Industrial Revolution Test

Adam Smith Scottish 1723-1790

-Capitalism -Self-interest -Competition -Laissez-faire government MAJOR TEXT: wealth of nations

Marxism

-German philosopher, Karl Marx -Radical type of socialism -He and Friedrich Engels the Communist Manifesto -Human social classes have also been warring against each other -You have the "haves" (middle class) and the "have nots" (working class) -Working class also known as the proletariat; the middle class also known as the bourgeoisie

Utopianism

-Many were shocked by the misery and poverty of the working class -Robert Owen, A Scottish factory owner, improved such working conditions for his employees -Created communities (some in Scotland, others in the U.S.) that were based on self-sufficiency and everyone being treated equally

Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels German 1818-1883 1820-1895

-Marxism- radical socialism -Class struggle between haves and have nots- those that do the labor and those that own the labor -Capitalism is bad -Proletariat will win- nothing to lose MAJOR TEXT: Communist Manifesto, 1845 Das Kapital, 1867

Thomas Malthus English 1766-1834

-Population will outgrow food supply -war/epidemic/famine will regulate population -laissez-faire MAJOR TEXT: Essay on the Principle of Population, 1789

David Ricardo English 1772-1823

-Profits vary inversely with wages- move in opposite directions -Laissez-faire -Labor was most important factor -Utilitarianism -It is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong MAJOR TEXT: Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 1817

Beginnings of Socialism

-Rose in opposition to capitalism -Believed that wealthy people or the government must take action improve people's lives

Utilitarianism

-Socialism found some of its roots in utilitarianism -Jeremy Bentham -Late 1700s -Argued that government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people -The individual person should be free to pursue their own life without interference from the government

Socialism

-Started in the early 1800s -Tried to counteract the negative effects of industrialization on society -Optimistic view of human nature -Government: -Gov't should plan the economy rather than depend on free-market capitalism -Gov't-control of factories, railroads, and major industries would end poverty and promote equality among the social classes

Marxism

-The wealthy are making money off of the hard work of the proletariat -Now with the Industrial Revolution, the wealthy are only becoming wealthier and the working class are becoming poorer 🡪 There will be a revolution, where the proletariat will rise up against the rich

Jeremy Bentham English 1748-1832

-Utilitarianism -It is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong MAJOR TEXT: An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, 1780

John Stuart Mill English 1806-1873

-Utilitarianism leader after Bentham -The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. -Advocated for workers rights and women's suffrage MAJOR TEXT: On Liberty, 1869

Robert Owen Welsh 1771-1858

-Utopian reformer -Set up model communities in GB and US -Improve working conditions, low rent, no child labor MAJOR TEXT: A New View of Society, 1813

"I believe that as population increases and we have more workers, wages decrease. Increasingly low wages are inevitable. I call this the 'iron law of wages.' "

David Ricardo

I published the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation in 1817.

David Ricardo

Richard Trevithick

british inventor who invented the steam locomotive

Henry Bessemer

english inventer who invented steel

Joseph Lister

english inventor who invented antiseptics

Michael Faraday

english inventor who invented dynamo (dynamite)

Edward Jenner

english inventor who invented the smallpox vaccination

James Hargreaves

english inventor who invented the spinning jenny

Samuel Crompton

english inventor who invented the spinning mule

John Dalton

english inventor who invented the theory of atoms

George and Robert Stephenson

english inventors who invented the steam locomotive

Louis Pasteur

french inventor who invented the germ theory

Marie Curie

polish/french inventor who invented radium (radioactivity)

James Watt

scottish engineer who invented the steam engine

Alexander Graham Bell

scottish, canadian, american inventor of the rtelephone

Nikola Tesla

serbian/american inventors who invented electricity and the light bulb

Alfred Nobel

swedish inventor who invented dynamite

How did the Napoleonic wars affect the development of industry in Europe?

There was delayed industrialization because war halted communications and trade, drained resources, and caused inflation and political instability, affecting the development of the industry in Europe.

Enlightenment philosophers and reformers criticized the great inequalities that existed in society and believed that through reason, a better society was possible. They called for social equality, abolition of slavery, prison reform, and improvements in education. What changes did reformers advocate to correct the faults of an industrialized society?

They advocated many changes including new economic systems, legislative reforms, free public education, unionization, rights for women, and abolishment of slavery and the slave trade.

