ingate exam 2 quizzes

Allie, a 7-year-old, sees two rows of pennies of equal length. The experimenter spreads out one row and asks Allie if they have the same number. Allie says they do have the same number and one row just has more space between pennies. What stage is Allie in? A. concrete operational period B. formal operational period C. preoperational period D. sensorimotor period

A. concrete operational period

Which of these words is a child likely to learn first? A. dog B. fluffy C. poodle D. mammal

A. dog

Natasha is a newborn. What is most likely to make her smile? A. feelings of fullness following a feeding B. being rocked C. hearing a song on the radio D. seeing mom's face

A. feelings of fullness following a feeding

Gretchen, a 7-month-old, grows a little distraught when her day care provider leaves early one day. Another person from the day care center is able to quickly reengage Gretchen. This illustrates: A. lack of specific bond B. presence of specific bond C. separation anxiety D. separation distress

A. lack of specific bond

Which of the following would be considered a pragmatic constraint? A. mutual exclusivity B. poverty of the stimulus C. shape bias D. whole-object bias

A. mutual exclusivity

Between 3 and 5 years of age, children begin developing narrative skills. Important components of these skills include: A. orienting information, referential detail, and evaluative information B. orienting information, referential detail, and executive information C. alerting information, referential detail, and executive information D. orienting information, alerting information, and evaluative information

A. orienting information, referential detail, and evaluative information

Researchers typically distinguish four common components of language. These include all the following EXCEPT: A. prelinguistics B. pragmatics C. semantics D. syntax

A. prelinguistics

When young children begin learning about memory strategies, they initially do not spontaneously use them to improve their ability to recall information. This is because there is a ________ deficit. A. production B. utilization C. primacy D. recency

A. production

Kathy has just celebrated her third birthday. It is likely that in the next few months there will be: A. rapid growth in the length of her utterances B. rapid growth in her use of embedded clauses C. rapid growth in both the length of her utterances and use of embedded clauses D. no change in her length of utterances or use of embedded clauses

A. rapid growth in the length of her utterances

When 6-year-old chess "experts" perform memory tasks, researchers find all of the following EXCEPT: A. the experts are better than novice peers at remembering a wide range of things B. the experts are better than novice peers at remembering meaningful arrangements of chess pieces C. the experts are the same as novice peers at remembering random arrangements of chess pieces D. the experts are better than novice adults at remembering meaningful arrangements of chess pieces

A. the experts are better than novice peers at remembering a wide range of things

8. Fast mapping or "word zapping" is aided by infants' and toddlers' A.Use of constraints to figure out word reference B.Use of statistical learning to figure out word segmentation C.Use of the LAD to figure out syntax D.Use of computational networks

A.Use of constraints to figure out word reference

A team of researchers is looking closely at neural dissociations between brain functions that support language and those involved in other areas of cognition. This will enable them to learn about: A. branching direction B. domain specificity C. language acquisition devices D. natural language

B. domain specificity

Jamal is a toddler who is able to effectively shift his attention and focus on tasks. Jamal would be considered high on: A. affect modification B. effortful control C. rhythmicity D. surgency

B. effortful control

Piaget's three mountains task shows that ________ influences young children's understanding of spatial relations. A. centration B. egocentrism C. identity D. vitalism

B. egocentrism

Jose is an infant who shifts his attention away from a frightening image. This is an illustration of: A. emotional contagion B. emotional regulation C. positivity bias D. response modification

B. emotional regulation

June's diary is best thought of as a collection of her ________ memories. A. semantic B. episodic C. sensory D. working

B. episodic

Ashwin is able to reason logically without reference to his immediate surroundings. What stage of development best describes Ashwin? A. concrete operational period B. formal operational period C. preoperational period D. sensorimotor period

B. formal operational period

Using a relatively small number of basic linguistic components and rules, we can create a boundless variety of unique expressions. This characteristic of language is known as: A. creativity B. generativity C. naturality D. phonology

B. generativity

Colby is a challenging child. However, his mother is able to guide him well and they have a strong relationship. This represents: A. environmental selectivity B. goodness of fit C. parental matching D. situation selection

