Infrastructure Class

site level needs assements for infra

-unlike the replacement assestment/long term needs assetment, this one is very specific and not as generalized -a developer comes in with a project an the planner has to see what the imapcts will be on infra systems -have to determine hat kind of land use is neing proposed, how this will add users/how many it will add, and then how much infra need these new users will generate! -this is a very common thing- devleopers often don;t have an idea of how their new stuff will add to infra demand -planners have to see if exsiting services will be enoguh to cover new need, or if new infra will need to be built- often without a super concrete idea aobut the development yet -larger developmetns may need state-level review, as it could have regional affects

determinats of flow of resources within city

-urban form -effecieny of systems -level of dev -urbanization dynamics

causes of infra shortfalls

-all of it is really old and worn out- some from 30s -investments focus more on new development, not as much on maintence of old/exisiting dev -reduction in federal spending on infra -needs for other social programs has gone up- less money to go around in general- more competiton for said money -decline gov't revenues -poor info on infra systems and their current conditions- we don't even really know how bad some of them are -poor spending habits by states

urban service areas

-also called USAs -used to control dev based on the creation and timining of new infra investments -the line of a USA shows where a city will be expanding new infra to in the near future- outside of it, and you can't expect infra to serve you -wiithin the USA, one could get permits for new infra to be built, or wait for infra to come to them eventually, on a set schedule-this helps control the timing of dev and prevent leap frog dev- -leap frog can still happen, if market allows, but it will be expansive to developers (unlike UGB, which don;t let you build outside at all)

Level of service standard

-also known as LOS standard -the level we expect our infra to function at -decided upon nationally/at municiplaity level -often OK's infra preforms below this- called a crisis if it gets too bad (local phenomenon)

ASCE report card

-american society of civil engineers look at different infra structures and the LOS they provide and grade them -looks at: -capacity- can system meet current/future demand? -condition-physical actuality now and into near future -funding-current level of funds to keep the system going/improve it- lots of empahsis on this -future need- cost to meet the demand as pop gorw in future -operation/maintence- is the owner keeping up with regulations -public safety- is saftey jepordized by system -resilience-does the system function well in shock situations- 500 yr storm is ex. -innovation-what is being done to improve system that is new

flood plains

-area of land covered by flood event -also called the food hazard zone -this area cna change over time- more annual precip due to climate change, more building of impervious surfaces -flooding can be caused naturally or by human due to building upstream or changing the direction of a drainage basin -annual damages from flooding can be in the billions

green infra

-began as mvm't for land conservation in urban regions- wanted to put consevred land to use for humans, while also still protecting it -comes from idea of ecosystem services- nature can help us do things that we already build infra to do -blurs line between gray infra needs- gets rid of traditonal means and relpaces them with more naturalistic ways -employs a systems approach- attempts to undertand natural and urbam systems and their interactions in a more holsitic way -getting more popular, but still hard to push for- siloed planning mrthods still popular, vested interests for cities to keep using grey infra

2 major housing subsidies today

-big sub to direct gov't provision to the poor- 30 million -apprix 120 bilion in tax breaks to the midle class for homeownership -weird that so much more money is for the upper middle than the poor? hmmm, america.

importance of infra on human dev

-both direct and indrect impacts -relaible and affordable infra can direct reduce poverty and help acheive sustainabiltiy goals (safe water, sanitation, land tensure, equality, sustiable consumption) -indirectly meat education and health goals (electicity to shcools and clinics, clean water, road to access schools clinics, indreict sanitation impacts)

firm location theroy

-businesses will locate where transportation costs are cheapest/where they can still make money -infra can actually lower the cost of transport, making it cheaper for companies to locate further out- can lead to sprawl

1934 National HOusing Act

-came aobut after WW2 when the boomers were growing up and everything was cheap- a boom time in American economy -created fed housing authority -created 30 yr morgatage -fed insurcacne for housing loans -creates planning and use standards for new builds eligable for FHA loans -sets fixed criteria for home loans for lenders- meant to protect borrowers -consequneces: -can own a home now- everyone was renting prior -only need a single loan -lowers cost and risk of ownership -FHA uses incentives to call for land use patterns, planning standards, and infra investment- so the act basically gave us SF zoning and the suburbs -still left most of the poor and nonwhite out of the market- redlining made it legal to not give insurance on loans for POC neighbrohood homes -means white neighborhoods got bulk of infra investments, while POC did not

groundwater pollution

-can be polluted via surface water- b/c surface will eventually seep into gorund -underlies out need for stormwater treamtent- waste water and urban runoff can evnetuslly pollute aquifers

link between public facilties and growth

-can help promote growth, but this is not garunteeded -if you build it, they still may not come! -public facilities instead INFLUENCE growth patterns- how, where, why, nature of growth -infra is necessary, but not suffecient to create development!!