Enlightenment thinkers believed that natural laws were just and reasonable. Just as there were natural laws of motion, so were there natural laws of politics, government, and economics. How did Adam Smith and other philosophers of industrialization view natural laws?

They believed that natural laws governed economic life. They advocated laissez-faire economics to allow those laws to operate.

An important concept of the Enlightenment was that society would progress. How did the economic philosophers view progress?

They viewed progress primarily in terms of the wealth of nations and laissez-faire capitalism. Social harmony would result without government intervention. Some, like Malthus and Ricardo, believed that progress would never overcome the poverty of the lower class.

"I believe that population is the greatest obstacle to progress. Since the population increases faster than food production, human misery and poverty are inevitable."

Thomas Malthus

"Wars and epidemics are necessary to regulate population growth."

Thomas Malthus

In what ways did industrialization benefit society?

Industrialization created opportunities for achieving wealth, a comfortable standard of living, education, high life expectancy, and democratic and social reforms, benefiting society.

How would you characterize the expansion of industry throughout Europe during the early 1800s?

Industrialization was regional rather than nationwide, and some countries did not industrialize because of geographic or social obstacles.

Eli Whitney

american inventor who invented cotton gin

Eli Whitney

american inventor who invented interchangable parts

Henry Ford

american inventor who invented the assembly line

Robert Fulton

american inventor who invented the steamboat

Samuel Morse

american inventors of the telegraph, morse code

Benjamin Franklin + Thomas Edison

american inventors who invented electricty and the light bulb

Orville and Wilbur Wright Brothers

american inventors who invented the airplane

Communism

-Workers would share in the profits, bringing economic equality for all people -The workers would control the government -Eventually, a classless society would develop -This final phase of pure socialism is called Communism A form of complete socialism in which the means of production (farms, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses) would be owned by the people

What factors led to the great expansion of U.S. industry in the late 1800s?

A technological boom, expansion of railroads, formation of corporations, and an available capital were all factors that led to the great expansion of U.S. industry

" I wrote the Wealth of Nations, published in 1776."

Adam Smith

"I believe that every person should be free to go into any business and to operate it for the greatest advantage. This system of free enterprise would benefit everyone."

Adam Smith

"I founded the belief that economics are governed by natural laws- the laws of self interest, supply and demand and competition. Government regulations interfere with these natural laws."

Adam Smith

"I wrote an Essay on the Principles of Population in 1798."

Adam Smith

"I founded the notion of utilitarianism. I believe that governments should only interfere in policies if it is 'useful' to do so."

Jeremy Bentham

"Although many of my peers disagree, I believe women should be given the right to vote."

John Stuart Mill

I do not agree with laissez-faire economics; instead I agree with the established idea of utilitarianism. The government has a responsibility to regulate business; it must protect workers and should work to improve housing and factory conditions."

John Stuart Mill

"I believe that all changes in history began with economic changes where inequalities have led to class struggles. In this capitalist stage of history it is inevitable that the working class will overthrow the owners."

Karl Marx

"I believe that pure communism is the inevitable outcome of human history. Each will contribute according to his abilities and each will get according to his needs."

Karl Marx

"There has been conflict throughout history between those who control the factors of production (bourgeoisie) and the workers (proletariat) they employ."

Karl Marx

"I am a mill owner, but I believe that owners must treat their workers well. Even if workers are not exploited, business can still prosper. To prove this, I am establishing cooperative communities in both the US and Great Britain."

Robert Owen

Enlightenment philosophers believed in the importance of the individual in society. Government was created by individuals to promote their welfare and self-interest. How are these ideals reflected in the philosophy of Adam Smith?

Smith believed that individuals acting in their own self-interest, without government regulation, created economic prosperity.

What were some favorable conditions that sparked industrialization in both Britain and the United States?

Water power, harbors, iron ore, coal, vast labor force, political stability, and a favorable financial system

How did industrialization shift the world balance of power?

Widened existing inequalities between industrialized and non industrialized countries paved the way for imperialism and shifted the world balance of power.

The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau laid the foundations for modern Western democratic governments. What reforms expanded democracy in newly industrialized societies?

Working class men received the vote: slavery was abolished in the British Empire; women began to advocate expanded rights.

Guglielmo Maconi + Nikola Tesla

italian inventors of the radio, telegraph