B. goodness of fit

Infants who show fewer negative reactions during the still face paradigm tend to: A. not be attached to their caregivers several months later B. have higher-quality attachments several months later C. have lower-quality attachments several months later D. be unable to reengage in social interactions with their mother several months later

B. have higher-quality attachments several months later

Gabriel is a 1-year-old who utters the word "milk" whenever he is hungry to indicate he would like to eat. He also says "up" whenever he wants his grandfather to pick him up. These are examples of: A. child-directed speech B. holophrases C. overregularizations D. telegraphic speech

B. holophrases

Emmanuel grew up in an orphanage. He rushes up and hugs almost any adult he encounters. Emmanuel demonstrates: A. anxious attachment B. indiscriminate attachment C. no attachment D. secure attachment

B. indiscriminate attachment

The ________ hypothesis holds that the language we speak actually controls the nature of our thoughts. A. linguistic constraints B. linguistic determinism C. linguistic generativity D. linguistic relativity

B. linguistic determinism

Jane, a toddler, frequently hears imperfect speech full of false starts, interruptions, and unfinished sentences. Because she is hearing imperfect speech, some researchers would argue that this is not a sufficient basis for Jane to learn language. These researchers support the ________ argument. A. linguistic determinism B. poverty of the stimulus C. principles and parameters D. telegraphic speech

B. poverty of the stimulus

Dr. Ladd is a linguist. She tells her class that in all languages all sentences must have a verb. This supports which principle of language development? A. generativity B. principles and parameters approach C. universal stimulus argument D. linguistic determinism

B. principles and parameters approach

Cindy described the rhythm and pitch of the audio recording she had just heard. She was focused on the ________ of the recording. A. phonology B. prosody C. semantic organization D. syntactical structure

B. prosody

Piaget's theory posits that children progress through four stages of development characterized by different ways of thinking and understanding the world. This progression illustrates: A. chronologic change B. qualitative change C. quantitative change D. passive change

B. qualitative change

Linda, a toddler, says "I don't like about broccoli." Her mother responds, "You don't like broccoli but you like carrots." This is an example of: A. motherese B. recasting C. rephrasing D. semantic rephrasing

B. recasting

Ferdinand sees that his mother is anxious while interacting with a stranger. He, in turn, is less likely to want to interact with that stranger. This is an example of: A. separation distress B. social referencing C. specific bonds D. stranger anxiety

B. social referencing

A child is more likely to incorporate a false suggestion into a false memory if the suggestion includes an adult providing: A. some details that are inconsistent with what the child knows B. some details that are consistent with what the child knows C. numerous, specific details, even if they are inconsistent with the child's experiences D. short, vague details, that the child repeats back to the adult several times

B. some details that are consistent with what the child knows

In the research studies discussed in the chapter, an impassive, straight face is known as a(n) ________ face. A. static B. still C. tranquil D. unmoving

B. still

Martina is a 3-month-old. Her father stops interacting with her and freezes his face. This is known as a(n) ________ face. A. immobile B. still C. tranquil D. unmoving

B. still

All of the following are characteristics of the preoperational child EXCEPT: A. the ability to mentally represent ideas B. the ability to think about the relations between concrete properties C. the ability to use symbols such as words D. the ability to use language to communicate

B. the ability to think about the relations between concrete properties

All of the following statements about goodness of fit are true EXCEPT: A. the concept of goodness of fit helped launch a major shift in how we view infants and children B. the same environment is optimal for all children C. children can actively seek the best-fitting environment D. parents and teachers can alter the environment to better fit the child

B. the same environment is optimal for all children

All of the following hypotheses about infantile amnesia are discussed in the text as plausible hypotheses EXCEPT: A. the early memories are encoded in such a way that specific cues are needed to access them B. the traumatic experiences of infancy lead to repression of those painful memories C. the early, immature state of brain structures prevents the adequate storage of memories D. the formatting of memory changes over time, making infantile memory inaccessible

B. the traumatic experiences of infancy lead to repression of those painful memories

Metamemory can be described as: A. thinking about thinking B. thinking about memory C. enhancing thinking by increasing cues D. enhancing memory by chunking

B. thinking about memory

Which type of infants seems to have more successful social abilities in childhood? A. type A B. type B C. type C D. type D