pressure tower storage tanks

-certain rules municpailites must follow- firefighters need a certain psi from the water supply -these tall structures hold the water up against gravity to create the pressue -sometimes additonal pumps are needed to provide the necessary psi -pressure of water is a density shaper- how many water towers are needed over a given area to get desired psi -fire drants must be located appropriately -pipe diamter also affects psi -water loses 2.2 psi for every 1,00 ft it travels hosizontally in pipe -psi is a funtion of amot f owater in tank, size and shape of tank, hieght of tank, and its distance from the use

difference b/t comp plan ans CIP

-comp is long term, while CIP is short term -comp plan has actors that are planners, officials, public ppl, while CIP has actors that are city management, department heads, and the legislature of city -compl plan is a rough guide/kind of vague in terms of actual dev projects, while the CIP is a very firm policy document for infra dev

how do public facilities shape growth

-cost factors- infra is very expensive- raw land is more expesnive to develop, so it os often not developed as readily -legal factors- developrs cannot develop super densely without also providing services to people living there (water, sewer, etc. for public health concerns) -accessibiltiy factors and livilibilty factors- development has to be livable and functional

recharge basin

-designed to be the site where there is a percolation of water to the gorund water- recharges it -filters down into gorundwater, so the stormwater is not as nasty after the filtering

retention basin

-designed to hold a bit of water all the time

detention besin

-designed to hold water only some of the time- frequenlty empty or dry

OKC comp plan as a case study for gorwth and infra

-effecient dev drove the creation of this plan -city went to communtiy forums and discussed past development- then looked at the cost of infra maintence for different growth scenarios -showed that the city would go broke if the current low density development patterns held into the future- too expensive to extend infra out like that -would have to really raise taxes to keep up with that kind of growth -showed that more compact growth is actually more desirable- cheaper, greener, less sprawling -said that the edges of the city should not expect to get prioirty infra spending- would concetrate more on the urban core for infra spending and expansion

developer exaxtion

-exacting the cost of infra to the developer -developers have to pay for the city to add infra to newly developed subdivisions -negotiated between the planner and the developer- often does on a case-by-case basis

physical problems with stormwater

-flooding -soil erosion -sedimentation -water qaulity issues -pollution on land- from urban runoff- ties into water quality -all of the above are linkied to urban dev

FAR

-floor area ratio -used to show density in non-residential buildings (like units per acre for housing areas) -is the coeffceint to size of site after deducting for space needed for internal and external roads -divide the total area of the floors of the building by the total lot area to the FAR -grater than zero=very tall building -1.0 means the parcel is the same size as total area of the building -dif non-res builsing have diffeent typical FAR- office is usually aorund 0.25 -can use it to estimate the average the numebr of workers per acre on a site for infra needs assestments

1937 Wagner Act

-followed the NHA of 1934 -created the idea of "public housing" -housing was: -very low quality- mandadted to be bad, almsot -aimed only at the poorest in society- often non-white -controleld by the local gov't but ordained by feds -linked with slum clearance- often build for people who were displaced to live in -seen as an alernative or last resort rather than a long-term housign option for people that is acceptable

LOS for stormwater

-frequently at 25 year storm levels (25 in 100 chance it will flood there) -best practices mean retention/detention basins should serve many purposes- they are green infra!

ecosystem servies

-functions of nature that we need/expect for our own survival -things like flood mitigation from wetlands, air quaity control from trees, recreation from forest, carbon sequestering, etc

how services are provided worldwide

-in developing world: -contralized systems- on a network- electric co, water services co -there is a push to privatize -there are other private means, too- ex. people selling water in jerry cans -in developed world: -centralzied systems most common -some decentraliation with local cities -some push to privatize with certain infra -but some cities are actually pushing to revserse the intesne privatization of capitalism -for much of 20th century infra was in large networks of gov't owned monolpoly-there were still co-ops and privately owened systems, tho

