infectious 1.4

The primary infection lowers the resistance of the host, which makes it easier for the secondary infection to overcome the host.

31. Why is a secondary infection typically able to enter the host?

Infections that have two or more organisms that cause an initial infection.

32. Define a mixed infection.

Local infection

33. What term is described by an infection that remains confined to the area where pathogens are introduced?

General infection

34. What term describes an infection that moves throughout the entire body?

Focal infection

35. What term is described by an infection that localizes in one area of the body and then moves to other areas?

Severe condition where bacterial are in the blood for a longer period of time and are growing and reproducing

36. Define Septicemia.

Bactermia

37. What term is defined by the presence of bacteria in the blood

Condition where saprophytes are found in the blood

38. Define sapremia

Toxemia

39. What term is described by the presence of toxins in the blood

The invasion, by living organisms, of a part of the body where the conditions are favorable for their growth and where injury to the tissues results.

4. Define infection.

Heat-labile proteins produced while the bacterial cell is living and are secreted from the cell into the surrounding environment as the cell is alive and metabolizing.

40. Define exotoxins

Endotoxins

41. What term defines the toxins which remain in a cell and are only released from the cell, when the microbe dies?

Leukocidins

42. What toxin will destroy leukocytes?

Hemolysins

43. What toxin will break down red blood cells?

Pyrogen

44. What toxin will cause fever?

Hypothermogen

45. What toxin causes chills?

Toxins, enzymes, capsules, endospores

46. What 4 mechanisms are used to aid in pathogenicity?

Hyaluronic acid

47. What enzyme breaks down the "glue" that holds cells together?

Endotoxins

48. What enzyme will cause blood to clot?

Enzyme production

49. What enzyme will break down clots?

The presence of organisms in or on an inanimate object or other medium.

5. Define contamination.

They reduce or prevent the phagocytosis of bacteria by leukocytes.

50. How does a capsule helping pathogenicity?

The engulfment of bacteria and other foreign particle by white blood cells or phagocytes

51. Define phagocytosis

Incubation

52. What step of the infection process is characterized by the time from exposure to the first vague symptoms?

Prodromal period

53. What step of the infection process is characterized by the time from the first appearance of vague symptoms to the appearance of specific symptoms?

Invasion

54. What step of the infection process is characterized by the time of specific symptoms?

Fastigium

55. What step of the infection process is characterized by the height of the specific symptoms?

Defervesence

56. What step of the infection process is characterized by the decline of symptoms?

Incubation, prodromal period, invasion, fastigium, defervesence, recovery from infection or death

57. List the 6 stages of an infection.

Direct contact or Biological Vector transmission

58. As a general rule, which mode of transmission is used by those microbes which are not resistant to air and light?

Passive carriers, active carriers, convalescent carriers, chronic carriers

59. List the four types of carriers of an infection?

Organisms that cause or induce disease in a host.

6. What is meant by a pathogen?

Chemical, mechanical, physiological

60. What are the three types of injuries caused by microbes?

Mechanical

61. What type of microbial injury is caused by a blockage of an artery or vein?

Physiological

62. What type of microbial injury is caused by plasmoptysis?

Chronic

63. What type of carrier transmits a microbe, but does not suffer from any clinical symptoms?

Active

64. What type of carrier transmits a microbe while suffering from symptoms of a disease?

Convalescent

65. What type of carrier transmits a microbe while recovering from a disease?

Physical contact, droplet infection, congenital

66. What are examples of three types of direct transmission of a microbe?

Food, milk, water, fomites, soil, vector

67. What are the six types of indirect transmission of a microbe?

The generation of a droplet spray of contaminated respiratory mucous into the atmosphere around a person who coughs, sneezes, laughs, talks, or any activity where air is passed through the upper airway passages.

68. Describe what is meant by droplet spray.

Inanimate objects

69. Define a fomite.

True are parasites that invade and penetrate through the healthy, susceptible hose's defenses or produce harmful toxic substances that overcome host resistance. Opportunists cannot overcome the normal defenses of the healthy, susceptible host.

7. Differentiate between true and opportunistic pathogens.

Any agent that carries a disease from one host to another

70. Define a vector.

Biological, mechanical

71. What are the two types of vector transmission?

Biological

72. A mosquito bite is an example of this type of vector transmission - biological or mechanical?

Mechanical

73. A fly walking on bacteria in a pond, prior to flying and landing on your sandwich is an example of this type of vector transmission - biological or mechanical?

The means by which a pathogenic organism enters the body to produce disease.

74. Define portal of entry.

Infestation

8. What term defines the presence of macroscopic organisms?

The ability or genetic capacity for an organism to cause disease.

9. Define pathogenicity.

A condition of the host where visible injury has occurred as a result of an adversarial relationship with a parasite.

Define Disease

Infection that a host acquires after a state of health.

30. Define a secondary infection.

Complete expression or fulfillment of an organism's capacity to cause disease.

10. Define virulence

Attenuation

11. What term describes a dilution or weakening of a microbe's ability to cause disease?

Elective localization

12. What term describes the favored site of a microbe to cause a disease?

Tissue affinity

13. Another name for elective localization

Indigenous flora

14. Another name for normal flora

Normal flora

15. What term describes those microbes which are typically found on (in) a host organism, but do not tend to cause harm to that organism?

Exogenous

16. What type of infection is produced from outside the host?

Endogenous

17. What type of infection is produced from inside the host?

Usually of rapid onset and short duration

18. Define an acute infection.

Normally of slow beginning and of an extended interval.

19. Define a chronic infection.

Etiology

2. What term describes the study of the cause of a disease?

Communicable

20. What term describes those infections which are readily transmitted from one host to another?

Endemic

21. What term describes those infections which occur at a constantly low frequency in a community?

Flu

22. Give an example of an endemic disease.

Disease that affects a large number of people in a community in a short time.

23. Define epidemic

Pandemic

24. What term describes a world-wide epidemic?

Few persons get a disease at irregular intervals

25. Define sporadic

Non communicable

26. What term describes those infections which are not transmitted from one host to another?

Non communicable

27. What type of infection is tetanus - communicable or non-communicable?

Communicable

28. What type of disease is influenzae - communicable or non-communicable?

Primary infection

29. What term describes the first infection a host has after a period of health?

Epidemiology

3. What term describes the study of the spread of a disease?