Imperialism

Suez canal

1869. The Suez canal was completed which connected Cairo Egypt to to the Mediterranean and Red Seas. After the canal opened the British took interest in Egypt. They thought it was their lifeline to India. In 1875 Britain bought Egypts share in the canal. Egyptian armies revolted and the British suppressed them. Egypt became a British protectorate in 1914 And they also gained control of the Sudan

France Vietnam

France was nervous that Great Britain was trying to monopolize trade. The French Gov forced the Vietnamese to accept French protection. The French occupied the city of Saigon and during the next 30 years extended their control over the rest of the country. In 1884 Vietnam was made a french protectorate (a political unit that depends on another Gov for its protection).

Dutch East India company

example of indirect rule. They allowed local aristocrats to control local government. These local elites maintained law and order and collected taxes in return for a payment from the Dutch east India company.

Indian national conference

formed by a small group of upperclass and English educated Indians. They called for a share in the governing process in India. They had trouble because of religious differences between the Muslims and the Hindu. Neither religion wanted to be ruled by the other

British East India company

given power by the British government to become involved in Indias political and military affairs. The company sent soldiers to India and hired Indian soldiers called sepoys to protect the company's interest. Indians revolted

European colonies

great Britain annexed the west costal states and established a protectorate in Nigeria. France added the huge area of French west Africa which left them in control of the largest part of West Africa

Benefits of british rule

one benefit was that Britain brought order to a society wracked by civil war. - it also led to a fairly honest gov - lord Thomas Macaulay set up a new school system - the goal of the new system was to train Indian children to work in the colonial administrative system and the army.

Spanish american war

the US defeated Spain in the Spanish American war as a result of the US acquired the former Spanish territory of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Panama canal

1903 the US supported a rebellion that enabled Panama to separate itself from Columbia and establish a new nation. In return the US was given control of a strip of land running from coast to coast in Panama. There The US built the Panama Canal which opened in 1914.

French and Italy in north America

France gained control of Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco. Italy tried to take over Ethiopia but was defeated making it the only European state defeated by an African state. They later took over Libya

French missionaries in Vietnam

France had some missionaries in Vietnam who had been persecuted by Vietnamese authorities because the viewed Christianity as a threat to their confusion doctrine. However, Vietnam failed to stop the Christian missionaries. Vietnamese internal rivalries divide the country into 2 separate governments in the north and south.

Revolts in south america

José DE San Martín of Argentina and Simón Bolívar of Venezuela are considered liberators in south America. San Martín believed the Spanish had to be removed from all of South cultural and political revolution. A British college was established America if any south American nation was to be free.

Why imperialize

Natural resources 2. Spread Christianity 3. Naval bases 4. More markets for trade 5. To gain advantage over rivals 6. Belief that particular races are inferior(social Darwinism)

Colonial Indian culture

The British domination in India led to a culture in Calcutta, a local publishing house was opened, textbooks were issued on different subjects including western literature, and new dictionaries and grammar books were published in Indian languages.

Thailand

The Exception...after the French and British's conquest through Asia, this land was the only remaining free state in Southeast Asia. This was because of the Two rulers, King Mongkut and his son King Chulalonghorn. Both promoted western learning and maintained friendly relations with the major European powers. Acted as a buffer state between Asia and Britain.

Monroe doctrine

When US president James Monroe heard that the Spanish wanted to restore their control in Latin America he signed the Monroe doctrine. This doctrine guaranteed the independence of any Latin American nation and warned against any European intervention in the Americas.

Muhammad Ali

a ruler in Egypt for 30 years - modernized army -set public school system -helped create small industries in sugar, textiles, ammunitions, and ships

Cause of the Indian revolt

a rumor spread that the British were issuing their Indian troops new bullets that were greased with cow and pig fat. The cow was sacred to the Hindus and the pig was taboo for the Muslims. The sepoys refused to use these new bullets so the British arrested them. The Indians then went on a rampage killing about 50 men women and children from Europe.

Mohandas Gandhi

active in bringing independence to India. Set up a nonviolent movement to force the British to improve the lot of the poor and grant independence in India, this ultimately led to join independence.

Economic change in Latin America

after 1870 Latin America exported wheat beef coffee bananas sugar and silver which brought a lot of prosperity to Latin America. They also increased their own industrialization by building textile, food processing, and construction material factories. This led to a growth in the middle class.

The US in the Philippines

after the US kicked Spain out of the Philippines the Filipinos hoped to become an independent nation. However the US refused to grant their independence. American president William McKinley wanted to "civilize" the nation and also wanted to turn it into an American colony to prevent it from being taken by the Japanese. For 3 years the US and the Filipinos fought in a war but finally the US established control. The US now had an overseas empire.

Rise of African nationalism

by the 1900's a new class of educated westernized African leaders began to emerge in Africa. Many of them resented the foreigners because they exhausted democracy equality and political freedom but they did not apply these values to the colonies. These new educated leaders hated colonial rule and we're determined to lead their countries to become independent. In the years to come this resentment turned to action.