B. type B

Juan's parents have noticed that he has just started to express fear. He only recently has been frightened by new people and toys. How old is Juan likely to be? A. 2 months B. 4 months C. 6 months D. 12 months

C. 6 months

________ is the belief that living things have underlying realities that are responsible for their surface properties. A. Animism B. Centration C. Essentialism D. Vitalism

C. Essentialism

________ conducted the earliest work systematically exploring nonhuman attachments by examining monkeys under conditions of deprivation. A. Ainsworth B. Bowlby C. Harlow D. Rutter

C. Harlow

Jean has parents who have intense work demands. She is in day care 50 hours a week and is then picked up by a nanny. Her parents interact with her for only a few hours a day. Which outcome is most likely? A. Jean's attachment to her day care providers is the strongest of all her attachments. B. Jean's attachment to her nanny is the strongest of all her attachments. C. Jean's attachment to her parents is the strongest of all her attachments. D. Jean is unable to attach to any of her caregivers due to such an extent of discontinuous care throughout the day.

C. Jean's attachment to her parents is the strongest of all her attachments.

________ neurons may play a role in emotional contagion by linking action and perception such that the same neurons fire when a person either expresses an emotion or observes that emotion in others. A. Display B. Emotion C. Mirror D. Response

C. Mirror

________ are patterns of understanding and interacting with the world. A. Cognitive maps B. Constructs C. Schemes D. Sensorimotor reflexes

C. Schemes

Gina has experienced damage to a region in the posterior part of the temporal lobe. Her semantic abilities are impaired but her syntax seems to be largely intact. Gina has experienced damage to: A. Aphasia's area B. Broca's area C. Wernicke's area D. William's area

C. Wernicke's area - FLUENT

Alerting structures in the brain discussed in the text include all of the following EXCEPT the: A. frontal area B. thalamus C. anterior cingulate gyrus D. posterior area

C. anterior cingulate gyrus

Kamal is told to remember the words: sting, queen, buzz, and honey. Later, when he is asked to remember the words, he is likely to misremember that he saw the word: A. bird B. plane C. bee D. wasp

C. bee

Niles is 8 months old and has just begun using his father as a secure base for exploration. According to Bowlby, Niles is in which phase? A. preattachment phase B. attachment-in-the-making phase C. clear-cut attachment phase D. reciprocal relationships

C. clear-cut attachment phase

All of the following are correct associations between a period of cognitive development and relevant cognitive skills EXCEPT: A. sensorimotor: object permanence B. preoperational: symbolic representations C. concrete operational: hypothetico-deductive reasoning D. formal operational: scientific reasoning

C. concrete operational: hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Your 7-year-old son Jonathan has average intelligence but is fidgety when trying to read. His reading teacher confides in you that his trouble with phonological awareness is likely going to cause him to be held back a year in school. You'd recommend Jonathan be tested by a psychologist for: A. ADHD B. ADD C. dyslexia D. working memory problems

C. dyslexia

Stephan demonstrates persistence as an infant. This aspect of temperament is associated with all of the following personality traits EXCEPT: A. agreeableness B. conscientiousness C. extroversion D. openness to experience

C. extroversion

Darwin believed that ________ were good indicators of underlying emotional states in infants. A. approach behaviors B. body posture C. facial expressions D. vocalizations

C. facial expressions

The goal of maintaining integrity of self is associated with which emotion? A. anger B. disgust C. fear D. sadness

C. fear

Retrieval is described as a process that involves: A. acting on information to make it useful B. storing information for use in the future C. finding a memory and bringing it to the mind for use D. repeating information to oneself over and over

C. finding a memory and bringing it to the mind for use

All of the following are considered basic emotions EXCEPT: A. disgust B. fear C. guilt D. joy

C. guilt

The children in Thomas and Chess's study were each assessed repeatedly over an extended period of time. This is an example of a ________ design. A. chronological B. cross-section C. longitudinal D. sequential

