Immunology Exam 1

Adaptive Immunity

the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them

cellular immunity

Chase in 1940 demonstrated that cells can transfer immunity.

Hematopoiesis occurs where during 1-7 months of pregnancy? (prenatally)

Fetal liver and splee

Adaptive Immunity

Most of its players (e.g. antibodies, T cell receptors) are from somatically modified and rearranged genes. - It is performed mainly by T and B lymphocytes and their products, e.g. antibodies, cytokines -It is antigen-specific -IT has strong immune response -IT has long-term memory -Clonal selection/expansion theory *Slide 23*

Immune system

a system of biological structures that processes within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells.

pathogen

any organism with potential to cause disease

Variolation

inoculation of smallpox into the skin. Chinese in 15th century used dry crusts of smallpox to protect people.

Problems of the Immune System

-Hyper-reactions: alleries, asthma. autoimmune disease -Hypo-reactions: Immunodeficiency-failure of the immune system to protect the body adequately from infection, due to the absence or insufficiency of some component process or substance. -Unwanted reactions: transplantation tissue rejection

Applications of the Immune System

-Vaccination -Cancer Immunotherapy

Innate Immunity- cells

-macrophage: engulfs and consumes pathogens -neutrophil -monocytes -mast cells -natural killer cell: destroys the body's own cells that have become infected with pathogens; also goes after cancer cells

Cells of the immune system

1. Lymphocytes: T-cells, B-cells, NK cells. All form common lymphoid curse 2. Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells. All cells have this in cytoplasm 3. Phagocytes: macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells. Have to have ability to engulf or inject pathogens and destroy them through this process 4. Professional antigen presenting cells: DENDRITIC CELLS, activated macrophages, activated B cells, etc. Have to have pathogenic component to be consider cell or not a cell.

Tissues of the Immune system

1. Primary lymphoid tissue: thymus, bone marrow 2. Secondary lymphoid tissue: lymph node, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT).

Clonal Selection/Expansion Theory

Clonal selection is a part of human immune response where specific B or T-helper lymphocytes are chosen to undergo clonal expansion

Flora

Community of microbes inhabiting a particular niche of the human body

Most important cells

Dendritic cells

Jules Hoffman

Discovered activating principles of innate immunity and role of dendritic cells in adaptive immunity. Nobel Prize Winner.

Edward Jenner

Father of immunology. Vaccination to smallpox with cowpox in 1790 led the way to immunology

Innate Immunity

Immune responses against pathogens by preformed, read to act mediator and induced mediators from germ line genes

innate immunity

Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body. These mechanisms include physical barriers such as skin, chemicals in the blood, and immune system cells that attack foreign cells in the body. The innate immune response is activated by chemical properties of the antigen.

humoral immunity

Kabat in 1930 confirmed the function part is immunoglobulin (antibody)

Immunis

Latin, "exempt"

Induced Immunity against pathogens using attenuated pathogens, he called it a VACCINE

Louis Pasteur

Harald zur Hausen

Role of HPV is causing cervical cancer and the discovery of HIV

Vaccination

Most successful human medical practice that have saved millions of lives.

cell-mediated response

The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells.

humoral response

The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids.

Innate Immunity 1- Performed

When there is no tissue damage... -Mechanical: epithelial cell layers, fluid, etc. -Chemical: antimicrobial peptides, fatty acids, low pH, etc. -Microbiological: normal microbiota

Innate Immunity II- Induced (Inflammation)

When tissue is damaged and pathogen enter tissues... -Residential macrophages recognize and engulf them and send signaled to the body -The body first responds by inflammation reactions: heat, pain, redness and swilling -Inflammatory molecules and cells destroy the remaining bacteria and heal the wound.

Hematopoiesis occurs where during 1-3 months of pregnancy? (prenatally)

Yolk Sac

Hematopoiesis

blood cell formation

Hematopoiesis occurs where during the last trimester, into birth, and through life .

bone marrow

primary lymphoid organs

bone marrow and thymus

Opportunistic Pathogen

commensal species that cause diseases when something is wrong. Weak immunity, wrong places, etc.

Glick

found T and B cells in 1950

Behring and Kitasato

in 1890 first demonstrated that serum from animals immunized with diphtheria could transfer the immune state to un-immunized animals

Talmadge and Burnet

in 1950s developed the Clonal Selection/Expansion theory

Cells of immune system

lymphocytes, phagocytes, granulocytes, and professional antigen presenting cells

Innate Immunity- molecular mediators

lysosomes, interferons, complements, denfensins

commensal species

microbial species live in healthy individual (1000+ in our body) Most we come in contact with. Harmless.

Innate Immunity- physical barriers

skin and mucosal membranes

secondary lymphoid organs

spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)

Immunology

the study of structures and physiological mechanisms that an organism uses to defend its body from invasion by other organisms.