Imbalance - Electrolytes

A common collaborative problem related to both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia is which potential complication? a. seizures b. paralysis c. dysrhythmias d. acute kidney injury

c. dysrhythmias MS workbook

hyperkalemia: musculoskeletal findings (4)

-muscle twitching -muscle cramps -paresthesia -weakness

A client with a history of cardiac disease is due for a morning dose of furosemide, Which serum potassium level, if noted in the client's laboratory report, should be reported before administering the dose of furosemide? 1. 3.2 mEq/L 2. 3.8 mEq/L 3. 4.2 mEq/L 4. 4.8 mEq/L

1. 3.2 mEq/L -normal K+ = 3.5-5.0 mEq/L -furosemide can cause hypokalemia NCLEX

which 2 electrolytes act like sedatives?

1. calcium 2. magnesium (hyper = too much sedative, hypo = not enough sedative)

normal magnesium values

1.3-2.1 mEq/L

The nurse provides instructions to a client with a low potassium level about food that are high in potassium and tells the client to consume which foods? Select all that apply: 1. Peas 2. Raisins 3. Potatoes 4. Cantaloupe 5. Cauliflower 6. Strawberries

2. Raisins 3. Potatoes 4. Cantaloupe 6. Strawberries NCLEX ch 8

Prior to administering a client's daily dose of digoxin, the nurse reviews the client's laboratory data and notes the following results. Which result should alert the nurse that the client is at risk for digoxin toxicity? 1. serum calcium: 9.8 mg/dL 2. serum magnesium: 1.0 mEq/L 3. serum potassium: 4.1 mEq/L 4. serum creatinine: 0.9 mg/dL

2. serum magnesium level (normal Mg = 1.3-2.1 mEq/L, everything else is within normal limits) NCLEX ch 57

On assessment, the nurse notes that the client has flat neck veins, generalized muscle weakness, and diminished deep tendon reflexes. The nurse suspects hyponatremia. What additional signs would the nurse expect to note in a client with hyponatremia? 1. Muscle twitches 2. Decreased urinary output 3. Hyperactive bowel sounds 4. Increased specific gravity of the urine

3. Hyperactive bowel sounds Hyperactive bowel sounds indicate hyponatremia. The remaining options are signs of hypernatremia. In hyponatremia, muscle weakness, increased urinary output, and decreased specific gravity of the urine would be noted. NCLEX

normal phosphate values

3.0-4.5 mg/dL

The nurse is caring for a client with hypocalcemia. Which patterns would the nurse watch for on the ECG as a result of the laboratory value? (Select all that apply.) 1. U waves 2. Widened T wave 3. Prominent U wave 4. Prolonged QT interval 5. Prolonged ST segment

4. Prolonged QT interval 5. Prolonged ST segment NCLEX

hypocalcemia symptoms: CATS

Convulsions Arrhythmias Tetany Spasms and stridor

hyponatremia symptoms: SALT LOSS

Stupor/coma Anorexia Lethargy Tendon reflexes decreased Limp muscles Orthostatic hypotension Seizures Stomach cramping

A nurse receives a laboratory report for a client indicating a potassium level of 5.2 mEq/L. When notifying the provider, the nurse should anticipate which of the following actions? a. Starting an IV infusion of 0.9% sodium chloride b. Consulting with dietitian to increase intake of potassium c. Initiating continuous cardiac monitoring d. Preparing the client for gastric lavage

c. Initiating continuous cardiac monitoring (hyperkalemia = risk of dysrhythmias) ATI Fund

A 50-yr-old woman with hypertension has a serum potassium level that has acutely risen to 6.2 mEq/L. Which type of order, if written by the health care provider, should the nurse question? a. Limit foods high in potassium b. Calcium gluconate IV piggyback c. Spironolactone (Aldactone) daily d. Administer intravenous insulin and glucose

c. Spironolactone (Aldactone) daily -normal K+ = 3.5-5.0 mEq/L -spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic, can cause/worsen hyperkalemia MS

A nurse is providing education for a client who has severe hypomagnesemia due to alcohol use disorder. The client is to receive magnesium sulfate. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the teaching? a. "You will receive magnesium in a series of intramuscular injections." b. "You should receive a prescription for a thiazide diuretic to take with the magnesium." c. "You should eliminate whole grains from your diet until your magnesium level increases." d. "You will have your deep tendon reflexes monitored while you are receiving magnesium."

