have limited impact on African countries since most already enjoyed near-full access to the EU 2. Hold back continent's structural transformation by undermining intra-regional trade and integration. Fta's are between regional blocs instead of continent as a whole 3. Europe subsidizes own agricultural sector. This increases own continent's supply and decreases demand for import

said

Islam vs West cultural identity is a political issue Conflict b/t west and east too broad. But, both prejudiced/ignorant/make generalization Clash of civilizations inaccurate ** response to Jihad vs McWorld

Micklethwait and Woolridge

Marx loved idea of world as single marketplace Crisis of capitalism is inequality Globalization net positive benefits Globalization puts limit on power of gov thru free trade... more freedom But, libs think power just went from gov to corps. Globalization has more than just econ benefits Globalization winners understated bc widespread while losers concentrated More power for individual Losers better off than would be w/o capitalism

Sen

Science/tech/ideas diffuse from east. Globalization of econ has brought prosperity to large amount of ppl Important to help underdog, still huge disparities in equality inter and intra nationally, makes public and inst action nec Rich getting richer and poor getting poorer Globalization is much broader than western imperialism. Often seen as global westernization, but had led to travel/trade/migration long before western globalization.

Hamelink

Since 1970s many more ppl involved in world econ Some believe global econ is econ of few rich countries Inc in global trading reducing trans costs Bad for sust dev Proponents say net positive benefits of globalization Critics say globalization is propaganda masking political objectives of neoliberal capitalism ** argument b/t critics and proponents. Those for and against globalization disagree about its merit and effectiveness in society. Critics argue that globalization is propaganda masking the political objectives of neoliberal capitalists. Promoters argue that is has had a net positive impact (utilitarian) on the world. Undoubtedly, it is essential that the rich are willing to give up some of their wealth to the poor to increase the world's standard of living.

Dicken

States make regional trade agreements therefore governments are important ***talks about NAFTA Main argument: regional trade agreements liberalize trade intrabloc at expense of extrabloc trade. Increases connections between a set of countries by liberalizing trade relations... discriminates in trade against 3rd parties Regionalization is a spectrum; many different types of regionalization The EU and other regional organizations are not states, but they do not have to be

Shiva

Sustainability agenda subverted by free trade agenda Free trade is the rule of commerce Three waves of globalization: colonization, development, free trade Environmental apartheid due to globalization "Separate development"​ A regime of exclusion​ The appropriation of the resources and wealth of society by a small minority based on privileges of race or class​ The majority is then pushed into a marginalized existence without access to resources necessary for well-being and survival

frankopan

The world, as far back as 2,000 years ago, was much more interconnected and globalized than education has inclined for us to believe.The Silk roads allowed for development and advancement for different cultures through the exchanging of ideas and goods. Orientalism- negative view of east as underdeveloped and inferior to west. Silk roads allowed development/connection thru exchanging ideas/goods. Ancient world was complicated and connected. There was globalization far before western imperialism. Globalization in capitalist form currently has negative effects such as human rights/env.

Friedman

This era of globalization will be led by a more diverse group Flattening of difference b/t global players Ppl everywhere have nec tools to develop and apply knowledge Tech improvement is leading to many of these outcomes China and india are big beneficiaries US/Europe may not continue to lead the way Entrepreneurial, individual based Convergers: fall of Berlin Wall, supply chaining, etc

Subcomandante Marcos

Zapatista uprising Violent indigenous movement against Mexican movement for not protecting them In response to NAFTA, knowing they would be taken advantage of my NAFTA.

