Imperialism Chapter 22: Social Studies

sea power is essential to the greatness of every splendid people"? alfred thayer mahan

sea power is influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups.

william seward

secretary of state who was responsible for purchasing alaskan territory from russia. by purchasing alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

spheres of influence

sections of the country where each foreign nations enjoyed special rights and powers.

big stick diplomacy

symbolizes president roosevelt's power and readiness to use military force if necessary. it is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of u.s. imperialistic foreign policy.

annexation

the action of annexing something, especially territory.

expansion

the action of becoming larger or more extensive.

why were some people opposed to american expansionism?

the anti-imperialists opposed the expansion because they believed imperialism violated the credo of republicanism, especially the need for "consent of the governed".

why was the acquisition of hawaii seen as controversial?

the hawaiian kingdom was unlawfully invaded and the queen was forced to give up her spot.

queen liliuokalani

the hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by american business interests.

what were the reasons(justifications) for american expansion?

the primary reason the u.s expanded its influence in foreign countries. economic reasons - industrialization in the late 1800s increased the need to trade with other countries.

". . . it is not the mission of the united states to set right everything that is amiss all over the world, even if we have interests involved, or to take part in remodeling the government of some four hundred millions of people who deeply resent foreign interference with their affairs. . . ." — Josiah Quincy, 1900

the principal of noninvolvement.

what were the results of the spanish american war?

the rebellion ultimately failed and the u.s maintained control of the philippines, guam, and puerto rico.

moral diplomacy

the system in which support is given only to countries whose beliefs are analogous to that of the nation proposed by president woodrow wilson.

spanish american war

the u.s. wanted an empire, wanted to maintain control in the western hemisphere, and was fueling ani-spanish sentiments. after the war the u.s. gained the phillippines, guam, the port of guantanamo, and perto rico as further territories, and cuba was further opened to american economic exploitation.

teddy roosevelt

twenty-sixth president of the united states; he focused his efforts on trust busting, environment conservation, and strong foreign policy.

william randolph hearst

a leading newspaperman of his times, he ran the new york journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."

pancho villa

a popular leader during the mexican revolution of 1910. an outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with emiliano zapata.

monroe doctrine

a principle of u.s. policy, originated by president james monroe in 1823, that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the americas is a potentially hostile act against the u.s.

"remember the maine"

a slogan yellow journalist made that claimed that the spanish were responsible for the u.s. maine ships destruction.

imperialism

a time when powerful european nations created large empires by exercising economic and political control over weaker regions.

alfred thayer mahan

a united states navy officer. his ideas on the importance of sea power influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups.

commondore george dewey

admiral of the united states navy. he was also a pragmatist and was a candidate for the democratic party.

panama hay bunea varilla treaty/how we got panama canal

agreement between the united states and panama granting exclusive canal rights to the united states across the isthmus of panama in exchange for financial reimbursement and guarantees of protection to the newly established republic.

guam

americans secured this remote pacific island from spain after the war over cuba. americans had captured it earlier, before the residents even knew that there was a war going on.

boxer rebellion

an anti-imperialist, anti-foreign, and anti-christian uprising in china between 1899 and 1901.

how did american foreign policy change?

as production increased, the united states began trading more and more with other countries. and it needed a new foreign policy to defend its interests.

"walk softly and carry a big stick" teddy roosevelt

attempt peaceful negotiations while also being prepared for confrontation by displaying one's power, especially elements of force.

the policy of the government of the united states is to seek a solution which may bring about permanent safety and peace to china, preserve chinese territorial and administrative entity, protect all rights guaranteed to friendly powers by treaty and international law, and safeguard for the world the principle of equal and impartial trade with all parts of the chinese empire...." — secretary of state john hay, circular letter, July 3, 1900

became part of the open door policy

joesph pulitzer

bought the new york world newspaper in 1883 and was the main competitor to hearst papers. pulitzer's papers emphasized "sin, sex, and sensation" in order to increase sales.

matthew perry

commodore of the u.s. navy who opened up japan with the treaty of kanagawa.

reasons for acquiring the philippines?

economic: trade port for trade with china; would be dishonorable to give them up to a key commercial european rival political: spread democracy, if they didn't country would dissolve into anarchy social: spread christianity; "white man's burden"

yellow journalism

false reporting.