d. "You will have your deep tendon reflexes monitored while you are receiving magnesium." (assessment of DTRs helps identify hypermagnesmia that can occur during IV administration of magnesium sulfate) ATI Fund

hypernatremia: GI findings

extreme thirst

hyperparathyroidism is associated with which electrolyte imbalance?

hypercalcemia → hypophosphatemia

metabolic acidosis is associated with which electrolyte imbalance?

hyperkalemia (e.g. DKA)

laryngospasm is associated with which electrolyte imbalance?

hypocalcemia

tingling around the mouth is associated with which electrolyte imbalance?

hypocalcemia

Chvostek's sign

hypocalcemia = positive Chvostek's sign

Trousseau's sign

hypocalcemia = positive Trousseau's sign

hypoparathyroidism is associated with which electrolyte imbalance?

hypocalcemia → hyperphosphatemia

metabolic alkalosis is associated with which electrolyte imbalance?

hypokalemia

hyperkalemia: GI findings

increased gastric motility, hyperactive bowel sounds, diarrhea

hypocalcemia: GI findings

increased gastric motility, hyperactive bowel sounds, diarrhea, abdominal cramping

calcium affects which body system?

muscle

sodium affects which body system?

neuro

calcium has an inverse relationship with which electrolyte?

phosphorus

hypercalcemia: respiratory findings (1)

↓ respiratory rate

hypokalemia: cardiovascular findings (2)

-thready, weak pulse -hypotension and orthostatic hypotension

dysrhythmias: hyperkalemia (2)

-ventricular fibrillation -conduction blocks

hypercalcemia: GI findings

- decreased gastric motility, hypoactive bowel sounds - constipation - abdominal distention - nausea, vomiting

hyponatremia: GI findings

- increased gastric motility, hyperactive bowel sounds - nausea, vomiting - diarrhea - abdominal cramping

EKG changes: hypokalemia (3)

-ST depression -shallow, flat T wave -prominent U wave

hypercalcemia: cardiovascular findings (2)

-bradycardia -hypertension

hyperkalemia: cardiovascular findings (2)

-bradycardia -hypotension

normal calcium values

8.5-10.5 mg/dL 9.0-10.5 mg/dL

A client is receiving an intravenous infusion of 1000 mL of normal saline with 40 mEq of potassium chloride. The care unit nurse is monitoring the client for signs of hyperkalemia. Which finding initially will be noted in the client if hyperkalemia is present? 1. Confusion 2. Muscle weakness 3. Mental status changes 4. Depressed deep tendon reflexes

2. Muscle weakness NCLEX

A nurse is collecting data from a client who has hypercalcemia as a result of long-term glucocorticoids. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply) a. hyperreflexia b. confusion c. positive Chvostek's sign d. bone pain e. nausea and vomiting

b. confusion d. bone pain e. nausea and vomiting ATI Fundamentals

A nurse is caring for a pt who has an NG tube attached to low intermittent suctioning. The nurse should monitor for which of the following electrolyte imbalances? a. hypercalcemia b. hyponatremia c. hyperphosphatemia d. hyperkalemia

b. hyponatremia (nasogastric losses are isotonic and contain sodium) ATI

normal sodium values

135 -145 mEq/L

A pt is taking diuretic drugs. Which fluid or electrolyte imbalance can occur in his pt? (Select all that apply) a. hyperkalemia b. hyponatremia c. hypocalcemia d. hypotonic fluid loss e. hypertonic fluid loss

b. hyponatremia c. hypocalcemia MS workbook

dysrhythmias: hypokalemia (2)

-PVCs -ventricular tachycardia

hypermagnesemia: cardiovascular findings (2)

-bradycardia -hypotension

hypocalcemia: cardiovascular findings (2)

-bradycardia -hypotension

hypokalemia: GI findings

-decreased gastric motility, hypoactive or absent bowel sounds -constipation -abdominal distention -nausea, vomiting

hypokalemia: musculoskeletal findings (2)

-muscle weakness -↓ DTRs

hypercalcemia: musculoskeletal findings (2)

-muscle weakness -↓ DTRs (also hypermagnesemia)

medications that cause hyperkalemia (5)