Enloe

illustrates issues associated with the globalization of the economy. Corporations look for countries where women are vulnerable and exploit them in order to maximize their profits. Healthy labor practices are ignored, and largely ignored by consumers as well. russian moms spending $ on american goods bc marketing. sneakers stitched by asian women. corporations are root of evil and turning blind eye to problems

Eco imperialism

north exploits south for raw mats EX: lithium mining. bought by apple tesla etc. indigenous atacamas ppl own the land but do not receive the benefits. also creates water shortage EX2: madagascar: take vanilla, precious metals, etc globalization encourages extraction thru core+periphery econ model, capitalist focus, etc govs work w corps to enable eco imperialism by turning their blind eye Global governance inst likely turn a blind eye as well in acknowledging the significance of this for the econ

Schindler et al.

the conflict between China and the US has grown in the event of Covid 19. China has responded better to COVID, allowing them to be seen as a better development partner. Coordinated action to topics such as climate change will change.

Sassen

the globalization of economics has created the global city; a global economy with trading & supply chains, which is composed of many important cities. The system is highly networked across borders, adding to the overall intensity of the world's economic affairs. This also has an effect on politics and culture across the world. Global city is global econ conceived of network of trade/finance chains w links composed of cities Impactful in creating functional world econ More global dispersion leads to more coordination Global cities disconnect cities from their immediate region

Berkovitch

the issue of women's rights has become increasingly globalized over time. When women turned to organizations such as the ILO and League of Nations, their movement became concretized and organized. The movement became seen as more legitimate. During the Women's Decade, the discourse that rights for women is an integral part of development came into fruition. This idea helped push institutions to further strengthen the role of women around the globe. It became a viewpoint that women that did not have fair rights in any location was a threat to women of all locations. Women's movement turned to int'l orgs like league of nations and ILO became stronger By turning their attention to the new world bodies, women's organizations conferred legitimacy on them and thus helped institutionalize their centrality. At the same time, the degree of organization and cooperation among women's groups increased. It was during the Women's Decade that the status of women was linked to the development of their countries. As a result, both the form and content of global organizing has changed. Official bodies and the international women's movement shifted their focus from legal standards and international law to concrete projects, further organizational expansion, greater research efforts, and network enhancement to coordinate these numerous endeavors. **became an important aspect of development UN provided platform for growth of int'l womens mvmnt thru creating summits allowing for creation of global plan of action Growth of global womens mvmnt marked by expansion of femimist organizing in global north to a global north- global south womens mvmnts Tension b/t feminist global north women who largely had their aim on issues on equality and the demands of those from the global south that framed womens issues as connected to larger context of development

Ganguly

the majority of the research on the global south is done by the global north

Stiglitz

the quality of the effects of globalization have been dependent on how globalization is managed in the particular state that globalization comes to. Those that have more control over how to engage in the global market have fared better, while those being pushed by the IMF have been less successful. Those that have had success have benefited from the convergence of the technology and knowledge gap. Most have had an active government rather than emphasizing privatization; privatization has impeded growth and increased poverty in LDCs.Globalization in a particular place are dependent on how globalization is managed Being pushed by IMF or WB does not work It helps to have an active state gov role Lib of fin/cap markets is detrimental bc leads to volatility that cannot be handled by LDCs. Leads to poverty and impedes growth Trading w developed is centered around helping developed LDCs benefiting from tech and knowledge convegence Western dominated- play by their on rules

Curtis and Taylor

there are major differences in the performance of the UN in comparing the periods before/during and after the Cold War. During the Cold War, vetoes were used much more commonly, and peacekeeping missions were much more highly related to Russia and the US. Generally speaking, much debate exists regarding the effectiveness of the UN in promoting peace & security, along with how it handles development Debate regarding effectiveness as peacekeeper, security, developer. Role has evolved greatly depending on state of world. UN is state driven Formed in 1945 to preserve peace Climate action and sustainable development have become larger topics State actually control it because of voting power

Boli and Thomas

INGOs are developed based on the world cultural principles of universalism, individualism, rational voluntaristic authority, progress, and world citizenship. They have specific structures set to meet their goals, helping to create a sort of "world state." Empirically, many INGOs have been quite effective. INGOs have explicit, rationalized goals. They operate under strong norms of open membership and democratic decision-making. They seek, in a general sense, to spread "progress" throughout the world: to encourage safer and more efficient technical systems, more powerful knowledge structures, better care of the body, friendly competition and fair play. Following are five basic world-cultural principles that underlie INGO ideologies and structures: universalism, individualism, rational voluntaristic authority, human purposes of rationalizing progress, and world citizenship. INGOs are developed based on the world cultural principles of universalism, individualism, rational voluntaristic authority, progress, and world citizenship. They have specific structures set to meet their goals, helping to create a sort of "world state." Empirically, many INGOs have been quite effective. INGO authority informal, but want states to act INGOs influences IOs and states, extent of influence varies greatly