infra and economics

-infra leads to both household and enterpise benefits- improved welfare for houeholds, and enlarged markets, lower costs, and eventurally growth of wealth for enterpises, which in turn leads to improved welfare of people -traditionally, economists only looked at the imapct infra had on firms, but consumer benefit is also so important -genrally infra influences supply and demand -infra makes stuff easier, cheaper, safer, and more pleasant to consume -infra also makes stuff easier and cheaper to make -overall, infra investments are good for the economy on multiple levels

ideal planning method

-instead of the comp plan and CIP being very seperate from e/o, the comp plan actually informs the creation of the CIP -the comp plan will inform land dev regulations and CIP, leading to good infra investments, so smart growth will occur -the comp plan should ideally do both regualtions and the spelling out of infra dev needs and targets -done because LDRs and CIP neither totally account for growth needs- have to combine them!

raw land

-is hard to devleop from a developer's presecpetive -want to already be close to infra services that htey can just hook into- they don't want to have to wait for them to be made/create them theirselves

trendline projections

-just seeing how pop will change bases on slope of change in the past -simplest to do

what factors make land developable?

-land attributes- wetlands, water, topology, soils, neighboring land use -infra/services- accessiblity, water/sewer, prescense of other infra, etc. -regualtory environment- comp plan, zoning regs, environmental regs, concurrency need -price of land -development costs-fees, etc -market for new dev- is there actually a demand for new housing, for ex.

human development

-language of "freedom: is used to talk about this- freedom from things that limit us -quality of life, opportunity for people, going beyond the basic survival needs -after WW2- international dev was all about eco dev, but there was no discussion of human dev- started to shift after a few decades of things not realyl working

OK Water Resources Board

-lends $ to cities for stormwater dev -they have no actual legislative teeth to enforce their demands, tho -they are governmental, but insultared from state politics

100 yr flood

-synonomous with the 100 yr flood plain -tells us the probilibilty of a flood event occuring in a year (100 yr= 1%, 500 yr= 0.2%) -this is based on annual precip data -one in one hundred chance of this part flooding for 100 yr, 1 in 500 chance for 500 yr -these terms are used a lot by the fed gov't when making flood maps for FEMA and dealing with flood isurance

aquifer storage and revoery

-tech that involvd injecting treated waste water into the ground to rechange the gorundwater supply

capabilities approach to human development

-the goal of dev is to improve opportunites people have in ther lifetime- according to Sen and Nessbaum -want to improve who they can be and what they can do via dev

decoupling

-the idea that human dev is separate from the amount of raw materials or resources that we use -don;t have to use a lot to have a better life- have to use it smarter! -want to decouple resource use and impact on well being- resource use will flatline while envionmental impact goes down and well being goes up -have to do this on a local level-why planning is so important!

accretion

-the way in which infra is built -slowly and iteratively -today's decision is short term, but it gets built on in the future- so it could become tomorrow's headache -state of infra is a result of year and years of choices and spending

design standard for infra

-these are a lot like building codes -standards ensure consitent approach to assests -ensures compatibiltiy fo system components -helps save $ by protecting from unecessary imrpovemrnts that are not needed -provides for public saftey thru good engineering -these deisgn standarfs are how you get to LOS standards -but, you have to decide on these standards first- can be hard- have to ask how much you want infra system to provide- use to data to detemrine this -higher standrad come with higher intial capital costs and more for maintence -it is ultimetly up to planners o decide what kind of replacement is needed and where based on data and design standards

AEI and infra

-they want to privatize everything -says America should be on track to spend the same as other developed cities

planner's role in green infra

-think about how we transiton to green infra -generate and spread info about it -encourage cooperation between department -look into future needs and see how green infra can meet them -can show how green infra will help define ID of city- act as a visionary -act as an advocate- according to AICP code of ethics- help build consensus and momentum for green infra projects -make plans and goals in comple plan that reflect better infra outcomes- use green infra -implement green infra- monitor it with goals in mind

APA and infra

-thinks that we cannot out engineer things- not an issue of building more or spending more money -demand is a funciton of public policy and market forces that mutually impact e/o- same with capacity -like when you add another lane of traffic and it just makes the traffic that much worse -thinks we have to operate on both sides of the demand and capacity equation- neither are constants -planning solutions must impact demand on systems- stop raiding infra funds for other purposes

mix of effective growth managmeent techniques

-timing creation of infra elements for future land use-prevents sprawl or leap frog dev -timing controls on perrmitted dev- same as above -adwquate public facilties- to esnure LOS standards are met -replace exactions with impact fees -investsments should be guided by the comp plan- only build what makes sense for futre land use growth -influence other gov't angencies- help create good CIPs

why would you need an infra needs assesment?