C. longitudinal

Claudine, a 12-month-old, participated in a study where she watched a cartoon that depicted a triangle that helped a ball move up the hill and a square that hindered the ball's attempts. Claudine then saw two follow-up cartoons in which the ball approached either the triangle (the helper) or the square (the hinderer). Claudine likely: A. ignored the follow-up movies B. looked longer at the follow-up movie where the ball approached the helper (the triangle) C. looked longer at the follow-up movie where the ball approached the hinderer (the square) D. looked equally long at both follow-up movies

C. looked longer at the follow-up movie where the ball approached the hinderer (the square)

What approach to language learning is supported by Noam Chomsky? A. behaviorist approach B. connectionist approach C. nativist approach D. statistical learning approach

C. nativist approach

All of the following statements about emotional expression are true EXCEPT: A. different forms of happiness seem to fade gradually into each other in infants rather than being sharply defined B. different forms of happiness seem to fade gradually into each other in adults rather than being sharply defined C. negative emotions are often seen as more clearly distinct from each other in infants D. negative emotions are often seen as more clearly distinct from each other in adults

C. negative emotions are often seen as more clearly distinct from each other in infants

The temperamental aspects of inhibition and negative affect are often associated with which personality trait? A. conscientiousness B. extroversion C. neuroticism D. openness to experience

C. neuroticism

Grace is in the car with her mother. They drive by a cow in a pasture, and Grace says "horse." This is an example of: A. connectionism B. fast mapping C. overextension D. underextension

C. overextension

Danica is a preschooler who is only able to focus on one aspect of a problem and is unable to attend to multiple aspects simultaneously. According to Piaget, Danica would be in which stage of cognitive development? A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. preoperational D. sensorimotor

C. preoperational

Ms. Stout is a second grade teacher. She carefully designs a lesson to help one of her students advance to a new level of mathematical understanding. The student transitions into a new zone of ________ development. A. conterminous B. distal C. proximal D. scaffolded

C. proximal

Two children sit on opposite sides of a table, separated by a large vertical panel. One child is in charge of telling the other child how to stack a sequence of patterned blocks. This represents the ________ task. A. egocentric speech B. joint attention C. referential communication D. riddle of reference

C. referential communication

A measure of temperament yields different results across different ages, observers, and situations. The measure is said to have low: A. accuracy B. longitudinality C. reliability D. validity

C. reliability

"Jackson saw the boy who was wearing red drink from the water fountain down the hall." This is an example of: A. horizontal branching B. left branching C. right branching D. vertical branching

C. right branching

Stacy, a young infant, is exploring a new environment. She gets scared and crawls back to her mother. The term ethological theorists would use to refer to what the mother is providing in this situation is a(n): A. protective center B. safe harbor C. secure base D. shielding presence

C. secure base

Sristi, an 8-month-old, is extremely upset when her mother leaves the room. She cannot be consoled by another adult. This illustrates: A. attachment distress B. irritable temperament C. separation anxiety D. stranger fear

C. separation anxiety

A monkey is put in a cage with two surrogate mothers: a wire-frame mother, which supplied milk, and a terry-cloth mother, which supplied no nutrition. The monkey will likely: A. ignore both of the surrogate mothers B. spend more time with the wire-frame mother C. spend more time with the terry-cloth mother D. spend equal amounts of time with both surrogate mothers

C. spend more time with the terry-cloth mother

All of the following are findings of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development EXCEPT: A. children who were in day care at an early age showed an initial advantage in self-confidence and social skills B. the amount of time a child spends in day care is associated with more aggression C. the amount of time a child spends in day care is related to higher incidences of psychopathology D. children who spend more time in high-quality day care tend to score higher on linguistic measures

C. the amount of time a child spends in day care is related to higher incidences of psychopathology

Which statement is most correct? A. the basic emotions are innate and expressed from birth onward B. the basic emotions are innate and gradually differentiated over the first three years of life C. the basic emotions are innate and are gradually differentiated over the first six months of life

C. the basic emotions are innate and are gradually differentiated over the first six months of life

Lucinda and her young daughter move from the United States to Germany. Lucinda's daughter quickly becomes fluent in German and many mistake her for a native speaker. Lucinda finds it more difficult to learn German and speaks with a strong accent. This suggests that: A. children's focus on characteristic features enables them to acquire new languages more rapidly B. children have better fast mapping skills than adults C. there are critical periods for language acquisition D. there is a decrease in activity of the language acquisition device

