Informatics Exam #1

What is true about scientific rigor in qualitative nursing research? a. Studies are rigorous only when results are quantifiable. b. Study findings are considered trustworthy when rigor is applied. c. Scientific rigor is not applicable with qualitative studies. d. Scientific rigor is only used with random-controlled trials.

B

What may characterize questions asked by the researcher during an exploratory-descriptive study? a. A focus on participants' biographical information b. Using structured individual questions c. One main question with follow-up questions d. Open-ended questions with probes to follow up

B

Which qualitative study will call for an exploratory-descriptive study approach? a. An evaluation of clinical outcomes of standard nursing interventions b. An examination of the effects of a treatment on various ethnic groups c. A review of data to evaluate theoretical constructs d. A study on a topic about which little is known or understood

D

Which statement is a research purpose for a correlational study? a. "This study will compare the effects of an oral antidiabetic medication to effects of a placebo on glucose control in groups of randomly assigned subjects." b. "This study will examine whether pre-appointment telephone reminders increase show rate among patients in an ambulatory well-patient clinic." c. "This study will use direct observation to identify methods parents use to discipline children in public places." d. "This study will use questionnaires and school transcripts to examine the relationship of dietary habits to grades among school-age children."

D

Why might Wikipedia be a questionable reference for a study citation? a. It does not contain factual information. b. It does not provide ideas for other resources. c. It is an online resource. d. It is an open, editable format.

D

During a study to measure the effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, the researchers learned that a portion of the subjects lived in homes with one or more alcoholic parents. In this study, the presence of an alcoholic parent is a(n) a. confounding variable. b. dependent variable. c. independent variable. d. unrecognized variable.

A

In a research proposal, the author describes what is already known about the research topic. This would be included in the discussion of the study's a. background. b. feasibility. c. purpose. d. significance.

A

In a study of adolescent children using a group of high school football players and junior-high school cyclists, researchers compared the length of recovery from concussion between those wearing brand X helmets and those wearing brand Y helmets. In this study "high school football players" represent which type of variable? a. Demographic b. Dependent c. Independent d. Research

A

In the following research clinical question, what is the intervention? "Does taking antidepressants affect the risk of suicide for cognitively impaired adolescents?" a. Antidepressant use b. Suicide c. Cognitive impairment d. Adolescence

A

Some studies cited in a literature review may be decades old. The researcher may decide to use studies from this far back because these studies a. are groundbreaking or landmark studies. b. are particularly well-written studies. c. are peer-reviewed, relevant studies. d. are still considered current studies.

A

The goal of grounded theory research is to a. develop theories and hypotheses based on research findings. b. establish an ethnographic perspective on subjects. c. provide validity checks for constructs. d. test theoretical constructs and hypotheses.

A

The greatest risk to a person confined to an institution who is a research subject is a. diminished autonomy. b. discomfort. c. lack of information. d. lack of privacy.

A

The lead agency designated to improve healthcare quality is a. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). b. American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC). c. Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN). d. National Institute for Nursing Research (NINR).

A

The methodology portion of the research report is used to a. describe the study design. b. discuss the implications of the study. c. provide a theoretical framework for the study. d. summarize the purpose, methods, and results.

A

The nurse participates in data collection in a study in which two different pain management protocols are used with randomly assigned patients to measure differences in postoperative recovery time. Which method of study is this? a. Control b. Correlation c. Description d. Explanation

A

The section of a research report that describes the purpose of a research study will include a. what relationships among key variables will be examined. b. which various theories provide context for the research problem. c. what is currently understood about the research problem. d. why the research is necessary to help close a gap in knowledge.

A

The statements in the introductory paragraphs of a research report that cite results of previous studies about a research problem represent the a. problem background. b. problem significance. c. problem statement. d. research purpose.

A

To help determine the relevance of a study to practice, it is recommended that the reviewer read which two sections of the study initially? a. Abstract, discussion b. Conclusions, references c. Literature review, purpose d. Methods, results

A

To help fulfill the mission of the National Institute for Nursing Research—to promote and improve the health of individuals, families, communities, and populations—a study may be conducted that a. assesses the effectiveness of strategies for weight management in patients with type 2 diabetes. b. compares the attitudes of nurses toward clients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. c. generates up-to-date nursing diagnoses reflecting the needs of clients with type 2 diabetes. d. reviews hospital nurses' adherence to glucose-monitoring guidelines for patients with type 2 diabetes.

A

To understand what is known and not known about a particular problem and provides a rationale for why the study needs to be conducted, the nurse would review which section of the research report? a. Introduction b. Methods c. Results d. Discussion

A

What is a key element of hermeneutics in research? a. Analysis of documents and interviews to identify themes and subthemes in data b. Bracketing of the researcher's own perceptions for the duration of the study c. Description of phenomena without interpretation by the researcher d. Focusing solely on phenomena themselves without consideration of biases

A

What is the main purpose of a literature review in grounded theory research? a. To explain, extend, and support the framework used for the study b. To identify gaps in current knowledge about the research topic c. To place research findings in context of what is already known d. To support the need to study the selected research topic

A

What role will a new nurse graduate who has a BSN expect to play in research? a. Appraising studies and implementing evidence-based guidelines and protocols b. Developing, evaluating, and revising evidence-based guidelines and protocols c. None, since the BSN affords limited education on the research process d. Synthesizing findings and leading healthcare teams to make evidence-based changes

A

When a researcher describes an instrument as being valid this indicates that the instrument a. accurately measures a variable. b. consistently measures variables across studies. c. has been described as high quality by other researchers. d. has been routinely used in other, similar studies.

A

When appraising a study in which data was collected by interview, the reviewer will assess for a. adequate length of time for each interview. b. evidence that prompts were not used to encourage responses. c. use of clinical setting for conducting interviews. d. utilization of payment for participation of subjects.

A

When citing sources in a literature review, it is best if the author a. paraphrases other authors' ideas. b. points out any defects in other authors' work. c. synthesizes the work of a group of authors. d. uses direct quotations as much as possible.

A

When developing a study, a researcher establishes rules for measurement of independent and dependent variables to minimize the possibility of error. This is an example of a. control. b. manipulation. c. precision. d. rigor.

A

When gathering data for a study using observational methods, it is important for the data collector to a. be observant of all that is done, said, and unsaid. b. direct subjects by setting the stage through structured questions. c. record those actions and words that are related to the focus of the study. d. participate directly with subjects to better understand them.

A

When obtaining informed consent from study subjects, the researcher will ensure that subjects freely choose whether or not to participate and will provide subjects a. general knowledge and overview of the study. b. information about the study methods and design. c. reports about the study results and conclusions. d. the right to choose whether to be in the control versus the study group.

A

When performing an external criticism of the documents used in historical research, the reviewer must determine whether the documents are a. genuine or fraudulent. b. interesting or dull. c. well known or obscure. d. written by authors who are still living.

A

Which component of a research study is exemplified in the statement, "This study identifies various themes associated with parenting children who have chronic disease?" a. Aim or objective b. Hypothesis c. Research methodology d. Research problem

A

Which ethical principle protects human subjects from harm? a. Beneficence b. Ethics c. Justice d. Respect for persons

A

Which is an example of a conceptual definition of a dependent variable in a study evaluating the effects of home nursing on coping among patients with chronic illness? a. "Coping is a set of actions and strategies used by individuals to reduce the stressors associated with chronic disease management." b. "Coping skills were measured using a five-point Likert scale with higher scores indicating higher coping skills." c. "Home nursing can include registered nurse and nursing assistant management of treatments provided at home." d. "Home nursing was measured in the number of hours per week and the number of hours per day of in-home care."