-potassium-sparing diuretics -ACE inhibitors -ARBs -heparin -NSAIDs

EKG changes: hypocalcemia (2)

-prolonged ST segment -prolonged QT interval

EKG changes: hypercalcemia (2)

-shortened ST segment -widened T wave

hypomagnesemia: cardiovascular findings (2)

-tachycardia -hypertension

EKG changes: hyperkalemia (4)

-tall peaked T waves -flat P waves -widened QRS complex -prolonged PR interval

hypocalcemia: musculoskeletal findings (4)

-tetany -muscle spasms -paresthesias -hyperactive DTRs (also hypomagnesemia)

The nurse is caring for a 76-yr-old woman admitted to the medical unit with hypernatremia and dehydration after prolonged fever. The best beverage to offer the patient is a. malted milk. b. orange juice. c. tomato juice. d. hot chocolate.

b. orange juice. (least amount of sodium) MS ch 16

The nurse is reviewing the laboratory results for a client who is receiving magnesium sulfate by intravenous infusion. The nurse notes that the magnesium level is 5 mEq/L. On the basis of this laboratory result, the nurse should expect to note which in the client? 1. Tremors 2. Hyperactive reflexes 3. Respiratory depression 4. No specific signs or symptoms because this value is a normal level

3. Respiratory depression Neurological depression occurs in hypermagnesemia and is manifested by drowsiness, sedation, lethargy, respiratory depression, muscle weakness, and areflexia. NCLEX

The nurse reviews the electrolyte results of an assigned client and notes that the potassium level is 5.7 mEq/L. Which patterns would the nurse watch for on the cardiac monitor as a result of the laboratory value? (Select all that apply.) 1. ST depression 2. Prominent U wave 3. Tall peaked T waves 4. Prolonged ST segment 5. Widened QRS complexes

3. Tall peaked T waves 5. Widened QRS complexes NCLEX

normal potassium values

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Which serum potassium result best supports the rationale for administering a stat dose of IV potassium chloride 20 mEq in 200 mL of normal saline over 2 hours? a. 3.1 mEq/L b. 3.9 mEq/L c. 4.6 mEq/L d. 5.3 mEq/L

a. 3.1 mEq/L (normal K+ = 3.5-5.0 mEq/L) MS

What assessment do you make before hanging an intravenous (IV) fluid that contains potassium? a. Urine output b. Arterial blood gases c. Fullness of neck veins d. Level of consciousness

a. Urine output Fundamentals ch 42

When teaching a patient about symptoms of hypokalemia, the nurse will instruct the patient to notify the health care provider if which symptom occurs? a. Diaphoresis b. Constipation c. Blurred vision d. Muscle weakness

d. Muscle weakness Pharm workbook

The nurse is updating the client's plan of care based on the new onset of hypokalemia. Which priorities of care should the nurse include? (Select all that apply.) 1. Ensure adequate oxygenation. 2. Provide assistance to prevent falls. 3. Monitor medication administration of diuretics. 4. Monitor for numbness and tingling around the mouth. 5. Prevent complications during potassium administration.

1. Ensure adequate oxygenation. 2. Provide assistance to prevent falls. 3. Monitor medication administration of diuretics. 5. Prevent complications during potassium administration. tingling around mouth = hypocalcemia NCLEX

The nurse is assessing a client with a suspected diagnosis of hypocalcemia. Which clinical manifestation would the nurse expect to note in the client? 1. Twitching 2. Hypoactive bowel sounds 3. Negative Trousseau's sign 4. Hypoactive deep tendon reflexes

1. Twitching (hypocalcemia = ↑ gastric motility, + Trousseau's sign, hyperactive DTRs) NCLEX

A nurse is caring for a client with a magnesium level of 2.5. Which intervention should the nurse plan to take? A) Initiate continuous cardiac monitoring. B) Administer 40 mEq/L potassium chloride PO with orange juice. C) Provide a diet rich in legumes, nuts, and whole-grain cereal. D) Monitor the client for tetany.