-to see if you need to replace exisiting infra- is the current system even meeting LOS standards? -to see how much, if any, new infra needs to be put into growing areas -there are two different methods for detemringin needs for each of the 2 above reasons

shift in stormwater attitude

-used to be you wanted to collect and dispose of the water quickly- collect it, store it briefly, and dispose of it to elsewhere -this lead to a lot of flooding in downstream urban areas- and a loss of a valuable commodiity (water) -now, we are focused more on dentention (short term) and retention (long term) of the stormwater -this shift reflects a shift in healthy and safety spheres- wanted things to be more sustiabilbe and environmentally good -sees sotrmwater now as something that can be cleaned ans used again- resources for rec, drinking, and ground water recharge- don;t want to get rid of it, and don;t want to flood others

interstate highways and equality

-used to divide and conquer communties, especially communities of color/poor communties -can be used to separate communties from each other- like white from POC -like I235 in OKC separating NE OKC (black historically) from rest of downtown- this was opened in the 80s!!

water treatment process

1. coagulation- inject chemicals/electric charge to the particles of pollution ot sitck together 2. sedimentation- partilcles fall out of water and stick to the bottom 3. filtration- get rid of said particles from bottom 4. disinfect- add chemicals or UV light to kill things in water that make you sick 5. storage- water is pumped up and heald agaisnt graivty in tank -this tech is all really old- does not keep modern chemicals or pollutants out- things that cause cancer -probs need more filtration and advanced coagulation

1 acre in feet

43,560 sqft

role of planners with infra

-advocate for operation and maintence funds for systems -push for a link between use of system and payment for the use -generate info about systems-educate public -advocate for adequate maintence -work to educate the public-explain infra systems in normal terms -educate public for voting- need to put people in power who see importance of infra systems that work

how much does water weigh

-62.4 lbs/cubic foot

impact fees

-a generalized/catch all fee that cities charge all developers in order to pay for new infra on said new developments -these are thought to be better than exactions, as there is no negoation on a case-by-case basis- it is all fair across the board with all developers

history of infra

-gov't controlled it all b/c it was too important to leave up to free market- and there were equality concerns if it all were to privatize -monopoly system worked well, but not as much in developing countries- low labor productiity, deterioriting eqauiptment/facilites, poor service qaulity, chroci revenue shortages, inadeqaute investment, theft and nonpayment for services, low levels of service ot the very poor -this aslo started to break down in developed countries as deregualtion calls become more popular- lots of ineffecieny in monopolies, couln;t cover operating costs, systems in delcine overall (like Amtrak), underinvestment was also a mjor cause of decline -in 1990s, there was a total rethink of how to do infra- want to improve effeciency, encourage innovations, and improve services- one thru competetivie restructuing-breaks large system up into smaller components and provatized them all! -this means the consumer deals with the company rather than the gov't -done in part thru stright privatization, too -established regualtion mechanisms- now the companies have to be competivie with e/o -pressure on developing world to do the same- tied it diplomcy and aid money

Florida's gorwth management strategy

-had a more comprehensive approach than Oregon -started to think about smart growth after Tampa Bay was destoryed due to over development- activisim against this spurred GM strategies -passed the Growth Managemnt Act (GMA) to help stop imporant ecosystems from being destoryed and losing lots of money into unsustainable dev -GMA created a state comp plan design, where the state had to approve all the comp plan -it also required every city to have a comp plan!- the state could withhold funds if the comp plan was not approved, and it must be updated every 5 yrs -GMA also made state funding for cities go up a lot in the 80s and 90s, just as federal money started to decline- important incetive to do as state wants if you are city and want infra built cheaply! -GMA also created regional planning councils -had 3 Cs- consistency, concurrency, and compact urban form -also saw the rise of water management distrcits, which played a huge role in how comp plans were designed and implemented -so, infra played a central role in this state's strategy!-state mandadted each ity had to meet certain LOS standard for roads, water, sewer, etc. in order to get funding- couldn;t have new dev that would make the city go below the LOS standard (unless you were going to build new infra concurrenlty as a city) -used UGB and USAs too!