C. there are critical periods for language acquisition

Curtis and Cicchetti's ERP studies comparing abused and non-abused 3-and-a-half year olds' responses to happy and angry faces suggest that a. Abused children pay particular attention to angry faces b. Non-abused children pay particular attention to happy faces c. Abused children are very familiar with happy expressions

a. Abused children pay particular attention to angry faces

2. The implicit word-learning principle toddlers appear to use that objects have only one name is called a. mutual exclusivity b. taxonomic bias c. shape bias d. all of the above

a. mutual exclusivity

10. Which generalization is most accurate? a. Adulthood is too late to acquire a second language b. Adult learners do not acquire a second language with mastery of grammar and accent c. Adults acquire second languages more slowly than younger learners

b. Adult learners do not acquire a second language with mastery of grammar and accent

6. One of Piaget's explanations for conservation errors was a. lack of knowledge b. Centration on one perceptual dimension c. lack of attention d. cortical immaturity

b. Centration on one perceptual dimension

8. Initially, regulation of infant negative emotions a. Depends on the infant's executive control ability b. Depends on parental responses c. Depends on the availability of comforting objects d. Depends on the infant's temperament

b. Depends on parental responses

2. Researchers have found that preschool children who were abused as infants a. Detect fearful expressions earlier than do controls b. Detect angry expressions earlier than do controls c. Detect happy expressions earlier than do controls d. Detect all emotional expressions earlier than do controls

b. Detect angry expressions earlier than do controls

5. An error characteristic of the pre-operational period is a. Failing to know animal categories b. Failing conservation tasks c. Failing at addition of two digit numbers d. Failing at multiplication

b. Failing conservation tasks

4. Which statement is most correct? a. Young children cannot verbally recall events if they lacked vocabulary and language skills to describe the event at the time of the event b. It is difficult for young children to verbally recall events if they lacked vocabulary and language skills to describe the event at the time of the event

b. It is difficult for young children to verbally recall events if they lacked vocabulary and language skills to describe the event at the time of the event

2. Steve Soumi's research found that a. Maternal behavior was more important than genetics in influencing exploratory behavior b. Maternal behavior interacted with genetics and the environment to influence exploratory behavior c. Secure attachment led to uninhibited exploratory behavior

b. Maternal behavior interacted with genetics and the environment to influence exploratory behavior

5. The term "attention" refers to a. One psychological phenomenon: focusing on one thing and screening other things out b. Multiple psychological phenomena based on different brain systems

b. Multiple psychological phenomena based on different brain systems

4. The first useful tests of intellectual ability in the West were developed by a. Galton and Cattel b. Simon and Binet c. Piaget and Erikson d. Freud and Jung

b. Simon and Binet

2. Janne can't wait for his son to start speaking; his son is only 1 week old. He should expect to hear _______ soon, followed a few weeks later by _______. a. squeals, babbling b. grunts, cooing c. cooing, babbling d. babbling, first words

b. grunts, cooing

3. Toddlers appear to respond to shape in naming objects more than color. Another name for shape bias is a. mutual exclusivity b. taxonomic bias c. attentional bias d. social referencing bias

b. taxonomic bias

7. Infants apparent use of principles in decoding the meaning of adult speech helps them with a. word segmentation b. word reference

b. word reference

4. Toddlers who had habituated to the hindering square a. Dishabituated when the circle approached the triangle b. Dishabituated when the circle moved away from the square c. Dishabituated when the circle approached the square

c. Dishabituated when the circle approached the square

5. Which statement is most accurate a. Language and spatial cognition are independent b. Linguistic labels interfere with spatial cognition, which is primarily visual c. Language can facilitate spatial cognition d. None of the above

c. Language can facilitate spatial cognition

Six month old infants can detect differences in similar phonemes that are not distinguished in the languages they hear every day and infants a. retain this ability throughout life b. Lose this ability when they enter school c. Lose this ability between 9 and 12 months of age

c. Lose this ability between 9 and 12 months of age

3. Soumi's research demonstrates that a. Maternal caretaking patterns are more important than genetics in determining juvenile monkey's stress responses b. Maternal caretaking has no effect on infant behavior c. Maternal caretaking's effects on behavior are mediated by environmental stressors

c. Maternal caretaking's effects on behavior are mediated by environmental stressors