A) Initiate continuous cardiac monitoring. -hypermagnesemia = >2.1 mEq/L -risk for dysrhythmias and cardiac arrest ATI

A nurse is assessing a patient with hypocalcemia. Which site should the nurse tap to elicit a positive Chvostek's sign? A) between the eyebrows B) under the eye C) cheek D) chin

C) cheek ATI

Which patient do you plan to teach regarding water restriction? a. A 23-year-old with extracellular fluid volume (ECV) deficit b. A 34-year-old with hyponatremia c. A 47-year-old with hypercalcemia d. A 69-year-old with metabolic acidosis

b. A 34-year-old with hyponatremia (water restriction is the most common therapy for hyponatremia) Fundamentals ch 42

You assess four patients. Which patient has greatest risk for hypomagnesemia? a. A 72-year-old with chronic alcoholism b. A 79-year-old with bone cancer c. A 41-year-old with hypernatremia d. A 46-year-old with respiratory acidosis

a. A 72-year-old with chronic alcoholism (chronic alcoholism = high risk for hypomagnesemia) Fundamentals ch 42

A nurse is reviewing the medical record of a client who has hypocalcemia. The nurse should identify which of the following findings as risk factors for the development of this electrolyte imbalance? a. Crohn's disease b. postoperative following appendectomy c. history of bone cancer d. hyperthyroidism

a. Crohn's disease ATI Fundamentals

A nurse is reviewing the laboratory values for a client who has a positive Chvostek's sign. Which of the following laboratory finding should the nurse expect? a. Decreased calcium b. Decreased potassium c. Increased potassium d. Increased calcium

a. Decreased calcium ATI

A nurse is caring for a pt who has a serum potassium 5.4 mEq/L. The nurse should assess for which of the following manifestations? a. ECG changes b. constipation c. polyuria d. paresthesia

a. ECG changes -normal K+ = 3.5-5.0 mEq/L -other 3 choices are symptoms of hypokalemia ATI

Your patient has severe hypercalcemia. What are your priority nursing interventions? (Select all that apply.) a. Fall prevention interventions b. Teaching regarding sodium restriction c. Encouraging increased fluid intake d. Monitoring for constipation e. Explaining how to take daily weights

a. Fall prevention interventions c. Encouraging increased fluid intake d. Monitoring for constipation (hypercalcemia causes lethargy, which increases fall risk) Fundamentals ch 42

Your patient has hypokalemia with stable cardiac function. What are your priority nursing interventions? (Select all that apply.) a. Fall prevention interventions b. Teaching regarding sodium restriction c. Encouraging increased fluid intake d. Monitoring for constipation e. Explaining how to take daily weights

a. Fall prevention interventions d. Monitoring for constipation (hypokalemia causes weakness, which increases fall risk) Fundamentals ch 42

You are caring for a patient admitted with heart failure. The morning laboratory results reveal a serum potassium level of 2.9 mEq/L. Which classification of medications should you withhold until consulting with the health care provider? a. Antibiotics b. Loop diuretics c. Bronchodilators d. Antihypertensives

b. Loop diuretics -K+ is low (normal K+ = 3.5-5.0 mEq/L) -loop diuretics = hypokalemia MS

You are caring for a patient admitted with diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, and a massive GI bleed. In analyzing the morning lab results, the nurse understands that a potassium level of 5.5 mEq/L could be caused by which factors in this patient (select all that apply.)? a. The potassium level may be increased if the patient has nephropathy. b. The patient has been eating excessive amounts of foods that increase potassium levels. c. The patient may be excreting extra sodium and retaining potassium secondary to malnutrition. d. There may be excess potassium being released into the blood as a result of massive blood transfusion. e. The potassium level may be increased because of dehydration that accompanies high blood glucose levels.

a. The potassium level may be increased if the patient has nephropathy. d. There may be excess potassium being released into the blood as a result of massive blood transfusion. e. The potassium level may be increased because of dehydration that accompanies high blood glucose levels. MS ch 16

While caring for a patient with metastatic bone cancer, which clinical manifestations would alert the nurse to the possibility of hypercalcemia in this patient (select all that apply.)? a. Weakness b. Paresthesia c. Facial spasms d. Muscle tremors e. Depressed reflexes

a. Weakness e. Depressed reflexes (other 3 choices are symptoms of hypocalcemia) MS

It is especially important for the nurse to assess for which clinical manifestation(s) in a patient who has just undergone a total thyroidectomy? (Select all that apply) a. confusion b. weight gain c. depressed reflexes d. circumoral numbness e. positive Chvostek's sign

a. confusion d. circumoral numbness e. positive Chvostek's sign (symptoms of hypocalcemia) MS ch 16

