IAFS 1000 Final: Terms

continued pledged to reduce nuclear arms on behalf of both countries "New Start Treaty"- Most significant nuclear arms reduction agreement the world has seen in 3 decades -attempt, good step to better US-Russian relations

Significance of "Reset"

should developed nations demand a reduction of greenhouse gas emission from developing countries for the good of all? is it fair? who has the right to impose these demands? argument to "cap & trade system" & kyoto protocol

Significance of The "right to pollute"

1960 Treaty Between Britain, Turkey, and Greece

Treaty of Guarantee

Cultural imperialism is the movement or projection of one culture to another culture. Elements of a culture are implemented into another

Cultural Imperialism

Sudanese People's Liberation Army/Movement Rebel group formed in 1983 Force of 180,000 troops Fought against Sudanese government in the Second Sudanese Civil War

SPLA/M

2009 Under Presidents Barack Obama and Dmitry Medvedev, the "reset" of United States and Russian relations by pursuing foreign policies that are mutually beneficial Idea of a "fresh start" in US-Russian relations

"Reset"

Formerly known as the Treaty on European Union, It created the European Union and led to the creation of the single European currency, the euro. signed in 1992 - entered into force nov 1 1993

Treaty of Maastricht

presume that America's values, political system, and history are unique and worthy of universal admiration. They also imply that the United States is both destined and entitled to play a distinct and positive role on the world stage.

American Exceptionalism

Chancellor of Germany - 1st female chancellor - 1 most powerful woman in world

Angela Merkel

Archbishop Makarios III of Cyprus became the nation's first President when Britain granted the island independence in 1959. In his three terms (1959-1977), he survived four assassination attempts and a 1974 coup. Told people they should resist the leaders of the coup. When Turkey invades the island it precipitates the fall of the Junta in Athens. After several months of exile he returns to Cyprus and resumes the presidency

Archbishop Makarios

The main piratical sovereign states of the Barbary Coast were the North African seaports of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. The Barbary pirates were residents of these states and were under control of the Muslim Turks of the Ottoman Empire Group of fighters who attacked American ships along the Barbary Coast of northern Africa in the first few years of the 19th Century. They were members of a handful of African states who at first signed treaties with the United States in which they promised to stop attacking American ships. However, they broke those treaties. The U.S. fought back

Barbary Pirates

2005 agreement signed between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM). It was comprised of a number of security arrangements and agreements for the division of power and wealth.

Comprehensive Peace Agreement

A trading system created in the 1997 Kyoto Protocol that allows actors to set a cap limit on how much of a pollutant can be emitted This involved the cap-and-trade scheme allowed countries to buy pollution credits from one another if theirs ran out

Cap and trade

The Yuan, currently 6.9- 7.5 Yuan to the dollar & 30% undervalued

Chinese Currency Value

'political society', with active citizens shaping its institutions and policies. sector of society separate from government, similar/most popular ways of though a society in which norms and values are agreed upon

Civil Society

Climate change—a broader term than global warming (gw - just temp increases); the notion that the earth's temperature is rising in some places and declining in others, due to an overall shift in the earth's atmospheric, ocean, and weather patterns Global warming—the idea that the world's temperature is climbing due to increased amounts of carbon dioxide/greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere

Climate Change v. Global Warming

Definition: widening refers to the expansion of the EU, allowing more states to enter, while deepening refers to the integration of EU members

Deepening vs. Widening

Successor to EMS (European monetary system) combination of European Union member states into a cohesive economic system, most notably represented with the adoption of the euro as the national currency of participating members.

EMU- European Monetary Union

defined in treaty of Rome in1957 - Common agricultural policy - the original EU CAP was a series of subsidies and agreements put in place by the EU to support farmers and produce quality food at fair prices. -for countries/famers where agriculture had been crippled - due to production surplus in 80s, new EU CAP has production limits - farmers are no longer paid to produce food, CAP is demand driven

EU CAP

-1951 - The European Commission is one of the main institutions of the European Union. -27 commissioners - 1 from every country - Supernatural Executive & legislative body with exclusive power to initiate legislation & administer the budget -meant to represents and upholds the interests of the EU as a whole, drafts proposals for new European laws, and manage the day-to-day business of implementing EU policies and EU funds. - The current President of the European Commission is José Manuel Barroso who began his second term of office in February 2010.