4. The individual who has been most influential in shaping the study of children's cognitive development was a. Freud b. Bowlby c. Piaget d. Anderson

c. Piaget

2. Ariel, who is four, has trouble with the names of shapes, with spatial concepts and words such as left, right, over, under and with subitizing. She is at risk for a. dyslexia b. developmental aphasia c. dyscalculia d. all of the above

c. dyscalculia

2. Piaget proposed that cognitive development proceeded in _ stages a. two b. three c. four d. five

c. four

7. Abused children's sensitivity to angry faces is demonstrated in a. Earlier recognition of angry expressions than of other expressions b. Differing ERP responses to happy and angry faces compared to controls c. Faster recognition of angry faces than is shown by controls d. All of the above

d. All of the above

4. Saffran's results suggest that the word segmentation problem a. Is solved by the innate language acquisition device (LAD) b. Is solved by statistical learning c. Is solved by a domain general learning mechanism d. Both 2 and 3

d. Both 2 and 3

4. Gelman's magic study indicated that pre-schoolers a. attend to number b. can reason about number c. May be more competent with smaller numbers than larger numbers d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Giftedness a. Usually emerges very early in development b. is usually domain specific c. Seems to be based largely on biological characteristics d. all of the above

d. all of the above

centration refers to a. a piagetian concept b. Failure to take multiple dimensions of a situation into account c. Attention to only one perceptual aspect of a situation d. all of the above

d. all of the above

3. Laleh believes that infants learn to speak as parents reinforce correct utterances and ignore children when they produce a. interactionist; correct b. cognitive; correct c. transactionist; incorrect d. behaviorist; incorrect

d. behaviorist; incorrect

3. Jerome Kagan is known for a. Longitudinal studies of intelligence b. Longitudinal studies of temperament c. Emphasizing the importance of parental behavior fitting the needs of the individual infant d. both 2 and 3

d. both 2 and 3

Early sensitivity to emotion in faces and voices a. Is learned based on interactions with parents b. Is innate, if Darwin's theories about emotions are correct c. Has adaptive value for infants d. both 2 and 3

d. both 2 and 3

6. What helped preschool children wait longer for the experimenter's return? a. treats not being present b. instructions to think fun thoughts c. Instructions to think about getting the treats for waiting d. all e. 1 and 2

e. 1 and 2

Infants who exhibit high levels of behavioral inhibition, as adults, are more likely than other individuals to a. Show low levels of neuroticism b. Show high levels of neuroticism c. Show high levels of extraversion d. Show low levels of extraversion e. both 2 and 4

e. both 2 and 4

A researcher is interested in whether his measure of temperament predicts the more naturalistic and intuitively compelling behaviors that are thought to underlie the temperamental measure. He is interested in the measure's: A. feasibility B. generalizability C. reliability D. validity

D. validity Most theorists see the newborn as having:

Most theorists see the newborn as having: A. no emotions B. 6 basic emotions C. complex emotions D. undifferentiated emotions

D. undifferentiated emotions

All of the following are true of Freud's view of infant-parent bonds EXCEPT: A. Freud formulated his views based on careful observation of children B. Freud claimed the mother-infant relationship was unique C. Freud focused on the importance of breastfeeding as a source of oral gratification D. Freud saw the mother-infant relation as the prototype around which all later close relationships revolve

A. Freud formulated his views based on careful observation of children

________ refers to a mental representation of the self and others and how they might interact in different circumstances. A. Internal working models B. Relationship frameworks C. Self-schemas D. Specific bond representations

A. Internal working models

Macie is an extremely inhibited child at age 2. How will Macie likely behave in elementary school if her parents fail to encourage social exploration? A. She will show high levels of inhibition and shyness. B. She will be a little shy. C. She will be extremely outgoing. D. It is impossible to know as inhibition is not a stable trait.