A

Which is an example of a directional, correlational hypothesis? a. "Increasing hours spent in study groups is associated with an increase in GPA among nursing students." b. "Increased use of study groups will result in an increase in GPA among nursing students." c. "Nursing students who use study groups are among groups of students who have higher GPAs." d. "Studying in study groups is related to GPA levels in nursing students."

A

Which is true about a causal hypothesis? a. It describes the effects of independent variables on dependent variables. b. It predicts a negative or positive interaction between variables. c. It proposes positive or negative relationships among variables. d. It states that a relationship exists between variables without indicating direction.

A

Which is true about an operational variable in quantitative research? a. It is developed so that the degree of its existence can be measured. b. It is often derived from a theoretical definition of a related concept. c. It is specific to the time and setting of the research study. d. It provides the theoretical meaning of a variable.

A

Which is true about focus groups? a. Researchers may elicit the assistance of moderators who share common characteristics with the participants. b. A moderator or facilitator conducting a focus group will always be the researcher. c. Focus group leaders understand that they can alter the procedures or script developed by the researcher. d. The recommended size of a focus group is three to four participants.

A

Which is true about phenomenological research? a. It is a method that views the person and the environment as integrated. b. It seeks to quantify human behavior and experience. c. It disregards the meaning of lived experiences. d. It is a single approach that uses quantitative research methods.

A

Which portion of a research report would the nurse initially read to get an overview of the study? a. Abstract b. Conclusion c. Framework d. Methodology

A

Which statement best describes evidence-based practice (EBP)? a. A combination of best research evidence, clinical expertise, and the needs and values of patients b. A determination of the factors necessary to control patient responses to care and delivery of care c. The development of population care guidelines applicable to all patients d. The utilization of quantitative and qualitative studies to enhance patient outcomes

A

Which statement differentiates research variables from research concepts? a. Concepts are more abstract than variables. b. Concepts are usually studied in quantitative research. c. Variables are less subject to manipulation and measurement. d. Variables cannot be concisely defined or clearly described.

A

Which type of evaluation of research yields the most precise estimates of treatment effects when describing results? a. Meta-analysis b. Meta-synthesis c. Mixed-methods systematic review d. Systematic review

A

Which type of publication describes a journal that is published over time and is numbered sequentially for the years published? a. Periodical b. Article c. Encyclopedia d. Monograph

A

Which type of variable is used in a summary of sample characteristics? a. Demographic variables b. Dependent variables c. Independent variables d. Research variables

A

What role does qualitative research play in evidence-based practice (EBP)? a. Because it does not involve random-controlled trials (RCTs), it does not contribute directly to EBP. b. It offers a systematic approach for yielding insights into human experience and behavior. c. It provides a way to measure and evaluate quality outcomes that affect patient care. d. It provides the basis for most EBP guidelines and patient care protocols.

B

What type of data collection method is most common in qualitative research? a. Distribution and review of questionnaires from subjects b. Interviews with and observation of subjects c. Participation and immersion in the lives of subjects d. Review of historical documents and literature about subjects

B

What type of qualitative research method would be used to describe and interpret a culture and cultural behavior? a. Grounded theory b. Ethnographic research c. Exploratory-descriptive d. Phenomenological

B

What type of study design would be used to evaluate patient satisfaction in an outpatient clinic? a. Exploratory-descriptive research b. Outcomes research c. Qualitative research d. Phenomenological research

B

When a researcher indicates that assent for participation was gained in a study involving 10-year-old children, this indicates which has occurred? a. The children gave informed consent to participate in the study. b. The children have agreed to be subjects in the study. c. The parents granted approval for their children to participate. d. The parents do not need to give consent because the children gave consent.

B

When conducting a literature search, which electronic product would a nurse researcher use to track and store reference information? a. Cumulative Index of Nursing and Health Literature (CINAHL) b. EndNotes or Ref Works c. Google Scholar d. Science Direct

B

When initially reading the relevant literature for comprehension, the researcher will a. critically appraise the studies. b. highlight the main points of the studies. c. make decisions about paraphrasing quotes. d. review the abstract only.

B

When noting the limitations of a research study, the nurse might make which observation? a. Abstract concepts were defined using concrete, consistent terms. b. Findings could not be generalized to a population not included in the study. c. The researcher included a discussion of the links between the study's variables. d. The subjects were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups.

B

When the researcher describes the population of a study, the research consumer understands that this represents a. all members of the population at large. b. all people who meet inclusion criteria for the study. c. members of the study group and the control group. d. subjects selected for the study based on sampling techniques.

B

Which best describes the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) competency for evidence-based practice (EBP)? a. Adhering to published guidelines to provide care for a specific population b. Empowering clients to choose among effective disease management strategies c. Relying on expert knowledge to guide care plan development for an individual patient d. Using evidence gained solely from experimental studies to guide care

B

Which category of the quantitative research methods examines relationships and is conducted to develop and refine explanatory knowledge for nursing practice? a. Descriptive research b. Correlational research c. Quasi-experimental research d. Experimental research

B

Which is most important in a critical appraisal of a body of literature? a. Counting the available resources to determine whether more information is necessary b. Examining the quality and content of the resources to determine the credibility and validity of each c. Reviewing the reference lists in each study to find other relevant studies and landmark studies d. Searching the literature thoroughly using appropriate keywords to ensure that all relevant literature is included

B

Which qualitative research tradition has been used most frequently to study areas in which little previous research has been conducted and to gain a new viewpoint in familiar areas of research? a. Phenomenological research b. Grounded theory c. Ethnographic research d. Exploratory-descriptive qualitative research

B

Which subject groups may feel especially coerced to participate in research studies? a. Children b. Institutionalized patients c. Pregnant women d. Terminally ill patients

B

Which type of information would the reader be least interested in obtaining from a literature review? a. How the variables of interest have been operationally defined in prior studies. b. Narration of an author's impression of a given situation c. Research results d. What research approaches have been used to study similar problems.

B

Which type of study is least likely to include a review of the literature prior to initiating the study? a. Grounded theory b. Phenomenological c. Qualitative d. Quantitative

B

A researcher wishes to study the effects of a low-fat diet on self-esteem, weight, and energy levels among obese women over age 40. Which is the independent variable in this study? a. Low-fat diet b. Obesity c. Self-esteem, weight, and energy levels d. Women over 40

A

A researcher's expectations about the outcomes of a study are generally expressed in the form of a(n) a. hypothesis. b. theory. c. research question. d. research problem.

A

All of the following aspects of a research proposal are part of the research hypothesis except a. methodology. b. outcomes. c. population. d. variables.

A

An examination of the researcher's plan for using measurement tools to examine relationships among variables helps determine the a. research hypothesis. b. research objectives. c. study feasibility. d. study purpose.

A

If a healthcare provider discloses information about a patient to a researcher for a study, the provider and the researcher must have a(n) a. agreement about the study's purpose. b. data use agreement. c. limited data set. d. written study proposal.

B

After a literature search has yielded a list of articles, an efficient way to identify relevant studies during a literature search is to review a. an electronic database search history. b. only experimental studies. c. reference lists in other studies. d. study abstracts.

D

An important initial focus of the Declaration of Helsinki, developed in 1964, was to a. differentiate therapeutic from nontherapeutic research. b. define the concept of informed consent of research subjects. c. prevent the use of placebos during clinical drug trials. d. prohibit nontherapeutic research to protect subjects from harm.

A

A researcher may choose to use a focus group instead of one-to-one interviews to a. encourage free expression of views of the participants. b. increase conformity and consistency of participants' responses. c. reduce the time needed to collect data. d. allow more time for lengthy and complete responses.