European Commission

Refers to the investment made by European Banks & the impact/consequences the U.S. housing financial crisis had on them in 2008. Sub prime mortgages and mortgages were responsible for the us recession, and european banks owned many of these mortgages

European Exposure to US Banks

growth in which a country's main source of income is from its export trade This can occur either because because domestic products are becoming more competitive in world markets through lower prices (like in china) Theory - export-led growth can create profit

Export-led Development

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is direct investment by a company in production located in another country either by buying a company in the country or by expanding operations of an existing business in the country. T Mobile (It is a German company that invested in the United States)

FDI

=Opening a policy introduced by Gorbachev more transparency in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union

Glasnost

1944 - created at Breton woods conference International Monetary Fund Lends money to developing countries in return for stipulations/conditions promotes international monetary cooperation, working for a stable exchange rate and economic growth. They lend money to countries that need development.

IMF

Government Strategy & economic policy adopted in most developing countries to promote industrialization by protecting domestic producers from the competition of imports. Protection - in the form of high tariffs or the restriction of imports Was applied indiscriminately, often to inherently high-cost industries that had no hope of ever becoming internationally competitive.

Import Substitution

Outsourcing - Often seen as a cost-saving tactic - it allows a business to focus on its core competencies while using low-cost countries & companies abroad for labor & production Insourcing is a concept that has been advocated as an alternative to outsourcing; -Involves delegating a job to someone within a company, as opposed to someone outside of the company (outsourcing). One reason for insourcing to occur is if a company had previously outsourced a certain task, but was no longer satisfied with the work being done on that task, so the company could therefore insource the task and assign it to someone within the company who they believe will do a better job.

Insourcing vs. Outsourcing

Arab militia group that the Sudanese government arms and protects have committed mass killings been attacking food stocks and destroying targets necessary to survival in Darfur Rape and other forms of sexual violence

Janjaweed

In 1997 countries met in Japan to negotiate a policy on climate change. Countries signing this protocol agreed to make "meaningful" and "specific" reductions in their greenhouse gas emissions -established cap & trade system

Kyoto Protocol

A merchant vessel that is widely known for being a popular target of Somali pirates. There have been no less than 4 separate attacks/hijacking attempts on the cargo ship; the most famous being the April 7th, 2009 hijacking attempt. In this particular case 4 Somali pirates were able to board the when it was 280 miles southeast of the Somali port city of Eyl. Capt. Richard Phillips was captured by the pirates and a standoff with US Navy SEAL's occurred. He was eventually rescued with 3 pirates shot dead by snipers and one surviving

Maersk Alabama

Eight goals that the United Nations aims to achieve by 2015. Their focuses are: poverty and hunger, education, gender equality, child mortality, maternal health, disease, environmental sustainability, and global partnership for development.

Millennium Development Goals

A share of and/or a claim on the profits of a mortgage investment. In other words, an MBS is a security that, when purchased, gives the holder the right to collect on the profits of a given set of mortgages that a bank or financial institution holds

Mortgage Backed Security (MBS)

North American Free Trade Agreement Signed by Canada, Mexico and United States creating a trilateral trade block in North America 1994 Goal is to eliminate trade and investment barriers between the United States, Canada and Mexico The NAFTA also eliminated tariffs on exports from the United States to Mexico and exports from Mexico to the United States

NAFTA

e facto president of Cyprus after Archbishop Makarios in 1974

Nikos Sampson

A region in Northern Somalia that declared itself autonomous but does not seek independence from Somalia as a country. The region accounts for approx. 1/3 of Somalia's population and is relatively stable and free from violence as compared to the clan warfare that has engulfed Southern Somalia.

Puntland

"Lacking in the things that the middle class takes for granted" Relative poverty is measured against other people, Example: if you are considered poor if you earn less than a certain percentage of the average earnings. People are relatively impoverished if their society's standard of living necessitates more money than their income brings in

Relative Poverty

Current president of Sudan and head of National Congress Party 1989 - Came to power as brigadier in Sudanese army Led a military coup which ousted Sadiq al-Mahdi

Omar al bashir

unified command in 1947 (oldest and largest of the United States' unified commands) U.S. Pacific Command (USPACOM), together with other U.S. Government agencies - protects and defends the United States, its territories, allies, and U.S. interests

PACOM

U.S. foreign policy has been determined primarily by its relative power and by the inherently competitive nature of international politics. By focusing on their supposedly exceptional qualities, Americans blind themselves to the ways that they are a lot like everyone else

Significance of American Exceptionalism

Germany has the strongest/largest economy in the EU - she is playing a lead role in managing the European financial crisis and is looked at as the de facto leader of the European Union. Believes in raising taxes, cutting government spending, economic growth, and limited bailout to countries like Greece. Germany's choice and contribution to bailout will indefinitely effect the EU debt crisis and how it may end

Significance of Angela Merkel

In 1972 he came under increasing pressure from the Greek government to allow for greater Greek influence in Cypriot affairs; the Cypriot Orthodox Church pressured him to resign if he failed to do so.