foraker act

gave the u.s. direct control over and power to set up a government in puerto rico.

treaty of paris/end of spanish american war

guaranteed the independence of cuba, the treaty also forced spain to cede guam and puerto rico to the united states.

midway

in 1867 wiliam h. seward acquired the two small pacific islands. he thought these islands, more than 3,000 miles west of california, these would serve as an important stopping place for american ships in route to china.

alaska

in 1867 william h. seward signed a treaty with russia to buy the russian colony for $7.2 million. in 1912 alaska became a territory of the united states.

battle of san juan hill

in 1898 a major battle of the spanish-american war fought between an american force and a spanish force.

hawaii

in 1898 congress approved the annexation of hawaii after william mckinley became president . in 1900 hawaii became a territory of the united states.

russo japanease war

japan launched a attack on the russian fleet at port arthur in southern manchuria, starting the war. in 1905 both japan and russia's resources were nearly gone and both countries wanted to make peace.

emilio aguinaldo

leader of the filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). he proclaimed the independence of the philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the united states army in 1901.

platt amendment

legislation that severely restricted cuba from making realties with other nations and gave the u.s. the right to intervene if cuba got into trouble.

the philippines are ours forever. . . and just beyond the philippines are china's illimitable markets. we will not retreat from either. . . . the pacific is our ocean." -senator albert beveridge, 1900

no foreign trade.

anti-imperialist league

objected to the annexation of the philippines and the building of an american empire. idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case the philippines were annexed in 1900.

anti-imperialists

opposed the american enthusiasm for foreign expansion and the spanish-american war.

new manifest destiny

In the 1890s, fears that natural resources would soon disappear and that alternative sources would have to be found abroad. protests led to a push for a more aggressive foreign policy while others considered acquiring colonies that might expand our world market.

great white fleet

1907-1909 - roosevelt sent the navy on a world tour to show the world the u.s. naval power. also to pressure japan into the "gentlemen's agreement."

grover cleveland

22nd and 24th president of the united states, the only president in american history to serve two nonconsecutive terms in office.

william mckinley

25th president responsible for spanish-american war, philippine-american war, and the annexation of hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist.

protectorate

a country that is technically independent but is actually under the control of another country.

uncle sam

government of people of the united states; derived from the united states of america - uncle sam, a businessman with initials on shipping boxes in 1800's.

isiolationism

noninvolvement.

open door policy

under which each foreign nation in china could trade freely in the other nations' spheres of influence.

roosevelt corollary

united states claim of right to interfere in the affairs of latin american nations whenever those nations seemed unstable.

treaty of kanagawa/opening of japan

united states of america and japan agreed to engage in limited trade and to agree to the safe return of american sailors who had been shipwrecked in japanese waters.

mark twain

united states writer and humorist best known for his novels about tom sawyer and huckleberry finn (1835-1910).

rough riders

volunteer regiment of u.s. cavalry led by teddy roosevelt during the spanish american war.

washington's farewell address in relation to foreign countries

washington told americans to set aside their violent likes and dislikes of foreign nations, so they could be controlled by their passions.

when next i realized that the philippines had dropped into our laps i confess i did not know what to do with them....i walked the floor of the white house night after night until midnight; and i am not ashamed to tell you, gentlemen, that i went down on my knees and prayed almighty god for light and guidance....and one night late it came to me this way.... 1. that we could not give them back to spain--that would be cowardly and dishonorable; 2.that we could not turn them over to france or germany--our commercial rivals in the orient--that would be bad business and discreditable; 3. that we could not leave them to themselves--they were unfit for self-government--and they would soon have anarchy and misrule worse than spain's war; 4. that there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the filipinos, and uplift and civilize and christianize them as our fellow men for whom christ also died. president mckinley on the philippines.

president william mckinley demanded the philippines to avoid giving them back to spain or allowing a third power to take them.

dollar diplomacy

presidents tafts policy linking american business interests to diplomatic interests abroad

how long are the spaniards to drench cuba with the blood and tears of her people?" ". . . how long shall old men and women and children be murdered by the score, the innocent victims of spanish rage against the patriot armies they cannot conquer?" ". . . how long shall the united states sit idle and indifferent . . .?" New York World

promoting spanish-american war.