A

A researcher studies the effect of asthma action plans on frequency of emergency department visits for asthma-related symptoms. The study would be described as a. applied research. b. basic research. c. descriptive research. d. phenomenological research.

A

A descriptive comparative study of blood vessel structures of placentas obtained at delivery from women who had pregnancy-induced hypertension to those of women who were normotensive through pregnancy would be an example of what level of IRB review? a. Expedited review b. Exempt from review c. Full review d. Final review

A

A researcher classifies words and phrases that occur in data collected in a qualitative study. This process is called a. coding the data. b. describing the data. c. dwelling with the data. d. interpreting the data.

A

A researcher identifies a socioeconomic group of people to study. After developing a rapport with key members of the group, getting information about group members from the key members, and spending time working among group members, the researcher prepares a written report about the group based on this experience. Which type of qualitative research does this represent? a. Ethnographic b. Grounded theory c. Historical d. Phenomenological

A

A nurse with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) is prepared to do which of the following? Select all that apply. a. Appraise and summarize research findings. b. Assist with the implementation of evidence-based guidelines. c. Conduct independent nursing studies. d. Expand the body of nursing knowledge through independent research.

A,B

According to the HIPAA privacy rules, which are covered entities that may use and disclose a limited data set to researchers for study? Select all that apply. a. Health plans b. Healthcare providers c. Institutional Review Boards d. Researchers

A,B

What study design involves no intervention on the part of the researcher? Select all that apply. a. Correlational b. Descriptive c. Experimental d. Quasi-experimental

A,B

Which of the following are true statements about research problems? Select all that apply. a. The research problem in a study indicates the significance of the problem. b. The research problem in a study provides a background for the problem. c. A research problem is an area of concern where there is no gap in the knowledge needed for nursing practice. d. All published studies include a clearly expressed problem, and the problem can be found in the first page of the report. e. The research problem is a clear, concise statement of the specific goal or focus of a study. f. In a research report, the problem is usually identified and often follows the purpose statement.

A,B

A researcher has submitted a proposal to an Institutional Review Board (IRB) to evaluate the effects of a new drug on newborn infants. In this case, members of the IRB should include: Select all that apply. a. an ethicist. b. a hospital pharmacist. c. a neonatologist. d. a pharmaceutical representative.

A,B,C

Which of the following are characteristics of quantitative research methods? Select all that apply. a. Objective b. Cause and effect relationships c. Tests theory d. Develops theory and frameworks e. Numbers f. Description variables

A,B,C,E,F

Which patient information requires de-identifying to maintain privacy? Select all that apply. a. E-mail addresses b. Full-face photographs c. State of residence d. Medical record numbers

A,B,D

Which of the following are true statements about qualitative research? Select all that apply. a. Qualitative research is a systematic approach used to describe experiences and situations from the perspective of persons in the situation. b. Qualitative research findings make an indistinct contribution to evidence-based practice. c. Qualitative research can generate rich descriptions of the experiences of the participants. d. Qualitative research is conducted in controlled settings to learn about a topic from the perspectives of the participants. e. Qualitative research process follows the same general steps as the quantitative research process, and is based on the same philosophical values and assumptions.

A,C

A nurse researcher who wishes to use animals in a research study must include which elements in an animal use protocol? Select all that apply. a. Animal living conditions and veterinary care b. Assurances that animals will be kept alive c. Justification for the use of animals over humans d. Procedures to minimize pain and distress

A,C,D

A researcher wants to study whether showing a video about car safety increases the likelihood of car seat use among a group of first-time parents. When obtaining informed consent, the researcher must include: Select all that apply. a. an assurance of anonymity. b. a statement of the research purpose. c. consent to incomplete disclosure. d. voluntary participation.

A,C,D

Which are components of evidence-based practice (EBP)? Select all that apply. a. Best research evidence b. Expert opinion consensus c. Patient needs and values d. Safe, cost-effective care

A,C,D

Which of the following are true statements about quantitative research? Select all that apply. a. Correlational research involves the use of statistics to determine relationships among variables. b. Experimental research is the only type of quantitative research that is valid. c. Quasi-experimental research is a useful option when controlled conditions are not possible. d. Statistical tests are employed with quantitative research studies.

A,C,D

Which of the following represent some degree of risk of causing discomfort or harm to subjects in a study? Select all that apply. a. Asking parents of children in a clinic waiting room to complete a patient satisfaction questionnaire b. Assessing the number of males and females enrolled in nursing schools using enrollment data c. Interviewing nursing home residents about their memories of the Great Depression d. Using pathology reports from a hospital lab to gain data about the percentage of new patients who have anemia

A,C,D

Which of the following are true statements about genomic research? Select all that apply. a. Genomic research is a promising area of science related to human disease and healing. b. Genomic research involves unethical challenges dues to the potential that the subject can be identified by the data. c. The Human Genome Project funded by NIH recognized from the onset the ethical and legal dilemmas of genomic research. d. Broad consent in the revised Common Rule was developed to address some of the unresolved issues in genomics research. e. De-identification of data and ownership of specimens are two of the unresolved issues in genomics research.

A,C,D,E

A nurse understands the meaning of entering the world of nursing research to be? Select all that apply. a. A way of learning a unique language b. A way of using old experiences to learn c. A new way of experiencing reality d. A new way of learning multiple languages e. A way of incorporating new rules

A,C,E

Which of the following are true statements about informed consent? Select all that apply. a. Informed consent is the process of providing information to a potential subject and the opportunity to participate in the study. b. The process ends with the subject's signature on a document agreeing to be in a study. c. A potential subject's decision about whether to participate is the informing part of the process. d. Informed consent is incomplete or unethical unless all three elements are incorporated. e. The documentation of informed consent depends on the study's level of risk and the requirement of the IRB who approves the study.

A,E

To maximize collection of pertinent information when conducting an observational study, the researcher records field notes a. after the observation has concluded. b. during or immediately after the observation. c. prior to beginning the observation. d. when writing the research discussion.

B

A job description for a nurse position in a teaching hospital includes "coordinating research teams to facilitate studies to generate knowledge about nursing actions." Which type of advanced nursing degree would be required for this position? a. Doctorate of Nursing Practice (DNP) b. Doctorate in Nursing (PhD) c. Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) d. Post-Doctorate in Nursing

B

What are subjects in qualitative research studies usually called? a. Experimental subjects b. Participants c. Primary sources d. Secondary sources

B

A nurse appraising a research article should perform which action to critically evaluate the literature review? a. Locate and review sources and abstracts listed in the research article. b. Note the number of data-based and theoretical sources cited in the reference list. c. Perform a meta-analysis or meta-synthesis on the cited references. d. Search the literature to determine whether other relevant sources exist.

B

A nurse is assisting with data collection for a study measuring the effects of a sleep aid medication on oxygen saturations. Subjects will sleep in a darkened room in a sleep lab while participating. Which type of research setting is this? a. Field b. Highly controlled c. Natural d. Partially controlled

B

A nurse researcher wants to know how well adolescent mothers can learn to manage their children's asthma and develops an initial study to explore and define perceptions of asthma among this population. Which best describes this initial study? a. Correlational research b. Descriptive research c. Phenomenological research d. Outcomes research

B

A nursing researcher determines that there is little information about the use of complementary practices in treating obesity. This represents the research a. design. b. problem. c. purpose. d. significance.

B

A researcher conducts a study which outlines the daily habits of women who are overweight. This study represents what type of research? a. Correlational b. Descriptive c. Experimental d. Quasi-experimental

B

A researcher develops a study to examine various phenomena that contribute to theory development. This is an example of which type of research? a. Ethnographic research b. Grounded theory research c. Historical research d. Phenomenological research

B

A researcher uses at least two different perspectives to converge into a unique perspective on the topic. This is an example of a. perspective. b. triangulation. c. reliability. d. validity.