maryland GM stategy

-had a smart growth intiative in 90s -came out of fear of the destruiton of the Cheaapeak Bay -was a state level approach to concetrate dev in areas that were sutiable and protect sensitve and rual areas from being eaten up by dev -created the Rural Legacy Program- protects farm land, allowed state to purchase land in order to purchase dev rights of the farm land- puts lein on deed saying the property has to stay a farm forever -created Priority Funding Areas- told who gets $ for brownfield dev first -created the idea of live where you work and job creation tax credits- trying to keep people from living in suburbs and working downtown, as this creates a lot of sprawl -infra dev was central to this approach, like Florida -problems: everywhere was designated a PFA, so it didn;t mean anything- eveyrthing kept growing -state also had no veto power on comp plans- cities could sprawl and still get funds -PFAs didn't connect to local comp plans, and followed wird boundaries- sprawl still happened

green infra as sociotechnical

-have to connect green infra to polical and economic relaties of communtiy -political, social and infra systems alls evolved together- broad and diffuse collection of stakeholders that planners have to help convince change -means infra systems are open to outiside influence and trends- or even advocay gorups or intermediares

Sanders 1993

-he said that infra crisis is a myth that has persisted over time -says spending has not delcined, it has just flattened out/is no longer gorwing- spending per capita has fallen off, tho (as pop grows) -says feds have not always been the ones to pay- local gov't should pick up slack now -he also thinks systems aren't really crumbling- need to priotize ones and then repair them -says there is not a limited resource pool like people tend to try to make it out to be -said it varies place to place- can make it better by prioritizing our spending

housing policy equality

-housing policy has been pretty discriminatory, and still kind of is -housing poliy can dictate infra investments- if it is discriminatory, infra systems will be too! -2 tier housing system in US- comes out of the new deal- one aimed at poor and one aimed at very affluent

city as an organism

-idea in the decoupling school of thought -city is an animal and infra is the guts -infra conducts the flow of reosurces aorund the city- so changing the infra will change the flows -infra can help understand these flows- we can then test claims and devleop alt infra systems/flows -there is a metabolism of cities-city consumes, digests, and excretes resources all thru different infra systems

cautions about infra an economy

-impact of infra is onlu partly due to exsitence of physical systems- it's more important because of the services it provides! (not just drainage ditch, but the flood control it provides, for ex.) -infra is socially produced, socially managed, and socially used- so it is sociotechnical -effective connection b/t infra and eco dev needs ID of opportunites, bottlenecks -infra could be ineffecient and crowd out private investment- no scattershot infra hoping it will bring dev into an area! -infra must have critical compliments in current economy- no boondoggles (expensive project not meeting any needs) -unrealaile/low quality infra doesn't have same positive effects as good infra -effective infra growth connecitons require effective infra regulations- financing, user fees, use restriction, maintenece (remember it is part social in nature)

oregon's growth management strategies

-implemented growth boundaries in 70s- pretty progressive for its time -was adopted to appease rural interests- keep urban area from cutting into open space at edge of towns -had 19 goals for growth managm't- state had to reveiw all the cities' comp plans- all plans had to have 20 yr growth boundaries- seen best in Portland -also created exclusive farm use zones that could not be intensively developed -had a clear appeals process to deal with land use disputes at the state level -very top-down approach to local growth management

ways to decouple via infra

-improve effeciency- can lead to reboud effects where ppl use more because it is more effeceint (can be bad) -change reosurces- consume renewable more -close cycles-no waste in nature, so no waste in cities- use the urban excretions -rememebr that planners have a say in how these infra systems come about

urban growth boundaries

-lines in sand around cities that should deliniate where all of the new development will be contained for the next 20 yrs of growth -so basically a line around the city that says you cannot build outside of it -can cross jurisdiction lines, so planninf councils were established to look at these things in a regional manner -councils could put certain regualtions into place within the UGBs -councils had to run the numbers and demonstrate the need for development and how much land siad project would need -the burden of proof falls on those outside of the UGBs to show that they think they should be included in servcies within it -every 6 yrs the council will decide if they need to expand boundaries- have to show a need for more land to dev on -infra plays a small role in this, as it is a very regualoty approach to growth management- although it is used more as a reinforcing thing today

cohort projection

-looks as pop for a single level (ppl in school, ppl on social securtiy, etc) and project how it will change into future

human development index-

-looks at long and healthy life, knwoledge, and standard of living -infra can help people become more than they currently are- capabilities approach

scenario projectiond

-looks at lots of different options within different growth scanrios -like what OKC did with their comp plan to show cost of different urban forms

process of site-level needs assesment

-looks at proposed land use -find how many people or workers this will attract to be there each day (detemrine functional pop on site) -multiple that pop by the infra use multipliers that are accepted wildely -this gives you infra demand from the new site, alone! -always use local data, as it gives you more accurate estimates -often have a mix of use on site- both housing and office- always begin with the dwelling unit pop (largest affect on systems) -for non-res spaces, look at how many employees will come in each day, and how many visits per day (if it is smething like a retail store)- can use acreage, square footage of buildings, and FAR to estiamte the employees coming in each day

why is our infra so old?