Significance of Archbishop Makarios

major concern today, as piracy in Somalia is still very common United States vs. stateless enemy, - like war against terrorism - the fight against piracy has been ongoing since late 1700's -when fighting a state-less enemy, it is difficult to ever recognize a victory or whether a conflict is on-going was memorable for the use of careful diplomacy, coalitions, special military tactics, and, unfortunately, confused goals.

Significance of Barbary Pirates

Countries became more concerned with the environment. The only way to discourage pollution emission in developed countries was to offer incentives and charge for pollution. China - how should cap be measured? total emissions or emissions per capita Arguments made, breach of sovereignty, why can't developing country pollute the same ways already developed ones did during developmental stages makes development more difficult

Significance of Cap and trade

-significant impact on international trade and contributes to Chinese economic growth -Currency is artificially low - thus, makes Chinese exported goods cheaper and lucrative for markets like that in the United States -Some argue an undervalued yaun undercuts American businesses and effects U.S. domestic employment rates. -also keeps wages low for Chinese workers, thus mass production is very cheap

Significance of Chinese Currency Value

A problem with the modern use of 'civil society' is the connotation of non-violent interaction savages vs. civilized people? - not accurate Western "empirical" category for classification 'civil society is a only a good thing, when it espouses the values we hold - anyone who fails to hold these values, is not part of civil society' when comparing western society to middle eastern of eastern European society, one might come to conclude these societies are not civil, when in fact they are merely different

Significance of Civil Society

The CPA was intended to end the Second Sudanese Civil War and share oil profits. It also laid out a process by which South Sudan could gain independence, which it did in 2011. North & South Sudan are currently having disagreements regarding the division of oil revenues

Significance of Comprehensive Peace Agreement

Cultural imperialism can be seen when the U.S. exports democracy to other countries. Cultural homogeneity makes it easier for countries to "get along." Countries that are more similar and are democratic have less of chance of going to war with each other under the democratic peace theory. Globalization argument: Western media is breaking down the cultural barriers in less developed nations and creating a more homogenized cultural identity for the world as a whole. The concept shows just how powerful and influential the Media can be, as a tool to spread messages to a wide and diverse audience and altering their views.

Significance of Cultural Imperialism

tensions between wider enlargement and deeper integration current paralysis in EU As enlargement continues, deepening is halted - decisions are harder to make with more actors participating - more deadlocks - many EU states want to focus on the existing EU and existing relations between the states and institutions already in it The main challenge for EU is to make the necessary political, institutional and procedural reforms to provide the effective functioning of an enlarged Union By offering the candidacy status, the current members implicitly commit themselves to confront with all problems -difficult task due to the possible alliances between EU members resisting enlargement in general and those caring more about deepening than widening current EU constitution is meant to provide a deepening

Significance of Deepening vs. Widening

States that share currency and economy are less likely to go to war. Creates a sense of unity amongst the people. Euro-zone is the world's second biggest economy, and with the complete simulation of EU countries into the EMU there is a greater support system from failed economies.

Significance of EMU

Targeted to make farmers more market oriented instead of production oriented - in addition to providing farmers with a reasonable standard of living New Cap is also Concerned over environmental sustainability - especially after rio summit in 92 special attention to to environmental concerns, food safety, and animal welfare standards

Significance of EU CAP

The Commission was set up to act as an independent supranational authority separate from domestic member governments, argument that members do not support the EU as a whole but instead only focus on individual/domestic & unilateral concerns dead-lock in EU began with the debt crisis.

Significance of European Commission

The US housing-recessions had impacts all over the world. shows just how interdependent and interconnected our economies are. Because of globalization, the world economies are so dependent on how well the US is doing because it is the largest economy by GDP in the world. US economic crisis can become a world economic crisis.