B

A researcher using a small sample of an easily distinguishable group of subjects wishes to use extensive quotes in the research report. This researcher risks a. a loss of study validity. b. breaching confidentiality. c. losing objectivity. d. reduction of benefits to subjects.

B

A researcher utilizes an emic approach in a research study to a. gather data about lived experiences of individuals. b. understand behaviors from within a culture. c. examine individual human behavior according to personal biases. d. use techniques such as bracketing and intuiting.

B

A researcher wishes to examine the experiences and feelings of siblings of children who have cancer to gain information about this population. Which type of qualitative study method will the researcher use? a. Ethnographic b. Exploratory-descriptive c. Grounded theory d. Historical

B

A researcher wishes to learn about the experiences that women have when breastfeeding their infants in the workplace. Which type of study design will the researcher employ? a. Ethnographic b. Exploratory-descriptive c. Grounded theory d. Historical

B

A researcher wishes to study the effects of anti-seizure medications on adult subjects who have severe cognitive impairments. Which statement is true about using these subjects in research? a. Assent must be gained from the subjects and is sufficient for participation. b. A legally authorized guardian must give informed consent. c. These adults cannot be used as subjects for this study. d. The subjects' physicians must give consent for participation in the study.

B

A researcher wishes to understand how inner-city Somali immigrants adapt healthcare practices into their experiences with the U.S. healthcare system. Which type of study approach will the researcher use? a. Descriptive-qualitative b. Ethnographic c. Grounded theory d. Phenomenological

B

A special concern when conducting research using terminally ill cancer patients as subjects is a. an inability to randomly assign subjects to study groups. b. an increased risk of harm with decreased benefits. c. difficulty enlisting subjects for participation in the study. d. poor control of extraneous variables.

B

A study that analyzes the effect of exercise on diabetes control among Native-American children with type II diabetes would most credibly be generalizable to which population? a. African-Americans with type II diabetes b. Native-American children with type I diabetes c. Children with type II diabetes d. All people with type II diabetes

B

A subject's right to fair selection and treatment in a study is related to which ethical principle? a. Beneficence b. Justice c. Privacy d. Respect for persons

B

An author uses an electronic source in portable document format (PDF). Which is true about citing this source in a literature review? a. It is necessary to provide the URL used to retrieve the article electronically. b. It is not treated differently than a print version of the article. c. The original print article must be located. d. The page numbers will not be available for citation.

B

An initial step when preparing to conduct a literature review is to a. choose the types of sources to use. b. clarify the purpose of the review. c. determine how many articles to review. d. select electronic databases and keywords.

B

An institutional review board consists of a committee of peers who examine studies for ethical concerns with three levels of review. A descriptive study with anonymous online data collection using a social support scale and demographic questionnaire is an example of what level of IRB review? a. Expedited review b. Exempt from review c. Partial review d. Full review

B

Basic research seeks to a. directly influence clinical practice. b. generate knowledge for knowledge's sake. c. predict or control outcomes of variables. d. validate or test theoretical frameworks.

B

During a qualitative research study, a researcher asks subjects a fixed set of questions to which the participants respond freely. This is an example of a(n) a. open-ended interview. b. semi-structured interview. c. structured interview. d. unstructured interview.

B

How are subjects selected for qualitative research studies? a. As volunteers through advertising for subjects b. Based on knowledge or experience c. By random sampling methods d. Through convenience sampling

B

In a qualitative study to describe stages of grief, the researcher asks parents who have lost a child to cancer to describe their experiences with grief at specific time intervals after their children's deaths. Which assumption will the researcher make? a. Study subjects have knowledge about theoretical concepts about grief. b. Study subjects understand the concept of grief. c. Subjects will be able to articulate their feelings coherently. d. Subjects will be available for data collection at specific time intervals.

B

In a qualitative study, which is true about the definition of research concepts? a. They are measurable variables that help illustrate theoretical concepts. b. They are often defined or described as a result of the study. c. They are written to provide a concise measure of theoretical concepts. d. They must be clearly described to proceed with the study.

B

In a study about concussion recovery in high school football players, which statement would be part of the introduction? a. "The Functional Independence Measure was used to measure post-concussion symptoms." b. "The purpose of this study was to determine average length of recovery time after a first concussion." c. "The results of this study showed an average recovery time of 6 weeks among football players." d. "The study included a convenience sample of high school football players in a five-county area."

B

In a study comparing the effects of complementary therapies on pain scores and narcotic analgesic use in homeless women and women who own homes, which of the following is a demographic variable? a. Complementary therapies b. Homeless women c. Narcotic analgesic use d. Pain scores

B

In which type of research study does the researcher explore and describe phenomena in real-life situations? a. Correlational b. Descriptive c. Experimental d. Quasi-experimental

B

Knowledge is acquired in nursing in a variety of ways. Which of the following describes when one person credits another as the source of information? a. Borrowing b. Authority c. Traditions d. Personal experience

B

Once relevant studies have been identified, the researcher's next step is to a. determine the expertise of each study's authors. b. obtain full-text copies of each of these articles. c. review the study design and methodology of each article. d. write the literature review based on abstract information.

B

Prior to initiating a large-scale research study, the researcher conducts a small-scale study using similar subjects, methods, instruments, measurements, and analysis. This is done to a. define the conceptual framework of the study. b. determine the quality of the study components. c. link study variables to one another. d. provide a study design.

B

Statements that will be scientifically tested as part of a research study are called a. assumptions. b. hypotheses. c. limitations. d. variables.

B

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study violated several ethical principles in which way? a. Coercion of subjects to participate in the study in exchange for treatment b. Failing to inform subjects about the purpose and procedures in the study c. Failing to inform the Centers for Disease Control about the results of the study d. Not informing the subjects' physicians that they were in the study

B

The nurse is collecting data about the sleep patterns of breastfed babies as part of a larger research study. Which research method will the nurse use when collecting data for this study? a. Control b. Description c. Explanation d. Prediction

B

The nurse researcher is developing a study to examine the effects of asthma education on missed school days among grade school children. When defining the research problem in the research proposal, the nurse will discuss a. the proposed methodologies for data collection. b. statistics about the number of school days missed by children with asthma. c. the costs and types of various medications to treat asthma symptoms. d. the need for future studies to examine asthma care for this population.

B

The nurse researcher wishes to review a body of qualitative studies about women's attitudes toward health care to develop an overall interpretation of these findings. Which type of review will the nurse researcher use? a. Meta-analysis b. Meta-synthesis c. Mixed-methods systematic review d. Systematic review

B

The nurse reviews a study exploring experiences of nurses' decision-making processes regarding reporting a medical error. Which research method does this represent? a. Control b. Description c. Explanation d. Prediction

B

The nurse serves on a committee to develop a clinical protocol to guide dressing changes for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) abscesses. Which is the most important type of evidence to consider when formulating this protocol? a. Assertions from a panel of infectious disease physicians about existing protocols to treat this organism b. A statistical review of experimental studies comparing various dressing change protocols and patient outcomes c. A systematic review of all nursing and medical literature about the incidence of MRSA infection and various dressing change protocols d. Studies identifying the correlations between variables such as dressing types and subsequent infection rates

B

The researcher wants to learn whether there is a relationship between parental education and emergency room use among children who have asthma. Which type of research study will this researcher use? a. Basic b. Correlational c. Historical d. Phenomenological

B

The statement in the introduction of a research study report—"while children who have higher asthma control scores tend to have fewer emergency department visits for asthma exacerbations, it is unclear how nursing interventions can impact these scores"—represents the a. problem background. b. problem significance. c. research problem. d. research purpose.