A. She will show high levels of inhibition and shyness.

A way of comparing things that seem different on the surface, but have deeper similarities underneath is: A. analogical reasoning B. encoding C. executive functioning D. metacognition

A. analogical reasoning

Laney runs an adoption agency. She likely prefers that an adoption occur: A. as early in the infant's life as possible B. two weeks following birth C. two months following birth D. as late as possible, to allow a bond to form between infant and biological mother

A. as early in the infant's life as possible

Sheila is very upset about something that happened at work. She tries to distract herself and focus on her friends. This illustrates: A. attentional deployment B. positivity bias C. response modification D. situation selection

A. attentional deployment

Baby Summer says "gagagaga." This illustrates: A. babbling B. cooing C. lip smacking D. squealing

A. babbling

At which level are all category members both maximally similar to each other and maximally distinct from members of other categories? A. basic B. hierarchical C. subordinate D. superordinate

A. basic

Babies' first spoken words are usually A. More recognizable to parents than to strangers B. Produced around the first birthday C. Names of common objects, family members, or social greetings D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Vanessa has a newborn son. At what age can she expect her son to start putting together strings of words in utterances of two or more words? A. 1 year B. 1½ years C. 2 years D. 2½ years

B. 1½ years

At what point in development do negative emotions start to differentiate into the categories of sadness and anger? A. at birth B. 2 months C. 4 months D. 6 months

B. 2 months

Which of the following statements is true? A. Only a few fortunate infants form bonds with their primary caregiver. B. Bonds between infant and caregivers can be inferred through certain sets of behaviors. C. Disrupting the bond between infant and caregiver has little effect. D. The first meaningful bond is generally between sibling and infant

B. Bonds between infant and caregivers can be inferred through certain sets of behaviors.

________ is a way of representing networks of associations based on computer simulations with multiple levels of associations. A. Branching directions B. Connectionism C. Principles and parameters approach D. Statistical learning

B. Connectionism

Which of the following best describes Piaget's theory? A. Cognitive development is almost entirely the result of hard-wired systems that are not dependent on experience. B. Infants are born with built-in sensorimotor reflexes, which are modified and transformed into schemes with experience. C. Cognitive development does not depend on built-in systems, but rather schemes are built solely from an infant's active exploration of the environment. D. Cognitive development does not depend on built-in systems, but rather schemes are built through the zone of proximal development.

B. Infants are born with built-in sensorimotor reflexes, which are modified and transformed into schemes with experience.

Leilani is in the period of formal operations and her sister Elise is in the period of concrete operations. When faced with Piaget's pendulum task, which is the most likely result? A. Both Leilani and Elise will tinker with the system without systematically controlling variables. B. Only Leilani will carefully test the effects of changing a single variable holding everything else constant. C. Only Elise will carefully test the effects of changing a single variable holding everything else constant. D. Both Leilani and Elise will carefully test the effects of changing a single variable holding everything else constant.

B. Only Leilani will carefully test the effects of changing a single variable holding everything else constant.

Sachi is a child being raised in Japan, and Susan is a child being raised in the United States. Which of the following is most likely? A. Sachi may be more likely to react to certain experiences by feeling guilt when Susan reacts by feeling shame. B. Susan may be more likely to react to certain experiences by feeling guilt when Sachi reacts by feeling shame. C. Susan's mother probably socializes her primarily through feelings of shame. D. Sachi's mother probably socializes her primarily through feelings of guilt.

B. Susan may be more likely to react to certain experiences by feeling guilt when Sachi reacts by feeling shame.

Anna Freud studied a group of children whose parents had been killed in the concentration camps during World War II. Which of the following statements is true about these children? A. The children formed close attachments to the adults who cared for them. B. The children formed close bonds with each other. C. The children quickly trusted new adults. D. The children seemed no better off than children who underwent more complete social deprivation.