Significance of European Exposure to US Banks

core-vs-peripheral countries theory cores want peripheral to produce what they want and export it to them cheaply because labor is cheaper there. Economic strategy proposed by developed nations -strategy does not have a well defined links between public and private markets -forces countries to engage in production and structure a capitalist economy as opposed to an agricultural economy. -Many difficulties/flaws to export-led development in countries like Africa - infrastructure for capital development is non-existent : absence of roads, buildings, -breaking away from agriculture in pursuit of capitalistic gains is followed food shortages & financial & economic downturn export-led countries require more imports to balance exports

Significance of Export-Led Development

FDI provides an inflow of foreign capital and funds, investment in addition to an increase in the transfer of skills, technology, and job opportunities. takes advantage of cheaper wages in the country, special investment privileges such as tax exemptions offered by the country as an incentive to gain tariff-free access to the markets of the country or the region Sometimes argued that it could help eradicate poverty, not true is countries that do not have infrastructural qualities aka buildings and roads to facilitate production mechanisms

Significance of FDI

more freedom of speech in the Soviet Union, leaning towards democracy and undermining communism followed by perestroika and in accumulation, led to fall of soviet union new media freedoms, government openness, and heavy criticism destroyed soviet system

Significance of Glasnost

it currently presents one of the greatest threats to the world; the question of halting development in countries like China and India for the sake of preserving the environment divides nations

Significance of Global Warming v. Climate Change

Aims to eradicate global poverty but stipulations on loans and loan amounts can be tied too and argued to be a violation of state sovereignty ex. forcing country to take part in democratization, in the interest of western countries, not necessarily loan recipients

Significance of IMF

In developing countries there are always large domestic markets for manufactured goods, so developing an import substitution industry involves a low degree of risk. For developing countries, to protect local industries against foreign competition is easier than forcing developed countries to lift trade barriers against manufactured goods from developing countries

Significance of Import Substitution

highly debated topic pertaining to the economic issues - "United States and European Debt crisis" -businesses are looking to cut costs of labor & production Outsourcing is the clear winner when businesses need to cut costs while still requiring expert personnel - insourcing is often harder in a capital-market like the United States where labor costs are much more expensive, therefore production is more expensive. Core vs. Peripheral theory - feed of the poor to fuel the wealthy

Significance of Insourcing vs. Outsourcing

They are preventing UN peacekeeping missions from being successful or anyone wanting to intervene to help the people of Darfur

Significance of Janjaweed

Has not been very successful in reducing greenhouse gas emission, No real penalties for state's failing Difficult to enforce failures by states, states have not met reduction goals, (aside from the EU members)

Significance of Kyoto Protocol

They increased in popularity during the "housing boom," and allowed people to invest in the U.S. housing market without purchasing property. Subsequently, when home prices began to decline (the bubble burst), many of the financial institutions and investment firms that had invested in MBSs suffered major losses Responsible for US recession & collapse of many major financial institutions/companies Example: Goldman & Sachs

Significance of MBS's

The attacks on the Maersk Alabama exposed the reality that sea piracy is still a significant concern, even in the 21st century. The 2009 hijackings were the first successful seizures since the early 1800's, indicating that less developed countries such as Somalia continue to harbor dangerous pirates even after 200 years. Unless conditions are improved in these poverty-stricken coastal nations, the seas will continue to be a threat to merchants.

Significance of Maersk Alabama

The progress towards these targets has been uneven. China and India have been the most successful in their progress due to their tremendous economic growth, but many African countries have made little improvement. The MDGs represent the positive and optimistic goals of the UN, but they point out the difficulty in combating the most critical issues around the globe.

Significance of Millennium Development Goals

Significant because NAFTA provides a regional economic advantage to these countries, similar to the EU, which China is attempting to emulate in Eastern Asia.

Significance of NAFTA

Before becoming President, he was a symbol of resistance against British occupation of Cyprus. Leader of the Progressive Party in Cyprus. Following the coup of 1974 by the Greek Junta he was appointed President, but resigned shortly after the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. Imprisoned for abuse of power

Significance of Nikos Sampson

Has been accused by ICC for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes in Darfur China has been vetoing UN intervention in Darfur because of its dependence on Sudanese oil Filed peace treaty leading to Southern Sudan's autonomy in 2005 and independence in 2011 In 2004, al-Bashir's government negotiated the end of the Second Sudanese War, however, since then, there has been a violent conflict in Darfur

Significance of Omar al bashir

September 11th 2001 caused PACOM to restructure - divided amongst multiple commanders promotes regional security and deters aggression; and, if deterrence fails, is prepared to respond to the full spectrum of military contingencies to restore Asia-Pacific stability and security.

Significance of PACOM

this region has become a hub for the piracy that has occurred recently in the Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden

Significance of Puntland

relative poverty is a measurement that moves. The more people you help "out of poverty", the higher the average of the 'poverty line' goes up. It is a constant battle There will always be a family living in relative poverty no matter how high their living standards may be.