Colonial economies

colonial powers did not want the colonists developing their own industries so they stressed the export of raw materials, this often led to plantation agriculture where peasants worked on plantations owned by foreign investors. The colonial governments did help build a modern economic system in these countries however. They built railroads, highways, and other structured that would help the natives.

The boers

descendants of Dutch settlers who had occupied Capetown in the 1600's. This land however was seized by the British and renamed cape colony. The Boers were forced northward to the regions between the orange and the baal rivers. In these areas they formed two independent republics. The orange free state and the transvall republic. The Boers put many of the native people in these areas on reservation.

Cecil rhodes

in the 1880's Cecil roads founded gold and Dimond companies in south Africa that made him a fortune. He gained control of territories north of the transvall (Boer territory) and named it Rhodesia after himself. One of his goals was to create a series of British colonies(from the Cape to cyro) all linked to roads. This eventually led to the downfall because he planned to overthrow the Boer government and take their land without his governments approvement. He was forced to resign as prime minister of Cape colony.

French Indochina

in the 1880's France extended it's control over Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, and Laos. All of these new positions became known as French Indochina.

Nationalist revolts

led by people who wanted to defend the economic interests or religious beliefs of the natives. This also happened in Burma where students protested against persecution of the Buddhist religion and the British lack of respect for local religious traditions.

Boer war

roads action began a war between the British and the Boers. This war lasted for over 3 years. The British burned crops and herded about 120,000 Boer women and children into detention camps, where a lack of food cause over 20,000 deaths. Eventually the British army won.

Peasant revolts

sometimes resistance to western control took the form of peasant revolts. Peasants were often driven off the land to make way for plantation agriculture. This happened in Burma but the revolts failed because western powers were too strong.

The cuadillos

soon after independence strong leaders known as cuadillos came to power. They ruled by military force and were supported by the elites. One particular cuadillo Antonio Lopez Desantana was destructive and halted reform and created cayos. Texas gained independence in 1836 and became a state in 1845. This led to a war between Mexico and the US and Mexico lost.

Viceroy

the British government ruled India directly through a British official known as a viceroy, a governor who rules as a representative of a monarch. He was assisted by a civil service staff of about 3,500 officials.

GB Burma

the British next advanced to Burma (current day Myanmar). Great Britain wanted control of Burma to protect their positions in India. British activities in Burma led to the collapse of the Burmese monarchy. Great Britain established control of the entire country.

The Filipino insurrection

the Filipinos fought for their independence. Emilio Aguinaldo, the leader of an independence movement. He revolted against the US and set himself up as the president of the Republic of the Philippines. Led by Aguinaldo, the guerrilla forces fought against the US for seven years. The US eventually beat the guerrilla forces and gained control of the Philippines. Gained their independence in 1946.

US in Hawaii

the US wanted control of the large sugar industry in Hawaii as more Americans settled in Hawaii they tried to gain political power. When Queen Liliuokalani tried to keep the island under her control the US government sent military forces to the islands and the Queen was deposed. In 1898 Hawaii was annexed by the US.

Inequality in Latin America

the elite dominated society in Latin America. They ran the government's, controlled courts, and kept a system of inexpensive labor. They made big profits by growing single crops such as coffee for export.

Imperialism

the extention of a nations power over other lands

Costs of british rule

the new system served only upper class Indians; 90 percent of the country remained illiterate - perhaps the greatest cost to the Indians of British rule wasxx economic - British manufactured goods destroyed local industries - the British show disrespect for Indian culture

GB Singapore

the process of imeralizing began with Great Britain. They founded a new colony on the Malay peninsula called Singapore. Because of its location on the sea it became a refueling point for ships going to or from China. Singapore was founded under sir Thomas Samford.

The Sepoy mutiny/ great rebellion

the revolt spread quickly and and within a year the British crushed the rebellion. The Indians outnumbered the British by almost 200,000 men but they were unorganized and did not work well together. As a result of the uprising the British parliament transferred the powers of the east India company directly to the British government. India became a colony of Great Britain

Europe in West Africa

the slave trade was made illegal by the US and Great Britain in 1808. As slavery declined Europe's interest in other forms of trade in Africa increased. Europeans wanted west Africa's natural resources such as peanuts, timber, hides, and palm oil. The British began to set up settlements along the gold Coast and in Sierra Leone. This led to tension.

Indirect rule

western powers governed their colonies through either indirect or direct rule. In indirect rule local powers were allowed to maintain their positions and status. This made it easier to gain access to the regions natural resources and also lowered the cost of government because fewer officials had to be trained. It also had less effect on local culture.

Direct rule

when the local elites were removed from power and replaced with a new set of officials from the mother country. Great Britain did this in Burma, mother countries did this to educate the natives in the Democratic process and to civilize the nation.