B

Which of the following are true statements about rigor in quantitative research? Select all that apply. a. A rigorously conducted quantitative study has precise measuring tools, a representative sample, and a loosely controlled study design. b. Critically appraising the rigor of a study involves examining the reasoning used in conducting the study. c. Logical reasoning is essential to the development of quantitative studies. d. A rigorously conducted quantitative study has precise measuring tools, and a tightly controlled study design. e. Precision is another aspect of rigor, which encompasses inaccuracy, detail, and order.

B,C

The nurse participates in data collection in a study comparing the effect of two antilipidemia medications on total cholesterol in patients with hyperlipidemia. Which are extraneous variables to consider in such a study? Select all that apply. a. Differences between the antilipidemia medications b. Family history of hyperlipidemia c. Individual patients' weights d. Other serum lipid values

B,C,D

The nurse researcher submits a proposal for an initial study to evaluate the effects of regular moderate exercise on asthma control scores in adolescents with asthma. To achieve increased control in the initial study, the researcher will do which of the following? Select all that apply. a. Ask subjects to keep track of time spent exercising in a journal. b. Have subjects exercise on treadmills in the clinic three times weekly. c. Choose subjects classified as having moderate intermittent asthma symptoms. d. Limit participants to adolescent males who have asthma.

B,C,D

A researcher performs a critical appraisal of a group of studies measuring the effects of a home care education program on confidence levels of caregivers of older family members. The critical appraisal will include a. determining the theoretical frameworks used for defining confidence. b. identifying sampling and inclusion criteria used in the studies. c. making value judgments about the credibility and validity of concepts. d. recording quotations relevant to the concept of confidence.

C

Which of the following are true statements about the characteristics of a quality sample in a qualitative research study? Select all that apply. a. Researchers ideally are able to recruit a large random sample so that the findings can be generalized to the target population. b. Researchers recruit purposive, network, and theoretical sampling methods. c. Researchers deliberately recruit fewer participants because they want to understand the identified research problem from the participant's perspective. d. The size of the sample will depend on when saturation of the data occurs. e. Sample size does not vary according to the qualitative method being used. f. Typically, sampling occurs until saturation is reached. g. Researchers can determine the minimum sample size for a qualitative study by conducting a power analysis.

B,C,D,F

Which of the following is a research question for an experimental study? Select all that apply. a. What is it like to live with asthma? b. Do children who have an updated asthma action plan have fewer missed school days caused by asthma? c. Which asthma triggers influence poor attitudes about chronic disease? d. Which bronchodilator medication has fewer side effects?

B,D

The nurse understands that reading a research report requires the use of a variety of critical thinking and reading skills. Which of the following are true statements regarding skimming a research report? Select all that apply. a. Involves slowly reviewing the source to gain a broad overview of the content b. Involves scanning the abstract or introduction and discussion sections c. Involves reading the major headings along with one or two paragraphs under each heading d. Involves reexamining the conclusions and implications for practice from the study e. Involves making a preliminary judgment about the value of a source and whether to read the report in depth f. Involves carefully reading the entire study

B,D,E

Which of the following are true statements about conducting the search (step 2) of the literature review? Select all that apply. a. Reading the articles and appraising, analyzing, and synthesizing the literature b. Obtaining full-text copies of relevant articles c. Developing an outline to organize information from the review d. Using a table to document the results of the search e. Clarifying the purpose of the literature review f. Ensuring that information needed to cite the source is recorded

B,D,F

A nurse researcher understands that a search may identify thousands of references. In an effort to refine the search, which of the following are accurate statements? Select all that apply. a. Increasing the range of years you are searching is an effective strategy. b. Combining terms or searching for the terms only in the abstract will decrease the number of articles identified. c. It is not appropriate to limit the search to only full-text articles for undergraduate students. d. Narrowing a search tightly is an effective strategy to access more results. e. Some electronic databases allow you to limit the search to certain types of articles.

B,E

A researcher uses film footage to collect data in which type of research? a. Ethnographic b. Grounded theory c. Historical d. Phenomenological

C

A common method of measurement used in qualitative research is a. scales. b. physiological measures. c. unstructured interviews. d. questionnaires.

C

A researcher conducts a study using dependent and independent variables used in a previous study but uses a different population of subjects. What type of study is this? a. Landmark b. Pilot c. Replication d. Seminal

C

A researcher designs a study to evaluate stress and anxiety associated with breastfeeding in which data collection takes place in the homes of mothers with premature newborns after discharge home from the NIC. This would be an example of which type of research setting? a. Highly controlled, field b. Highly controlled, laboratory c. Natural, field d. Partially controlled, laboratory

C

A researcher gives healthy adult subjects a handout explaining the nature of a study and then obtains written consent from those who choose to participate. Which statement is true about this process? a. Subjects have given informed consent for participation in the study. b. Subjects have not given voluntary consent for participation in the study. c. The researcher has failed to determine comprehension of the study by participants. d. The researcher has not disclosed information about the study to the participants.

C

A researcher investigates how nurses in a rural hospital regard the importance of asthma education using an ethnographic approach. Why was this approach appropriate? a. To find out what it was like for nurses to provide this education b. To explore the theoretical basis of asthma education c. To improve understanding of how these nurses define asthma education d. To look at the history of asthma education to shed light on current practice

C

A researcher makes every effort to ensure that subjects may benefit from a research intervention while taking measures to minimize potential harm. This is an example of protecting a research subject's right to a. anonymity and confidentiality. b. fair treatment. c. protection from discomfort and harm. d. self-determination.

C

A researcher who bases phenomenological research on Husserl's philosophy will a. incorporate personal biases into conclusions and discussion of the research. b. interpret subjects' experiences according to the researcher's own biases. c. place personal biases aside when considering and reporting research findings. d. use personal biases to look for hidden meanings in research data.

C

A researcher will have greater success gaining approval for a research study involving pregnant women if which provision is put into place? a. Care is taken to maintain strict confidentiality of subjects. b. Consent is given by the pregnant women's significant others. c. Subjects may experience therapeutic effects from the intervention. d. Subjects receive financial rewards for participation in the study.

C

A review of empirical literature will yield information obtained from a. concept analyses. b. descriptions of models and frameworks. c. research studies. d. theories.

C

A reviewer reading a proposal for a qualitative research study notes that the author has not included a literature review. The reviewer understands that a literature review may have been omitted in this case because a. it is not necessary to conduct a literature review for qualitative research. b. qualitative research is conducted to study areas where there is no previous knowledge. c. some researchers feel that previous studies may bias data collection in qualitative studies. d. the researcher was not adequately prepared to conduct this research study.

C

A step just prior to beginning a literature search using an electronic database is to a. decide how many articles are needed. b. determine the type of study. c. identify keywords for the search. d. perform a Google search.

C

An operational definition of a variable or concept ensures that the variable or concept will be a. given theoretical meaning. b. linked to other variables or concepts. c. measured or manipulated. d. understood in context of a theoretical framework.

C

Conducting a research study in a natural setting means that the researcher a. has manipulated the environment in some way. b. has modified the environment in some way. c. has not manipulated or changed the environment. d. has total control of the environment.

C

For a study to be considered current, it should be published within the last a. year. b. 2 years. c. 5 years. d. 10 years.

C

How is theory tested in quantitative research? a. Assumptions about the theoretical framework are evaluated. b. Concepts become more clearly defined as they are tested. c. Relationships among concepts are tested. d. The entire theory is proven or disproven.

C

If a nurse wishes to critically appraise a study's sampling criteria and measurement tools, the nurse will read which part of the study report? a. Abstract b. Introduction c. Methods d. Results

C

In a literature review, the author identifies themes present in articles under review and describes connections among these themes. This is an example of a. analysis. b. appraisal. c. synthesis. d. theorizing.