Collier

Most countries dev well but some stuck Integration will get harder over time Can beat trap but fall into another Convergence is catching up after beating cycle Development in some countries led to less development in other countries ●The conflict trap ●The natural resources trap ●The trap of being landlocked with "bad neighbors" ●The trap of bad governance in a small country Collier has a pessimistic view of the effects of poverty traps disallowing economic growth and convergence in the countries that have struggled to keep up in terms of GDP growth over the past 30+ years. The longer it takes these countries to break free from the traps, the more difficult integration into the world economy will become. Further, he explicitly states four traps, and explains that countries that beat one trap can fall into another.

Barber

Open comm across borders helping science World less democratic bc more surveillance Ppl not taking care of env New society delivers peace/prosperity/unity, might cost independence/community/identity 4 imperatives of McWorld: market (puts market above all), resource (interdependence nec), tech (improving science thru comm), ecology (profit over planet) Jihad vs McWorld: opposite minded forces. Tribalism vs globalism World falling apart and coming together at once Jihad is backlash to globalization, rise of nationalism/ unwilling to adapt Globalization threatens democracy, but so does Jihad mindset Cultures appeal to their ppl to gain support for wealth/tech/resources capitalist globalization is lessening the boundaries between nations economically, technologically, and socially. On the other hand, groups are becoming even more divided based on race, religion, etc.

Zakaria

Zakaria argues in 2016 that the west is in trouble due to populists who are suspicious of elites, the mainstream media, and established institutions. Populism can be seen on both wings of American politics. Populists embrace all aspects of globalization except for the flows of people. This can have detrimental effects, but one cannot be forced to lose their xenophobia. Therefore, for long-term success, rules to immigration could be beneficial.Zakaria argues in 2019 that while the crises in the west of lacking economic opportunity and fears about immigrants have subsided, they are still fueling populism and have an effect on political elections. Latin American countries were crushed by populist regimes, populism barely exists in Asia, getting popular in Europe These constraints -demographics, globalization, technology, and budgets Convergance between opposite political parties Populists embrace all aspects of globalization except for the flows of people. This can have detrimental effects, but one cannot be forced to lose their xenophobia. Therefore, for long-term success, rules to immigration could be beneficial. Stagnant econ and cultural values fueling populism Social views are a lagging indicator of social change

Evans

According to Evans, globalization has sparked transnational movements related to women's rights, the environment, and labor. Generally speaking, the success of these movements is dependent on the perspective. But, Evans believes that the scientific nature of environmental affairs has made it the most successful up to this point. But, the scientific nature the environment lends to less intimate analysis in the global south. Counter Hegemonic can increase human rights activist argumentation challenges this assumption. Arguing instead that the growth of transnational connections can potentially be harnessed to the construction of more equitable distributions of wealth and power and more socially and ecologically sustainable communities focus on three broad families of transnational social movements aimed at counterhegemonic globalization: labor movements, women's movements, and environmental movements. jobs are being informalized, outsourced, and generally divorced from anything that might be considered a social contract between employer and employee. Counterhegemonic globalization: a global network of social movements, transnational networks, and INGOs that challenge the corporate-dominated form of top-down neoliberal globalization Global labor, environmental and women's movements protest hegemonic globalization Tensions in global networks as non-universal concepts: development vs equality in womens mvmts, conservation vs development in env mvmts, comp for jobs in workers mvmts Hegemonic globalization: neoliberalism, corp, capitalism, oppression Counterhegemonic globalization: rights, mobilization