-lots of infra built in the 30s with federal money- works project admin -more built in 40s and 50s to sustain new subirban lifestyle of baby boomers -now there is way less federal money for infra- gradual drying up of funds -harder for state/local gov't to find money to repair and replace this old infra

Norman stormwater mgm't plan

-made due to deteriorating water quality at Lake Thunderbird -goal was to make drianage a larger part of the environemental systems- weltands as natural storage area, but this requires a lot of space -sees that prevention methods are less costly than remedial methods- but prevention can be poltically expensive

slum clearance

-major conecpt in federal funding grants, and is still seen today -to get $ from the feds, have to prove that you have blight in your city that you are wanting to revitalzie with said $ -ties into the idea of "urban renewal" (bad word now)- low income mitority communties are branded as slums- they are removed in order to revitalzie the area using federal money! -investsmesn in stadiums, highways, arts centers, hospitals, and unversities in these so-called slums -a lot of times, stuff is not even built- just move pople out, tear everything down, and then the money runs out and the area sits empty

functional popualtion

-mesure of the equivalent popualtion to be served by selected infra systems -like on a college campus or toursit heavy places -so it is all of the people who will be using the system on a given day- not just the people who live in the location, but who also use the services- ex. is Norman's functional pop being higher on a game day than on other days- more people to flush the toilets when the stadium is full -knowldge of local trends and conditins are better than national or avergae trends- need to know how many people come to OU football games, not just the avergae attendance of college football games if you want to get a really good functional pop meausre

regulatory model of growth

-model: comp plan -> zoning, LDRs, FLUM -> growth! -so growth is a function of regualtion will or will not allow- but regualtions can be overtuened by local voters who may not be super infomred on land use issues- so it can be undone really easily

growth shapers model of growth

-model: public infra investment -> roads, water systems, wastewater treatments centers -> gorwth!! -so growth in this model is a function of where, when, how infra is made -advantage of this model is that dev won't happend without massive public investments -drawback is that people are more used to the regualtory model/like it more

principles of green infr

-multifunctionality- has to do more than one thing, unlike grey infra -connectivity- large salce and able to connect to multiple areas and systems -habitatual- must support local nautral and human pops -reselient- can absorb shock and make communities as a whole more reselient too -indentity- can help define a location/add to a city's general vibe/feeling -ROI- has to make sense financially- bring direct and indrect financial benefits

what assumptions go into site level needs asstments that may not hold?

-national average is meaningful- may not be true or the same as your city's -FAR estimates are true-not always the case -fucntional pop and vacnacy rates are correct- again, could be wrong -major issue is that a small miscalcultation could have major effects on the needs assetments- could throw the entire thing off! ): -have to use local data when you can! -have to dtermine what level of error is acceptable- want to overprject so you dont lower LOS for exsiting systems, but you also don;t want to spend too much or put too much strain on devlopers if you way overestimate

gray infra

-older infra systems that were designed for a single purpose only -often phsycially gray because of all the concrete used to build them -were what was used a lot prior to the recent past

2 approaches to flood control

-structural= physical changes to land and water courses- reservoirs, channels, levees, dikes- change the distribution of water in time and space -non-structural= regulatoyr in nature- land treatment, flood proofing, land use controls, design standards for runoff- mitigate thr effects of folld by using nature's easements/floodplains- combo of good regualtions and best practices -both can take place at the local and federal levles (drainage ditch vs. Hoover dam, city zoning laws vs. Clean Water Act)

National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)