A nurse is planning care for a client who has hypernatremia. Which of the following actions should the nurse anticipate including in the plan of care? a. infuse hypotonic IV fluids b. implement a fluid restriction c. increase sodium intake d. administer sodium polystyrene sulfonate

a. infuse hypotonic IV fluids ATI Fundamentals

A nurse is caring for a client who has laboratory findings of serum sodium level 133 mEq/L and serum potassium level 3.4 mEq/L. Which of the following treatments can result in these laboratory findings? a. three tap water enemas b. 0.9% sodium chloride solution IV at 50 mL/hr c. 5% dextrose with 0.45% sodium chloride with 20 mEq of K+ IV at 80 mL/hr d. antibiotic therapy

a. three tap water enemas (tap water is hypotonic and can result in decrease Na+ and K+) ATI

While performing patient teaching regarding hypercalcemia, which statements are appropriate (select all that apply.)? a. Have patient restrict fluid intake to less than 2000 mL/day. b. Renal calculi may occur as a complication of hypercalcemia. c. Weight-bearing exercises can help keep calcium in the bones. d. The patient should increase daily fluid intake to 3000 to 4000 mL. e. Any heartburn can be managed with an as needed calcium-containing antacid.

b. Renal calculi may occur as a complication of hypercalcemia. c. Weight-bearing exercises can help keep calcium in the bones. d. The patient should increase daily fluid intake to 3000 to 4000 mL. MS

While performing patient teaching regarding hypercalcemia, which statements are appropriate? (select all that apply) a. Have patient restrict fluid intake to less than 2000 mL/day. b. Renal calculi may occur as a complication of hypercalcemia. c. Weight-bearing exercises can help keep calcium in the bones. d. The patient should increase daily fluid intake to 3000 to 4000 mL. e. Any heartburn can be managed with an as needed calcium-containing antacid.

b. Renal calculi may occur as a complication of hypercalcemia. c. Weight-bearing exercises can help keep calcium in the bones. d. The patient should increase daily fluid intake to 3000 to 4000 mL. MS ch 16

The nurse expects the long-term treatment of a pt with hyperphosphatemia secondary to renal failure will include: a. fluid restriction b. calcium supplements c. magnesium supplements d. increased intake of dairy products

b. calcium supplements MS ch 16

What patient would be at greatest risk for the potential development of hypermagnesmia? a. 83-year-old man with lung cancer and hypertension b. 65-year-old women with hypertension taking beta-adrenergic blockers c. 42-year-old women with systemic lupus erythematosus and renal failure d. 50-year-old man with benign prostatic hyperplasia and a urinary tract infection

c. 42-year-old women with systemic lupus erythematosus and renal failure MS ch 16

You receive a physician's order to change a patient's IV from D5½ NS with 40 mEq KCl/L to D5NS with 20 mEq KCl/L. Which serum laboratory values on this same patient best support the rationale for this IV order change? a. Sodium, 136 mEq/L; potassium, 3.6 mEq/L b. Sodium, 145 mEq/L; potassium, 4.8 mEq/L c. Sodium, 135 mEq/L; potassium, 4.5 mEq/L d. Sodium, 144 mEq/L; potassium, 3.7 mEq/L

c. Sodium, 135 mEq/L; potassium, 4.5 mEq/L (The normal range for serum sodium is 135 to 145 mEq/L, and the normal range for potassium is 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L. The change in the IV order decreases the amount of potassium and increases the amount of sodium. Therefore, for this order to be appropriate, the potassium level must be near the high end and the sodium level near the low end of their respective ranges.) MS ch 16

Pt has potassium level of 3 mEq/L. For which clinical manifestation should the nurse monitor? a. increased bowel sounds b. dry sticky mucous membranes c. decreased deep tendon reflexes d. numbness and tingling of the extremities

c. decreased deep tendon reflexes (hypokalemia = ↓ bowel sounds, hypernatremia = dry sticky mucous membranes, hypocalcemia = numbness and tingling) ATI

A nurse is assessing a client who has hyperkalemia. Which of the following conditions is associated with this electrolyte imbalance? a. heart failure b. Cushing's syndrome c. diabetic ketoacidosis d. thyroidectomy

c. diabetic ketoacidosis ATI

A pt with chronic kidney disease has hyperphosphatemia. What is a commonly associated electrolyte imbalance? a. hypokalemia b. hyponatremia c. hypocalcemia d. hypomagnesemia

c. hypocalcemia (a reciprocal relationship exists between phosphorus and calcium - high phosphate = low calcium) MS workbook

