ib chemistry option D
combinatorial chem and parallel synthesis
library of drugs tried, combine beads, shape to active site of enzyme quantity levels
modifying polarity
make less polar so will dissolve in certaini areas of body ammonia to salt oic acid to salt
ring strain
penicillin bonds to enzyme, synthesizes to cell wall, blocks action
narrow spectrum antibiotics
penicillin- effective against certain types of bacteria
mechanism of antibiotics
prevent from makingnormal cell walls inside bacteria
antibacterial
prevent growth of bacteria
antifoaming agents and alginates
prevent heartburn and flautulence. dimethicone
apririn
prevents prostaglandin, fever, pain side effects of stomach ulsers children- liver and brain disorder lower blood ph
other depressants
prozac, reduce anxiety, relieve stress
side effects
relative on why drug is taken
lethal dose
required to kill 50% of pop
risk to benefit ratio
severity of complaint depends on. if treatment for life threatening disease , high risl from side effect is accepted
psilocybin
shroom. hallucination
depressants
slow down nervous sytem. sleepiness
ethanol
ste- relax, judgement impaired lte- liver disease, high blood pressure, birth defects
chiral auxilliaries
synthsize desirable isomer
AIDS
virus invades Tcells, cant fight infection AZT- clog active site
nicotine
w- insomnia, depression heart disease, cancer, birth defects
breathalyser
acidified dichromate turns green when reduced by alcohol
caffeine
alertness concentration. alkaloid- choco
broad spectrum antibiotics
an antibiotic with activity against a wide range of disease-causing bacteria; it also acts against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
mild analgesics
aspirin, paracetamol (children), ibuprofen
chirality
asymmetric/ chiral atoms. r/l hand
synergistic effects
ethanol enhances other drugs
amphetamines
fight or flight. increase heart rate, decrease appetite, emotional instability.
marijuana
hashish. relax, confusion medicinal use dangerous
designer drugs
E, relieves parkinsons disease, sensitivity, hallucinations
medicine or drug
a chemical that alters sensory sensations, mood, or activity state
tolerance
body adapts to actio of drug, needs larger dose. if dise increases, risk of dependence and reaching lethal dose
effective dose
bring noticeable effect in 50% of pop
infrared intoximeter
ch bonds absorb infrared. blow in and see how much is absorbed by the sample
geometric isomerism
cis- treat cancer. alters cancer cell dna, doesnt copy correctly
antivirals
cold, influenza, mumps. alter cells genetic material so virus cant use it to multiply .- acyclovir prevent new virus from leaving cell prblm because always mutating- HIV
antacids
combat stomach acid
legal limit
consentration of blood alcohol increases
penicilin
cure sore throat, TB, . passed in meat
indigestion
discomfort caused by excess acid which damages stomach lining
polarity
heroin more effective than morphine. morphine- OH which is polar. when becomes heroin, replaced by less polar, diccolves and reaches brain better in higher concentrations in the body
opiates
heroin, tolerance and addiction. short term effects- euphoria, dull pain, depresses nervous system long term effect- constipation, loss sex drive, poor eating habits withdrawal- diarrea, anxiety
stimulants
increase state of mental alertness
LSD
indole ring structure. dizzines, distortion
side effect
mg diarrhea al constipation
thalidomide
morning sickness, birth defects
strong analgesics
morphine, codeine. opiates, herion. block pain from surgery
methods of administering drugs
mouth, inhalation. anus, injection, skin
virus
no nucleus, not cells, reproduce inside cells of living creatures