Significance of Relative Poverty

United States supports SPLA Criticized for using "Child soldiers" to fight for the SPLA/M Sudan People's Liberation Movement is now a political party which sits on the Sudanese government Negotiations made between SPLM and the Sudanese government in Khartoum led to the formal recognition of Southern Sudanese autonomy in 2005

Significance of SPLA/M

Territorial issues concerning ownership of the islands between: China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia and the Philippines The islands are believed to hold reserves of natural gas as well as oil Ownership of the islands would also benefit fishing as well as commercial shipping

Significance of Spratley Islands

opening up for some economic reforms and international trade, educational and cultural contacts, festivals, books by foreign authors, foreign movies, art shows, popular music, dances and new fashions, massive involvement in international sport competitions Helped liberate minds of millions and changed public consciousness of several generations of people in the Soviet Unio

Significance of The Thaw

The treaty was used as the basis of Turkey's invasion of Cyprus - according to the treaty, the 3 actors involved are supposed to protect Cyprus if it is threatened and fight to keep it sovereign -each actor can act multilaterally or unilaterally to do this -considered to be Turkish abused of the treaty -Foreign intervention was done outside of UN's endorsement Article 4

Significance of Treaty of Guarantee

It defines the rights and responsibilities of nations in their use of the world's oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine and natural resources UNCLOS also addresses such other matters as sovereignty, rights of usage in maritime zones, and navigational rights"

Significance of UNCLOS

Russia says it was protecting the Russian people of this region, Controversial, but the war was argued to punish Georgia for "looking west". Georgia was trying to join the EU and NATO, and they wanted to weaken the Georgian president support. some argue it was also a "proxy war with the west" others say this war sought to exhibit Russian power, especially against the American trained Georgian army.

Significance of War in Georgia

Bank owners/businessmen corrosively bought all government shares very cheaply in auctions that were poorly publicized Privatization turned into the transfer of wealth from the Russian government to about 12 wealthy businessmen - the oligarchs Oligarchs later supported Yeltsin get elected in second term and stay in power - paid for his election Once Putin came into power, he told oligarchs to get the out of politics or their assets will be taken.

Significance of Yeltsin's "kleptocracy"

This prosecution of Khodorkovsky for fraud is one of the examples of the corruption of Russian democracy demonstrates the danger posed by the Kremlin and infringements of property rights on behalf of government

Significance of Yukos Prosecution

it created the European Union and led to the creation of the single European currency, the euro - the objective Was economic: create a shared & universal common market At external level, the collapse of communism in russia gave the European community the opportunity to reinforce their international position - at internal level, the objective was economic - to create a shared & universal common market Euro debt crisis is not being scrutinized

Significance of the Treaty of Maastricht

Group of islands in the South China Sea

Spratley Islands

The idea that, in some cases, countries should be allowed to pollute - argument that countries have a natural right to pollute the environment in order to become developed/achieve higher unrestricted development

The "right to pollute"

The Freeze = Stalinist censorship The Thaw = post Stalin, started under Khrushchev -not so secret speech - voiced Stalins mistakes -political developments -de-stalinization

The Thaw

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Established in 1982 Went into force on November 16, 1994

UNCLOS

Unilateralism: a doctrine that supports one-sided action, benefits one party Unilateral - Invasion of Iraq - not sanctioned by UN Multilateralism: multiple countries working together on one issue Multilateral - Afghanistan (GWT) terrorism -Nuclear Proliferation

Unilateralism v. Multilateralism

In August of 2008, Russia invaded Georgia due to Georgian aggression towards Abkhazia and South Ossetia The Georgians fired the first shot against South Ossetia

War in Georgia

Economic reform post soviet union - "shock therapy" - came from loans for shares, privatization, and voucher program. deregulation of prices, raised taxes, cut spending,

Yeltsin's "kleptocracy"

The Yukos Oil Company was controlled by Russian oligarch Mikhail Khodorkovsky Yukos - Russias most "western" company Russian government charged Khodorkovsky & company with tax fraud/evasion - trumped up charged - amounted to 27 billion dollars froze companies assets so it couldn't pay "tax charges" - company goes bankrupt Khodorkovsky is put on trial, convicted, & imprisoned

Yukos Prosecution

Powerful states, such as the US, often act unilaterally due to their relative power over others, whereas weaker states, which have little sway in international affairs, will often team up with other countries multilateral approaches have much more legitimacy than unilateral ones, which can be perceived as aggressive and only in self-interest. United States has a pattern of unilateral action.

significance of Unilateralism v. Multilateralism