In-Class Quizzes

The human brain contains approximately:

100 billion neurons

After damage to the ventral roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?

control of peripheral muscles in the affected body area

Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the front?

coronal

The tree-like branches of a neuron that receive information from other neurons are called ____.

dendrites

The concentration gradient refers to the _____.

difference in distribution for various ions between the inside and outside of the membrane

The limbic system is most related to __.

emotional behaviors

The catecholamines include ___.

epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine (END)

The ventricles, central canal, and subarchnoid space are all ____.

filled with cerebrospinal fluid

An impairment of eating, drinking, temperature regulation, or sexual behavior suggests possible damage to which brain structure?

hypothalamus

When a neuron's membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to move sodium ____ the cell and the electrical gradient tends to move it ___ the cell

into: into

The parasympathetic nervous system has ___.

long preganglionic and long postganglionic axons

Meningitis is an inflammation of the ___.

membranes surrounding the brain

The resting potential is mainly the result of ____.

negatively charged proteins inside the cell

Santiago Ramon y Cajal demonstrated that ____.

neurons are separate from one another

When a neuron's membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to move potassium ______ the cell and the electrical gradient tends to move it ____ the cell.

out of; into

Which part of the cerebral cortex is most important for the sense of touch?

parietal lobe

The nuclei for most of the cranial nerves are located in the ____.

pons and medulla

Ionotropic effects are characterized by ____.

rapid, and short lived effects

The primary feature of a neuron that prevents the action potential from traveling back from where it just passed is the ____.

refractory period

Sherrington found that repeated stimuli within a brief time have a cumulative effect. He referred to this phenomenon as ___.

temporal summation

An electroencephalograph measures ___.

the average activity of the cells in a given region of the brain

What leads to Koraskoff's syndrome?

thiamine deficiency due to chronic alcoholism

Prefrontal lobotomies were conducted in the United States in an attempt to ____.

treat severe psychiatric disorders

The presynaptic terminal stores high concentration of neurotransmitter molecules in ____.

vesicles

What type of glia helps to synchronize the activity axons?

Astrocytes

A temporary hyperpolarization is known a an ____.

IPSP

The structures at the end of axons are the:

Presynaptic buttons

Glial Cells ____.

are smaller but more numerous than neurons in the human brain

A graded depolarized is known as an ______.

EPSP

What structure is composed of two layers of fat molecules that are free to flow around one another?

Membrane

A motor neuron _____ while a sensory neuron _____

Receives excitation from other neurons; is specialized at one end to be highly sensitive to particular type of stimulation

The amino acid tryptophan is the precursor to which neurotransmitter?

Seratonin

When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, it evoked the release of neurotrasmitters by opening ____ channels in the axon terminal.

calcium

Water, oxygen, and _____ most freely flow across a cell membrane

carbon dioxide

Lowei demonstrated that synapses operate by the release of chemicals by ____.

collecting fluid from a stimulated frog's heart, transferring it to another frog's heart, and measuring that heart rate