-part of FEMA -debated on whther it is a cause of solution to flooding problems -well written policy- paid for itself vai insurance premiums that be be used to bail ppl out of disasters (how FEMA gets its money- these insurance premiums) -but, it also incentives bad behavior- building in flood plains b/c hey, you have insurance! -one of the only ways to get flood insurance- from fed gov't -only occurs if entire communtiy participate and signs off on what needs to be done to be insured -in 1990s- rating system intoruced where premiums can be lowered if communtiy takes precautionary steps -process: 1. FEMA authorizes a staudy of the communtiy- detail engieerin study 2. FEMA uses study/flood insurance map to authouze sale of flood insurance 3. Communtiy implements adopted floodplain mgm't measures/plan 4. FEMA will some back for periodic communtiy assistant vistis 5. lacal officials can request updates as needed- new large scale dev and just time passing are good reasons

capital improvements plan and infra

-part of the infra or growth shapers model of growth/dev -known as CIP -it is a rolling 5 or 6 yr spedning plan for infra -indluced policies and incentives for upgrading and maintainign infra -had budget laid out -tells where the budget is coming from -shows what projects will be funded/have been funded in past -is updated regullarly- annually

comp plan and infra

-part of the regulatory model of growth -a long term document that shows the way a communtiy envisions who they want to be in the future, with a focus on physical dev -long range- 20 yrs into future -comprehensive, but still quite general- smaller distrcits may have their own little plans that get more specific -relates the desired physcial designs to basic policies to get them done -includes: -a current land use inventory -a FLUM -a public facilities investment statement -transportation elements -goals and policies -it is updated sort of irregularly

drawbacks of NIFP

-payoutts don;t meet needs -focus on info generation, not behavirol change- doesn;t incetivise not building in floodplain -,ay not be cost-effective -incetive based- not veyr many teeth -in late 2010s there was a change where subsides on vaction homes were eeminated, but not all subsidies were done away with

problem with competivie restructing of infra

-people got mad in the devleoping world -many markets are too small for competion to really form -lots of people got laid off and prices shot up for infra services -w/o competition companies jsut got monopoolies- doesn;t need to expand services or lower prices because it doesn;t benefit them- no benefits to the consumer -relies on a well-devleoped infra system- not always the case, especially outside of the US -reform is hard in terms of regulation-no strong instituional power to enforce it in many places- many regualory bodies subject to political pressure ppl were trying to avoid in infra systems in the first place -habit f under pricing the service- hard ot habe a user payment system when the users are in poverty- no money to sustain the system -so, this type of reform did not always og down well in devleoping world- cookie cutter approach doesn;t apply in places that are not like the Western world -countries can say no, as China becomes more open to aid- don't have to rely on western world for infra anymore, so they don;t always have to play by our rules -this whole thing reduces citzenship to consmerism, which is problematic -most ppl in devleoping world meet their need thru inform private means- like people selling water on carts or charging for a public bathroom stall

PFAs

-priority funding areas -used in Maryland to varying success and support- kind of didn;t work -idenfitied spatial ares that were urban and said that was where state funds would be spent on infra -idea was that you hsd to have infra in order to grow

purposes of water infra

-provide potable water -provide water for firefighting

advantages of stormwater detention

-reduced peak runoff rates -redusces flood severity -reduces soil eroison -proctetcs surface water from pollutnts -can be used for gorundwater recharge -lessenes environmental imapct of stormwater- more naural and cheaper in the long run than just diveritng the water elsehwere

role of planners in stormwater mitigation

-regualtory work- working with NFIP to craft land use and dev regualtions to minimize flood hazards -GIS work- mapping flood-prone areas, modeling stormwater flows and impacts -communtiy work- info dissemination, work with people to solve sotrmwater issues- whole communtiy approach -budgeting work- ID and prioritze infra projects, CIP budgeting, implements urser feed and other funding mechanisms

sources of water for urban water systems

-rivers, lakes, rain- surface water -aquifer- groundwater -surface to gorund water- water filtering between layers in dirt -most OK communties in competition with one another for water- not a lot of cooperaton b/c of this

Defacto Segregation

-segregation that exists by practice and custom, like via some zoning laws, CIP plans, etc. -not dejour segregation, which is now illegal (laws like Jim Crow) -AICP code of ethics says one must oppose policies that defact segregate

supply and demand curve

-simulatneous process -price on y axis and quantity on x- as both go up, demand decreases and supply increases -infra imapcts the marginal produiton of private capital- land, labor, cpaital, knowledge -magnifies the potential of private investment- makes effects of capital bigger, ex is more electivity means more machnies means more production -infra is conplementary- magnifies what the firm will invest -infra spurs private investment a lot of the time- ex is a port expansion plan may induce local production to expand, as shipping is to become cheaper and easier -infra can reduce the cost of production, as it lowers the costs of inputs -infra can provide easier access to info -infra can ease mechanization and lower costs of intermediate inputs and raw materiLS -infra affects labor- commute, sick leave, happy workers, etc. -can lead to public epxenditures being capitlized into private production costs- business could improve corridoor, but public does it it is cheaper for company and they still get the benefits listed above! -infra can impct structural costs of production-induce new activity to come into area (agglamation), alleviate structural problems like congestion (more production), can be a stimulus for economy, and impact cost of innovation -can create ammentieis and impact quality of life

componenest of water supply (urban)