C

In a research proposal, a statement about expected relationships among variables is the a. conceptual definition. b. operational definition. c. research hypothesis. d. research problem.

C

In a research proposal, when describing a research design, the researcher would include a. discussion of a theoretical framework. b. evaluation of the researcher's expertise. c. methods for measurement of variables. d. purpose of the study.

C

In a study about pregnant women's use of tobacco, the researcher can link individual subjects' identities to their responses on a questionnaire, but does not share this information with others. This is an example of a. anonymity. b. breach of confidentiality. c. confidentiality. d. privacy.

C

In the following APA-formatted reference, what is indicated by the italicized words/numbers? Koehn, A. R., Ebright, P. R., & Draucker, C. B. (2016). Nurses' experiences with errors in nursing. Nursing Outlook, 64(6), 566-574. a. Article title/volume number b. Journal title/issue number c. Journal title/volume number d. Book title/issue number

C

In the following APA-formatted reference, what is indicated by the italicized words? Maxwell, S. E., & Delaney, H. D. (2004). Designing experiments and analyzing data: A model comparison perspective (2nd ed.). Mahway, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. a. Abstract information b. Journal title c. Book title d. Publishing company

C

In the following research clinical question, what is the outcome? "What is the effect of relaxation therapy versus biofeedback on the functional ability of clients with rheumatoid arthritis?" a. Relaxation therapy b. Biofeedback c. Functional ability d. Rheumatoid arthritis

C

In which type of research study does the researcher have the most control? a. Correlational b. Descriptive c. Experimental d. Quasi-experimental

C

One reason for conducting a review of the literature other than for purposes of developing a research study is to a. determine the expertise of researchers in the field of study. b. identify current theoretical frameworks. c. implement evidence-based practice guidelines. d. work in a Magnet-certified hospital setting.

C

Research subjects in a study of body image after mastectomy will complete a questionnaire about body image after surgery. Which assumption would the researcher likely make when conducting this study? a. All mastectomy patients are likely to be negatively affected by the surgery. b. Body image and appearance are important to survivors of breast cancer. c. Subjects will be able to describe a personal awareness of body image. d. Subjects will complete every item on the questionnaire.

C

The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) began to change its focus to a. funding nursing rather than medical research. b. evaluating outcomes rather than process studies. c. increasing the status and funding for nursing research. d. supporting the dissemination of nursing research.

C

Which unethical study in previous history involved withholding a treatment from subjects to study the effects of a disease progression on subjects? a. The Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study b. The Nazi Medical Experiments c. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study d. The Willowbrook Study

C

The ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice are considered essential elements in research involving human subjects. In which document are these principles identified? a. Declaration of Helsinki b. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare regulations (DHEW) c. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects in the Belmont Report d. Nuremberg Code

C

The level of measurement determines the type of statistical analysis that can be performed on the data. The level of measurement that describes the lowest form of measurement is a. interval. b. ordinal. c. nominal. d. ratio.

C

The most important initial step when developing a research study is to a. develop the problem statement. b. explore the background for the research problem. c. identify the research problem. d. state the research purpose.

C

The nurse participates in data collection for a clinical drug trial in which subjects are randomly assigned to either a treatment or a placebo group to measure the effects of the drug on a specific outcome. This is which type of study? a. Correlational b. Descriptive c. Experimental d. Quasi-experimental

C

The nurse researcher states that a research purpose is to measure the effects of bar code medication administration on medication errors. This is a study purpose for which type of research? a. Correlational b. Grounded theory c. Outcomes d. Quasi-experimental

C

The nurse reviews a study in which adherence to an asthma action plan is compared among groups of young adults who received different asthma education. Which research method does this represent? a. Control b. Description c. Explanation d. Prediction

C

The purpose of a study abstract is to a. describe the reason for conducting the study. b. outline the theoretical framework that defines the study. c. summarize a study concisely and capture the reader's attention. d. summarize previous research about the study's topic.

C

The statement, "In this study, elevated blood glucose is a value greater than 110 mg/dL," is an example of a(n) a. associative hypothesis. b. conceptual definition. c. operational definition. d. problem statement.

C

To evaluate data collection methodology prior to conducting a large-scale study, a researcher might carry out a smaller-scale study. This smaller-scale study is known as a/an a. abstract. b. exploratory design. c. pilot study. d. proposal.

C

To reduce or eliminate the influence of environmental variables on study results, the researcher may a. completely describe all environmental settings encountered in the study. b. discuss these variables in the study results. c. use a research unit in a hospital or laboratory. d. use a qualitative study design to conduct the study.

C

To safeguard the right to self-determination among research subjects, the researcher will ensure that subjects a. are afforded anonymity to the researcher and the reader. b. are allowed to choose whether to be in a control or a study group. c. may choose whether or not to participate in a study. d. receive a large monetary reward for participating in the study.

C

What is the purpose of qualitative research? a. To allow researchers to interject their own values into studies b. To describe data that cannot be measured or quantified c. To describe experiences and insight from the subject's perspective d. To establish causal relationships among subjective data

C

What is the researcher-participant relationship in qualitative research? a. Attaching personal meanings of the researcher to subjects' responses b. Controlling subjects' responses by stating the aims of the study c. Creating empathetic and honest relationships with study subjects d. Keeping a distance to avoid skewing research findings

C

What is true about phenomena in qualitative research? a. Human behavior is generally the result of the direct influence of independent variables. b. Knowledge gained by qualitative research is concrete and derived from statistical data. c. Multiple realities are possible based on meanings created by individuals and groups. d. Time and context have very little influence on individual or group perspectives.

C

When conducting a literature review for a thesis or dissertation and deciding how far back in the available literature to search, what will the student do? a. Ask the instructor to specify necessary publication years for articles cited. b. Base the decision on the number of articles necessary for the assigned task. c. Locate any seminal or landmark studies on the topic of research. d. Look for sources no older than 10 years prior.

C

When conducting a research study using a convenience sample of all second-grade students from two classrooms in a nearby school, the nurse researcher may increase the sample control by a. assigning one classroom to the experimental group and the other classroom to the control group. b. exposing all subjects to the treatment variable and then comparing the outcome data to pretreatment data. c. randomly assigning students from both classrooms to either the experimental group or the control group. d. using these subjects as treatment subjects and comparing outcomes to a group of subjects from a similar study.

C

When conducting research about the experiences of early advanced practice nurses, the researcher may consult which possible secondary source? a. A textbook history of early advanced practice nurses b. Currently practicing advanced practice nurses c. Former patients of early advanced practice nurses d. The scope of practice guidelines for advanced practice nursing

C

While reviewing transcripts of interviews conducted for a qualitative study, the researcher appraises the data for congruence with the philosophical perspective of the study. This is an example of a. perspective. b. reliability. c. rigor. d. validity.

C

When conducting research to study medical devices for human use, the nurse researcher must comply with the Department of Health and Human Services human subjects' regulations as well as regulations put forth by the a. American Nurses Association (ANA). b. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). c. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). d. Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethics.

C

When determining the reliability of a website resource in a literature review, it is important to determine a. accessibility of the website information. b. costs of retrieving website information. c. sponsorship of website information. d. whether website information is also published conventionally.

C

When developing evidence-based-practice guidelines, if a researcher wishes to identify studies that evaluate a specific intervention in quantitative research, the literature review should include a. grounded theory research. b. only current research from the last 5 years. c. replication studies and meta-analyses. d. seminal and landmark studies about the topic.

