India Chapter

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Asoka

(?-232 BCE) King of the Maurya dynasty. He ruled nearly the entire subcontinent of India. He also was instrumental in the spread of Buddhism after his conversion.

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

Hindu Kush

A mountain range along the north-western border of India

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.

Jainism

A religion that branched off from Hinduism and was founded by Mahavira; its belief is that everything has a soul, and its purpose was to cleanse the soul; rejected power of the Brahmans; emphasized non-violence; vegetarians because didn't want to harm animals

Dalits

AKA "untouchables"

Aishwarya Rai

Indian film actress and model; winner of Miss World in 1994 and runner up in Miss India pageant

Thar Desert

NW India; Great Indian Desert; Natural boundary b/t India and Pakistan; nuclear testing sight

Himalayas

Separates Asia from India; has some of the tallest mountains in the world

Harappa and Mohenjo Daro

a ruined prehistoric city of Pakistan in the Indus River Valley; streets formed with grid-like pattern; contained streets, baths, and public storehouses

Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

advanced construction of the Indus and Ganges valley civilizations shown in these well planned cities

Aryans

caste system, Sanskrit, Vedas (Hindu text, biggest impact)

Indus and Ganges Valley Civilizations

centered around Indus river; flooding brought rich silt for farming

Indus River Valley Civilization

civilization from 2600 BC-1900 BC; entire Indian subcontinent-peninsula; possibly had twin capitals called Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro; well organized government

Ganges river

"Gift from God"; sacred river; 100,000,000 people flock to for festival

Chandragupta Maurya

founder of the Mauryan Empire

Chandragupta Mauryan

founder of the Mauryan Empire and first emperor to unify India into one state; troops conquered much of northern India and Ganges river

Thar Desert

gets enough rain during rainy season to allow plant life to live throughout dry season

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

governor general of Pakistan from independence to his death; Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights

Dalits

handle bodily fluids

Xylo Falls at Deomali

has fresh water that goes into rivers

Brahman

highest level of caste system

sepoy

indian soldier serving under British orders

mauryan

introduced buddhism- Chandragupta and Asoka

Maha Kumbh Mela

large Indian religious festival; people run into Ganges river

Indo-Gangetic Plain

large and fertile plain encompassing most of northern and eastern India, the most populous parts of Pakistan, parts of southern Nepal and virtually all of Bangladesh

Gupta

magnificent sculptures, architecture, and paintings; advanced military tactics; scholars

Vaishya

merchants, artisans, and traders

ancient

modern day indians still practice many of the same customs and traditions from which times?

Sikhism

monotheistic religion which blends Hindu traditions with Islamic monotheistic traditions. Based in India and Pakistan

Western Ghats

mountain range that runs north to south along western edge of Deccan Plateau; on west side of india; a lot of biological diversity; over 5000 species of flowering plants, 139 mammals, 508 birds, and 179 amphibians; UNESCO world heritage site; called Sahyadri mountains

Hindu Kush

mountain ranges which divided the Amu and Indus rivers; present day Pakistan; stretches to China; dividing line between Russian and British territories; supplies fresh water for people; roads used for caravans; 800 km; has the Bolan pass and Khyber passages for trade and travel

Western and Eastern Ghats

mountainous yet lush with vegetation; close to sea level; has tons of settlements due to closeness to coast and the high numbers of rivers that run from high regions of plateaus that run through ghats and into sea; great soil; abundant in fish

Red Fort

mughal palace built by Shah Jahan in Agra

Muslim League

organization formed by muslims in 1906 to protect their interests against British Rule; founded under leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Dalits

people outside caste system (outcasts)

Brahman

priests and scholars

charter act of 1793

renewed charter for BEIC and continued their rule in India; renewed every 20 years

Aryans, Mauryan, and Gupta

what were the indian empires?

Taj Mahal

A beautiful tomb built by the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan to honor his wife.

Partition

A division into parts, like the 1947 division of the British colony of India into nations of India and Pakistan.

Manmohan Singh

13th and current prime minister of India; renowned economist and only PM since Nehru to return to power after completed 5 year term; first sikh to hold office

vedas

Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism; A Hindu holy book which is a collection of Aryan hymns that were transmitted orally before being written down in the 6th century BCE.

the Vedas

Books of Knowledge that contain Aryan stories and songs; Hindu holy book

New Dehli

Capital of India

Mughal

Gave trading rights to British- Akbar (The Great), Shah Jahan; biggest impact; unified over written language rather than spoken

Deccan Plateau

Flat land; drier than other coastal plain; has two rivers that flow through it; used for cultivation

Akbar

Great Mughal emperor from 1556-1605; ushered in era of religious tolerance and appreciation for fine arts; ruled Golden era of empire; married a Hindu princess, took away Hindu tax, and gave Hindus gov/t jobs

Indus River

In modern day Pakistan and really helped the development of Indian civilization

Bhagat Singh

Indian socialist considered to be one of the most influential revolutionaries of the Indian Independence Movement; main leader of the Hindustan Socialist Republic Association; involved in murder of british officer and bomb throwing, (1907-1931) A sikh, was a proponent of marxism and anarchism, actively opposed british rule. In 1929 Threw bombs inside Indian assembly meeting which did not go off, which he claimed was intentional and to make a point. Was executed in 1931 for attempted murder.