-source of water -water filtering/treatment plant -pressure tower/stroage -local distribtuion system- pipes under the ground

needs assesments

-used to see what the future demand on a given infra systems will be -boradly is: numebr of people X LOS standard= how much infra you need -really means it is senstive to pop projection data- that is the indepednet variable in the equation -2 ways to do it: -long twrm neds- looks at the projection of the pop, numebr of people would indicate the amt of infra needed -site level needs- needs are estiamted based on charactersitics of a proposed site/subdiviison plan- means that the land use and the land users will both affect infra needs -problem with the 1st way- not all people are the same/use the infra systems the same- have to look at overall composition of communtiy- local data is the best to use in this case- it is not a very exact estiamte, only a rough estiamte for decison-making purposes in general! -for all methods- have to justify them to boss- why yo used them! -have to look at pop size, pop compositon, and pop distribution- all three important

condition assessment

-used when you are assesing infra needs for relacemnt of exsiting systems -the process of measuing the physical condtion of the faciltiies using specific, clearly defined indicators that are observable and measurable about the system -ideally this is done on a continuous basis -5 major measures: 1. saftey and structrual integrity- most important, as public safety is king 2. age- how old is system- less important in present day- rmemeber that not all systems degrade at the same rate 3. system load- exsiting and project capcity/usage 4. qulity of service- is it meeting LOS 5. role- relative importance of system within the whole system and comapred to other systems -planners are often the ones to collect and assemble this data! -hopefully you have money to collect this data- CBDG CIP grants can help- EPA also major player in wanting to know if your infra is good- if not, it can harm environemnt -if not you can have a company come in and consult on your city's assest management

NIFP communtiy rating system

-voluntary incentive program -asks communties to do certian things to decrease cost of flood insurance premiums -all aimed at limiting damges of floods- education, better building codes, siting, etc. -wants to reduce liabilties of NIFP funds and improve disaster resilence and sustianability -integrates whole community approach and emergency magmt' -promotes natural and benefifical function of flood plains-

channel flow

-water going thru concrete valleys or culverts

sheet flow

-water that flows over natural or vegetatvive surfaces

LOS standards

-what we say all citizens need for infra- often very locally depdndent -set based on technical needs/function, survey data, economic forecaasting, politics, what we have done in the past, scientific findings, etc -it is a political process, as LOS standards have to be adopted into local law -cautions: -can be outdated -look at what unit is being used for given infra system -can have false equivalenceies -the sum of all the LOS for all the infra systems may be a built environment that no one wants to live in- can;t think of systems as siloed here

siloed planning method

-when the CIP and the comp plan do not really every interact w/ e/o- they do not inform each other -CIP leads to infra investments, which leads to growth -at the same time, the comp plan leads to land dev regualtions, which also leads to growth -in both cases the growth can go against what the other document prescribes- dumb growth!!! -can lead to bad things, like sprawl, leap frog dev, and over use of current infra

how do regualtions shape growth?

-zoning regs- dicate what type of dev is allowed in a certain spot- density, bulk, height, land use- made legal in Ambler court case in 1920s -land dev regs (LDRs)- how to actually piece out the raw land for dev (like subdivision regulations) -future land use map (FLUM)- in comp plan- shows the long term vision of the city- decisions about dev make in accordance with this

decision process for infra replacement

1. develope system inventory- data colleciton and analysis on what you have and how it is functioning 2. establish prefromance criteria- waht LOS and design stadards are wanted 3. consuct confitions assesments- collect data on preformance and compare to LOS standsrd 4. detemrine faciltiy demind- current and future forecasting using pop 5. identify defiencies in system- supply and demand 6. develop funding scenarios for IDed projects that need updating- who is going to pay for it? 7. devleop preformance priorities- which systems get added to first? 8. devleop alternative porjects- what is there is a different growth scenario? 9. evaluate program alts. 10. select project and spend some $- make a choice and do it! -this is really idlaized, it often doesn;t work like that