C

When developing the outline for a literature review, the nurse researcher's first step is to a. describe the focus or purpose of the review in the discussion section. b. include a statement about what is known in the literature. c. make notes about which sources to site in each section. d. use a standardized format to outline subsections in the discussion section.

C

When writing a proposal for a research study, the researcher includes a problem statement that serves to a. define the specific focus of a study. b. describe what is known about the research problem. c. identify a gap in knowledge needed for practice. d. indicate the importance of the problem to nursing.

C

Which database describes biomedical journals relevant to healthcare professionals deemed reputable by the National Library of Medicine and includes abstracts with links to some full-text sources? a. PubMed b. CINAHL c. MEDLINE d. Academic Search Complete

C

Which is an example of an etic approach in an ethnographic study? a. A longitudinal study examining individual immigrants' attitudes about health care b. A study about African tribal women and their feelings about HIV prevention c. A study comparing various ethnic groups' folk health practices d. A study of differences between BSN- and AND-prepared nurses' attitudes about health care

C

Which is an example of falsification in research? a. Citing work by another researcher and claiming it as one's own b. Making up statistics about the incidence of reactions to an intervention c. Omitting data about a subject that disproves the researcher's hypothesis d. Using data gained without the consent of the research subjects

C

Which is true about rigor in qualitative research? a. Data should be interpreted according to the initial expectations of the researcher. b. Findings of the study should be generalizable to a larger population. c. Studies are evaluated based on design detail and thoroughness of evaluation. d. There is no method for judging rigor in qualitative research.

C

Which research technique would be used by a nurse researcher who wishes to compare bonding patterns of neonatal intensive care (NIC) infants to non-NIC infants to test various theories about infant-parent bonding? a. Experimental b. Exploratory c. Grounded theory d. Quasi-experimental

C

Which situation may allow waiving the need to obtain written consent for participation in a research study? a. The researcher is conducting an informal study about heart disease. b. The researcher is using questionnaires to collect data about suicide risk. c. The subjects do not want documentation linking them to the study. d. The subjects desire complete anonymity in the study.

C

Which source of information is rarely cited in academic publications? a. Conference proceedings b. Dissertation or thesis c. Encyclopedia d. Textbooks

C

Which statement in a study about preoperative education and postoperative recovery times represents a research question? a. "What are the types of preoperative education materials that may be used?" b. "What are the constructs that facilitate adult learning among patients?" c. "What preoperative teaching will shorten postoperative recovery time?" d. "What is already known about preoperative teaching and postoperative recovery?"

C

Which statement is true regarding researchers who conduct studies using the exploratory-descriptive qualitative research approach? a. Researchers design studies to obtain information needed to develop a program or intervention for various groups of patients. b. Researchers are exploring an old topic or describing a situation. c. Researchers develop studies to provide information and insight into clinical or practice problems. d. Researchers often have a realistic orientation and are in search of useful information and practical solutions.

C

Which study exemplifies qualitative research? a. A study that evaluates appetite among residents of a long-term care facility and correlates this data with whether or not residents are rooming together with their spouses b. A study that defines levels of appetite based on residents' descriptions of hunger in a long-term care facility c. A study that observes the interactions of spouses during mealtimes in a long-term care facility d. A study that observes the effectiveness of spousal encouragement to eat on the residents' quality of appetite in a long-term care facility

C

Which type of research uses a less formal method of reporting data? a. Ethnographic b. Grounded theory c. Historical d. Phenomenological

C

Which type of variable is manipulated by the researcher? a. Demographic b. Dependent c. Independent d. Research

C

Which type of variable is used in a descriptive study? a. Dependent variable b. Independent variable c. Research variable d. Treatment variable

C

Which of the following are accurate statements about study variables and research concepts? Select all that apply. a. Variables are qualities, properties, or characteristics of persons, things, or situations that do not change or vary. b. Research concepts are usually studied in quantitative research, are at lower levels of abstraction than variables, and are not measured or manipulated. c. Some variables are manipulated; others are controlled. d. A dependent variable is the outcome that the researcher wants to predict or explain. e. Operational definitions provide the theoretical meaning of a variable and are derived from a theorist's definition of a related concept.

C,D

A researcher conducts a review of relevant literature prior to developing a research study to a. avoid duplication of research ideas. b. determine which theoretical framework is best adapted to the research problem. c. determine which type of study would be most cost-effective. d. identify what is known and unknown about a problem.

D

A researcher conducts a study to evaluate the frequency of intimate partner violence among females treated for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). When collecting data, which action may be problematic when protecting subjects' rights? a. Allowing subjects to decline participation in the study b. Approaching all patients who meet eligibility requirements c. Identifying subjects with numbers instead of names d. Instructing subjects to complete every item on the questionnaire

D

A researcher conducts a study to examine the feelings of cancer patients at various points during their disease, including at diagnosis, when beginning chemotherapy, and during remission. Which type of study will the researcher use for this study? a. Ethnographic b. Grounded theory c. Historical d. Phenomenological

D

A researcher describes phrases and terms discovered in a qualitative study and describes and links these with various themes. This is an example of a. coding the data. b. describing the data. c. dwelling with the data. d. interpreting the data.

D

A researcher makes an honest error when tabulating and analyzing research findings. According to the Office of Research Integrity, this constitutes a. fabrication. b. falsification. c. misrepresentation. d. no misconduct.

D

A clinical research nurse identifies which of the following as a vulnerable population? a. Women hospitalized for a mastectomy b. Clients who speak both English and Spanish c. Men 65 years and older belonging to the Active Seniors Wellness Center d. Pediatric clients hospitalized for cancer

D

A nurse manager is interested in learning which attitudes among staff nurses may indicate relative risk of needle-stick injuries. To study this, the nurse manager will employ which method of study? a. Control b. Description c. Explanation d. Prediction

D

A nurse researcher explains the relationships between research processes and the nursing process to a group of graduate-level nursing students. Which statement by a nursing student indicates the need for further teaching? a. "Nursing research leads to evidence-based nursing practice guidelines." b. "Nursing research has a broader focus than the nursing process." c. "The nursing process helps to identify potential nursing research problems." d. "The nursing process requires rigorous application of research methods."

D

A nurse researcher reviews several articles about coping skills among parents of children with chronic illness and notes that half of the studies involved single-parent families. The researcher decides to examine whether coping skills differ in single-parent versus dual-parent households. The researcher is engaging in a. analyzing. b. appraising. c. evaluating. d. synthesizing.

D

A qualitative researcher writes down his/her ideas, perceptions, thoughts, and biases about the topic of a study before starting data collection. This is a form of a. deductive reasoning. b. intuiting. c. gaining an emic perspective. d. bracketing.

D

A researcher combines data from another researcher's study along with data from the reported study in graphs without noting the source of the data. This is an example of a. an honest error. b. fabrication. c. falsification. d. plagiarism.

D

A researcher conducts a qualitative study and learns that individuals have a variety of reactions to an event. What can the researcher conclude from this finding? a. The findings are interesting, but are not useful for theory development. b. The reactions described in this study may be generalized to a larger population. c. The study has little significance since there is no well-defined single outcome. d. The variety of reactions is expected since perception varies with individuals.

D

After the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (DHEW) regulations were published in 1973, all research using human subjects was required to a. avoid using subjects who were ill, mentally impaired, or dying. b. obtain informed consent from all subjects prior to enrollment in a study. c. review only studies in which risk of harm to subjects is especially high. d. undergo full institutional review to examine risks and benefits to subjects.

D

An emphasis of the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) Magnet Hospital Designation Program for Excellence in Nursing is a. research and development of clinical practice guidelines. b. putting qualitative research into practice in clinical settings. c. using standard nursing care plans based on outcomes research. d. utilizing evidence-based practice in nursing.