A nurse is assessing a client for Chovstek's sign. Which of the following techniques should the nurse use to perform this test? a. apply a BP cuff to the pt's arm b. place the stethoscope bell over the pt's carotid artery c. tap lightly on the pt's cheek d. ask the pt to lower her chin to her chest

c. tap lightly on the pt's cheek ATI

The nurse should be alert for which manifestations in a pt receiving a loop diuretic? a. restlessness and agitation b. paresthesias and irritability c. weak, irregular pulse and poor muscle tone d. increased blood pressure and muscle spasms

c. weak, irregular pulse and poor muscle tone (loop diuretics can cause hypokalemia) MS workbook

You are caring for a patient receiving calcium carbonate for the treatment of osteopenia. Which serum laboratory result would you identify as an adverse effect related to this therapy? a. Sodium falling to 138 mEq/L b. Potassium rising to 4.1 mEq/L c. Magnesium rising to 2.9 mg/dL d. Phosphorus falling to 2.1 mg/dL

d. Phosphorus falling to 2.1 mg/dL (calcium has an inverse relationship with phosphorus) MS ch 16

In a pt with a positive Chvostek's sign, the nurse would anticipate the IV administration of which medication? a. calcitonin b. vitamin D c. loop diuretics d. calcium gluconate

d. calcium gluconate (positive Chvostek's sign = hypocalcemia) MS workbook

In a pt with sodium imbalances, the primary clinical manifestations are related to alterations in which body system? a. kidneys b. cardiovascular system c. musculoskeletal system d. central nervous system

d. central nervous system (confusion is 1st symptom) MS workbook

Which pt is at risk for hypernatremia? a. has a deficiency of aldosterone b. has prolonged vomiting and diarrhea c. receives excessive IV 5% dextrose solution d. has impaired consciousness and decreased thirst sensitivity

d. has impaired consciousness and decreased thirst sensitivity MS workbook

When monitoring a patient for hypokalemia related to diuretic use, the nurse looks for which possible symptoms? a. nausea, vomiting, and anorexia b. diarrhea and abdominal pain c. orthostatic hypotension d. muscle weakness and lethargy

d. muscle weakness and lethargy Pharm workbook

The nurse notes that a client's total serum calcium level is 6.0 mg/dL. Which assessment findings should be anticipated in this client? (Select all that apply.) 1. Tetany 2. Constipation 3. Renal calculi 4. Hypotension 5. Prolonged QT interval 6. Positive Chvostek's sign

1. Tetany 4. Hypotension 5. Prolonged QT interval 6. Positive Chvostek's sign The most common manifestations of hypocalcemia are caused by overstimulation of the nerves and muscles; therefore, tetany and presence of Chvostek's sign would be expected. Calcium is needed by the heart for contraction. When the serum calcium level is decreased, cardiac contractility is decreased and the client will experience hypotension. A low serum calcium level could also lead to severe ventricular dysrhythmias and prolonged QT and ST intervals on the ECG. NCLEX

The nurse reviews a client's electrolyte laboratory report and notes that the potassium level is 2.5 mEq/L. Which patterns should the nurse watch for on the ECG as a result of the laboratory value? (Select all that apply.) 1. U waves 2. Absent P waves 3. Inverted T waves 4. Depressed ST segment 5. Widened QRS complex

1. U waves 3. Inverted T waves 4. Depressed ST segment NCLEX

Potassium chloride intravenously is prescribed for a client with hypokalemia. Which actions should the nurse take to plan for preparation and administration of the potassium? (Select all that apply) 1. obtain an IV infusion pump 2. monitor urine output during administration 3. prepare the medication for bolus administration 4. monitor the IV site for signs of infiltration or phlebitis 5. ensure that the medication is diluted in the appropriate volume of fluid 6. ensure that the bag is labeled so that it reads the volume of potassium in the solution

1. obtain an IV infusion pump 2. monitor urine output during administration 4. monitor the IV site for signs of infiltration or phlebitis 5. ensure that the medication is diluted in the appropriate volume of fluid 6. ensure that the bag is labeled so that it reads the volume of potassium in the solution NCLEX