inglehart and norris

According to Inglehart and Norris, populist representatives have continuously done better in high income countries this century. This could be due to disagreement with certain aspects of cultural change, along with xenophobia. Furthermore, while economic growth has occurred over this time period, this wealth has been going to the already-rich disproportionately. Silent revolution in reverse According to Inglehart and Norris, populist representatives have continuously done better in high income countries this century. This could be due to disagreement with certain aspects of cultural change, along with xenophobia. Furthermore, while economic growth has occurred over this time period, this wealth has been going to the already-rich disproportionately. Fight b/t econ left and econ right, also populism and cosmopolitan liberalism Silent revolution- progressivism... do not have to worry about basic human needs so focusing on higher topics on Maslow Heiearchy Populism is the silent revolution in reverse, fear of progressivism Norris & Inglehart's cultural backlash theory: support for populists ultimately reflects economic insecurity, but its immediate cause is a backlash against rapid cultural changes

Strange

after WW2, the markets driven by interdependence and privatization are more determinant than politics or governments. Important factors driving markets are technological innovation, which is growing at an increasingly rapid rate, and the increasing role of the financial system. Asian countries have been a major beneficiary since WW2, due to improved technology and access to US markets, yet Strange expects them to have diminished returns in the future unless a more neoliberal structure is adopted. Governments have lost power Increase in individuals' power Strange argues that after WW2, the markets driven by interdependence and privatization are more determinant than politics or governments. More groups want independent rule While non-neoliberal, Asian countries have succeeded greatly bc tech/exports/ US markets Tech growing at increasing rate, changing world Cost of labor decreasing cost of capital increasing. , which is inadequate in fully explaining the perspective of the development in that part of the world. In other words, the ideas of the global south are underrepresented. World markets are more powerful than states Where political and economic authority are "supposed to belong" Global economic integration, technology, and finance Private enterprise in finance, industry and trade have shaped world markets and hence the makings of our lives more than cooperation among states (233) States once controlled markets, now the opposite

Vreeland

while over a billion people are dependent on conditional loans to their respective governments from the IMF, the IMF has not been productive in enhancing economic growth, while increasing income inequality in the countries that it intends to help. There is no consensus regarding why the IMF has failed in these regards, yet it is vastly agreed upon that the IMF needs to be scaled back. On the positive end, Vreeland explains that there is evidence that the IMF helps countries in terms of their balance of payments. Many argue that this was the overarching goal of the IMF, while development has evolved into a more relevant aspect over time. Over a billion people dependent on IMF Loans to governments, only granted based on certain criteria IMF has tons of power International credit union w pool of resources by subscription of members Can induce moral hazard Conditionality in response to moral hazard IMF biggest countries get preferential treatment IMF sometimes just protects the elites in developing countries IMF loans may even lead to worse outcomes, for sure more wealth concentration No consensus why IMF failing, but everyone thinks they should scale back operations Lending to countries w balance of payments problems Has had success in helping balance of payments Have not been overwhelmingly powerful for economic growth Increase income inequality The immediate purpose of an IMF arrangement is to provide a loan so that foreign debts can continue to be serviced and necessary imports can be purchased

Rodrik

with the current levels of globalization, a tension exists between the advocates and the opponents of globalization, with the government in between. Reduced barriers to trade, conflict between countries regarding domestic norms, and a diminishing ability for the government to provide social insurance have led to social disintegration. Balancing openness & domestic needs, valuing social insurance & domestic reform, and not abusing fairness claims in trade were outlined by Rodrik as valuable principles. -Huge tension b/t advocates and opponents of globalization, governments in between... 3 avenues - reduced barriers to trade + inv separate those who can access global markets and those who cannot... also global market for employees takes their power away bc can be subbed - disagreement b/t countries about domestic norms + social inst - difficult for govs to provide social insurance... socialization of risk is important - ** causes social disintegration -balance for openness and domestic needs -Value social insurance - do not excuse lack of domestic reform on competitiveness - do not abuse fairness claims in trade