Sanskrit

Indo-Aryan religious language of Hinduism and literary/scholarly language in Buddhism and Jainism; ancient language of the Vedas

Delhi Sultans

Introduced Persian culture to South Asia; declined after Mongol invasion

Delhi Sultans

Introduced a system of currency, temporary success in warding off the Mongols

Mughal

Islamic architecture that unified all of modern day India and Pakistan

Asoka Mauryan

Last major emperor of Mauryan dynasty of India; vigorous patronage of Buddhism during his reign furthered the expansion of that religion through India; after a bloody and murdersome conquest he renounced armed conquest and set out to rule empire kindly and without force and violence

Rowlatt Act

Laws passed in 1919 that allowed the British government in India to jail anti-British protesters without trial for as long as two years

Tamerlane (Timur the Lame)

Led mongols into India in 1398 who attacked and destroyed Dehli: Mongols killed and enslaved entire population; left to conquer other places and Dehli sultans came back into play until his grandson came and took over and started Mughal empire

Red Fort at New Dehli

Mugal defense fort built to protect royals and important people but in time of need will help/protect anyone

Red Fort at Agra

Mugal defense fort built to protect royals and important people but in time of need will help/protect anyone and also has moats and aqueducts

Shah Jahan

Mughal emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666)

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries., A mixture of Mongol and Turkish people from central Asia, an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century.

Indian Subcontinent

Southerly region of Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate and projecting southward into the Indian Ocean

Mauryan Dynasty

The first united Indian state, founded by Chandragupta in 324 BC, after Alexander's defeat of weakened India; it lasted for more than 100 years, before it declined, and fell in 183 BC

religion and cultural diffusion

The influence of _________ and ___________ ___________ on the development of Ancient India shaped its people

Sepoy Rebellion

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; angry because rifles greased with pig and cow fats

Delhi Sultans

These rulers did not force their Hindu subjects to adopt Islam; made the Hindus pay a special non-Islam tax and wouldn't allow Hindus to have a gov't job

Southern India

This part of india has a hot and dry climate

Northern India

This part of india has seasonal temperatures with cool winters

Amritsar Massacre

To protest the Rowlatt Act, Indians gathered in Amritsar, where General Dyer British troops fired on the crowd killing several hundred. This sparked further protests

Eastern and Western Ghats

What are coastal mountains on either side of the Deccan plateau?

S

What direction of India is the Deccan Plateau found in?

NW

What direction of India is the Thar desert found in?

Indian Ocean

What large body of water is to the south of India?

Arabian Sea

What large body of water is to the west of India?

Vindhya Mountains

What separates India in the north?

Indo-Gangetic Plain

What splits the Indus and Ganges rivers?

Bay of Bengal

Which bay is to the east of India?

Satyagraha (Civil Disobedience)

a philosophy and practice of nonviolent resistance developed and conceived by Gandhi during the Indian Independence movement

Deccan Plateau

along eastern part of India; high elevations

Muhammad bin Qasim

an Umayyad general who conquered the Sindh and Punjab regions along the Indus river for the Umayyad Caliphate

Sanskrit

an ancient Indic language of India, in which the Hindu scriptures and classical Indian epic poems are written and from which many northern Indian languages are derived

Jammu and Kashmir

an area in southwestern Asia whose sovereignty is disputed between Pakistan and India

Delhi Sultans

around 1200, Muslim rulers set up a capital at Delhi and for 300 years these guys ruled much of northern and central India

Ganges River

begins in the Himalayas and important in development of Indian civilization

permanent settling act of 1793

british instituted a land tax on all indian land owners; taxed people to the point where they couldn't afford it; money taxed went to BEIC

Upanishads

explains the ideas contained in the Vedas, A group of writings sacred in Hinduism concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe.

Shudra

farmers and laborers

Jawaharlal Nehru

first prime minister of India and central figure in Indian politics; emerged as paramount leader in Indian independence movement

Indus River

flows through Pakistan; origin is in the mountains of Tibet; major indian water source

Kshatriya

rulers and warriors and landowners

Vindyha Mountains

separates North india from south

Vindhya Range

separates n and s india; weather barrier; Narmada flows through it

Mohandas Ghandhi

the leading political and spiritual leader of India. He was in charge of the movement toward Indian Independence who advocated nonviolent methods to effect social change; employed civil dis-obedience movement; led Salt March

mauryan

united northern and southern india under one ruler


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