D

How are findings from qualitative studies used to add to the body of nursing knowledge? a. Findings are useful only for describing study subjects. b. Findings may be generalized to a wide variety of population groups. c. Findings provide a broad overview from which meaning is derived. d. Findings reveal meanings that can be used to develop theory.

D

In a position statement in 2006, the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) identified a need to a. acquire clinical knowledge and expertise. b. focus on evidence-based practice. c. fund academic nursing research. d. prepare a workforce of nurse scientists.

D

In a research proposal, the researcher states that the proposed study will explore children's feelings about chemotherapy side effects. This statement describes the a. problem background. b. problem significance. c. research problem. d. research purpose.

D

In which type of research does the researcher seek to examine causal relationships among variables without being able to manipulate the variables? a. Descriptive b. Correlational c. Experimental d. Quasi-experimental

D

The author of a research report describes the research problem in order to a. conceptualize the research project. b. guide the development of the study methods. c. determine the goals and focus of the study. d. identify gaps in knowledge.

D

The concluding sentence of each paragraph in a literature review a. describes relevant studies that support the theme of the paragraph. b. identifies the main themes of the paragraph. c. provides evidence to support the topic of the paragraph. d. transitions to the ideas expressed in the following paragraph.

D

The development of nursing theories and conceptual models in the late 1960s and 1970s served to a. determine the effectiveness of nursing interventions. b. establish the concept of evidence-based practice. c. provide funding for nursing research. d. provide direction for nursing research.

D

The hypothesis "A person's mental status is not affected by a relocation to a nursing home" is a. null. b. directional. c. nondirectional. d. not correctly worded.

D

The nurse evaluates a research study that examines the relationship between computer and television screen time and obesity. A correlational analysis reveals a correlation of +0.95. What can the nurse conclude about the relationship between these two variables? a. An increase in screen time causes obesity. b. An increase in obesity leads to increased screen time. c. Screen time and obesity vary in opposite directions. d. Screen time and obesity vary together.

D

The nurse is participating in a study and is collecting data identifying the number of obese adults whose parents were also obese or overweight. Which research method is being used in this study? a. Control b. Description c. Explanation d. Prediction

D

The overall plan developed by the researcher to obtain answers to the questions being studied is called a. analysis of data. b. operationally defining the variables. c. problem statement. d. research design.

D

The purpose of an institutional review board (IRB) in a university or clinical agency is to a. approve funding for studies based on ethical standards. b. critically appraise ethical aspects of published studies. c. define ethical standards for the institution. d. protect the human rights of subjects in proposed studies.

D

The statement, "Do patients who receive care in a Patient-Centered Medical Home have fewer emergency department visits than those who do not?" is an example of a research a. aim. b. hypothesis. c. method. d. question.

D

The statistical (null) hypothesis in a research study states that there is a. a causal relationship between variables. b. a statistically significant relationship between variables. c. an implied relationship between variables. d. no relationship between variables.

D

Which is true about quality of sources when critically appraising a literature review? a. A secondary source is written by the person who originated or is responsible for generating the ideas published. b. Authors of primary sources paraphrase the works of researchers and theorists and present their interpretations of what was written by the secondary author. c. A primary source summarizes or quotes content from secondary sources. d. Secondary sources are used only if primary sources cannot be located.

D

Through knowledge gained from her phenomenological qualitative study identifying levels of experience of professional nurses, Patricia Benner would identify which nurse as an expert? a. A hospice nurse who values the unique wishes of each patient when providing palliative care b. A medical-surgical nurse who organizes care for a group of patients to ensure timely administration of medications c. A neonatal intensive care nurse who is skilled in inserting peripherally inserted central catheters d. A pediatric nurse who notes subtle changes and intervenes to prevent respiratory failure

D

To analyze a body of literature in a literature review, the reviewer will a. describe the findings of each study in the literature review. b. list the studies and itemize the findings of each one. c. make value judgments about the credibility of each study. d. synthesize and summarize findings from various studies.

D

To learn whether there is a statistically significant difference between the control group and the experimental group in a study, the nurse would review which section of the research report? a. Introduction b. Methods c. Purpose d. Results

D

What is an important limitation of secondary sources in literature reviews? a. The authors do not have high levels of expertise. b. They are usually not peer-reviewed sources. c. They do not contain unique or original information. d. They may contain misinterpreted information.

D

What is the purpose of a limited research review? a. To allow the reader to become familiar with the research problem b. To develop an initial pilot study prior to a more in-depth study c. To direct the planning and execution of a study d. To identify studies published after a study is performed

D

What is true about grounded theory research? a. It is a method used to quantify theoretical constructs in theory development. b. It is used to further research in areas where much concrete data is already known. c. Study designs use a theoretical basis to develop the research questions. d. Theory is developed from the data collected during the research.

D

When a prospective subject has decided to take part in a research study of his or her own volition, without coercion or any undue influence describes which element of Informed Consent? a. Disclosure b. Comprehension c. Competence d. Voluntary agreement

D

When appraising a literature review, one aspect of determining the breadth of the review is a. whether the review provides direction for the proposed study. b. the number and percentages of sources from the past 5 to 10 years. c. whether landmark or seminal studies have been used. d. the disciplines of the study authors and journals cited in the review.

D

When conducting historical research about the experiences of women refugees from the Sudan, the researcher interviews women who served as nurses among this population. These nurses represent a. control group subjects. b. experimental group subjects. c. primary data sources. d. secondary data sources.

D

When designing a study, which has the greatest influence as a researcher decides which type of qualitative study design to use? a. Funding and resources b. Literature review c. Population d. Research question

D

When reviewing articles in a peer-reviewed publication, the reader is assured that the articles are a. landmark studies. b. primary sources. c. seminal studies. d. trustworthy sources.

D

Which ethical principle includes the right to self-determination and the right to full disclosure? a. Beneficence b. Ethics c. Justice d. Respect for persons

D

Which federal agency was established to manage investigations of misconduct in research? a. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (DHEW) b. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) c. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) d. Office of Research Integrity (ORI)

D

Which is an important feature of a testable hypothesis? a. It may differ from the variables and population identified in the research purpose. b. Methods of sampling, measurement, and data analysis are included in the hypothesis statement. c. Relationships among the study variables must be causative. d. Variables in a testable hypothesis are measurable or able to be manipulated.

D

Which is included in a statement of a research study purpose? a. A description of gaps in knowledge about the research problem b. A discussion of the significance of the research problem c. A review of what is known about the research problem d. A statement about how the research problem will be studied

D

Which is the most important result of Florence Nightingale's data collection and statistical analysis during the Crimean War? a. Bringing awareness of the rigors of war to the general public in relation to care practices b. Developing a process for statistical analysis and nursing documentation c. Identifying and defining the role of nurses in modern health care d. Using clinical research to evaluate the need for sanitation, clean drinking water, and adequate nutrition

D

Which is true about a dependent variable in a research study? It is a. manipulated by the researcher to test the research hypothesis. b. the cause of changes in other variables in a research study. c. the experimental variable in a research study. d. the outcome the researcher wishes to predict.

D

Which is true about a research hypothesis? a. It defines the various research variables and describes how they will be measured. b. It explains the relationship of the research purpose to theory development. c. It includes the research problem, purpose, and research questions. d. It links the research problem statement to the study design and data analysis.

D

Which is true about a statement of the research purpose? a. It describes the background for the subject of the research study. b. It includes a discussion of the significance of the study. c. It includes the research problem statement. d. It provides a concise description of the study's focus.

D

Which is true about data analysis in a qualitative study? a. It has very little structure. b. It is unnecessary in qualitative studies. c. It requires less time than with quantitative analysis. d. It should be consistent with the philosophical method of the study.

D