B. The children formed close bonds with each other.

9. Devon calls the first cow he sees "doggie". This is A. regularization B. an over-extension C. an over-generalization D. an under-extension

B. an over-extension

Children appear to build on their early insights about small numbers, using these patterns as a foundation for understanding new and quite different kinds of number concepts. This is an example of: A. animism B. bootstrapping C. hypothetico-deductive reasoning D. scaffolding

B. bootstrapping

Hillary gets socks and a pencil as a present from one of her friends at her birthday party. She responds politely and smiles, though she wished she received a toy. Her parents have taught her to respond positively to gifts no matter their content. This illustrates use of: A. attentional deployment B. display rules C. response guidelines D. situation cues

B. display rules

Dr. Buss is a researcher who focuses on the early emergence of temperament and its high heritability, which leads to stability over time. His approach to studying temperament can be described as a(n) ________ approach. A. emotive B. functional C. structural D. trait

D. trait

When is separation distress first evident? A. at birth B. 3 months C. 6 months D. 8 months

D. 8 months

6. Shonda is 19 months old. A developmental psychologist would expect A. She has a spoken vocabulary of dozens to several hundred words B. She may occasionally use two word sentences C. She understands many more words and sentences than she produces D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Donaldson did two variations on Piaget's number conservation task with two rows of objects. In one variation, the clumsy experimenter pretends to slip and accidentally change the length of one of the rows. In a second version, the child sees a naughty teddy bear change the length of one of the rows. Which of the following is true of these variations on the number conservation task? A. Preschoolers are likely to fail all three of these versions of the number conservation task. B. Preschoolers are more likely to succeed on the naughty teddy bear task than both the clumsy experimenter task and traditional number conservation task. C. Preschoolers are more likely to succeed on the clumsy experimenter task than both the naughty teddy bear task and traditional number conservation task. D. Preschoolers are more likely to succeed on both the naughty teddy bear task and clumsy experimenter task than the traditional number conservation task.

D. Preschoolers are more likely to succeed on both the naughty teddy bear task and clumsy experimenter task than the traditional number conservation task.

Which of the following statements is true? A. Attachment research is unique in that it has long considered the importance of father-infant relationships. B. Attachment research has completely ignored fathers as the bond with the mother is viewed as most important. C. Mothers are biologically better tuned to be sensitive to their infant's cries. D. There is great cross-cultural variation in the level of father involvement with their children

D. There is great cross-cultural variation in the level of father involvement with their children

________ constraints take the form of consistent rule patterns across all languages, which result in specific structural features all languages share. A. Generative B. Global C. Pragmatic D. Universal

D. Universal

Which of the following statements is true? A. Young infants are unobservant of the behaviors of others. B. Young infants are observant of others' behaviors but cannot yet anticipate their social partners' reactions. C. Young infants can anticipate the behavior of their interaction partners but cannot yet react when these expectations are violated. D. Young infants anticipate the behavior of their interaction partners and may be upset when these expectations are violated.

D. Young infants anticipate the behavior of their interaction partners and may be upset when these expectations are violated.

Four-year-old Vincent is beginning to talk about important events in his past. You know this is an important step in his development of: A. analogical reasoning B. echoic memory C. iconic memory D. autobiographical memory

D. autobiographical memory

A team of researchers examined children who had been in institutions in Russia, in which the facility was very clean and the staff worked to meet the children's physical needs, but children did not receive much close care and support. These researchers found that the children in these institutions: A. demonstrated no cognitive or social problems B. demonstrated only cognitive problems C. demonstrated only social problems D. demonstrated both cognitive and social problems

D. demonstrated both cognitive and social problems

Areas of the brain that are important for memory that were discussed in the text are: A. prefrontal cortex, posterior cortex, pons B. hippocampus, posterior cortex, medulla C. hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, medulla D. hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, posterior cortex

D. hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, posterior cortex

Monkeys who were reared in isolation and were exposed to therapist monkeys: A. showed no signs of rehabilitation B. behaved in an overly aggressive fashion to the therapist monkeys C. avoided the therapist monkeys D. interacted and played with the therapist monkeys

D. interacted and played with the therapist monkeys

All of the following are claims about language made by Vygotsky EXCEPT: A. over the course of early development, the child internalizes her own language, making it the vehicle for thinking about the world B. before language is internalized, the child's thoughts are entirely concrete and tied to the here and now C. language liberates the child's thoughts by making them more abstract and therefore a more powerful way of understanding meanings and categories D. language may facilitate thought in children by providing additional memory and attention support, but language does not affect thought in adults

D. language may facilitate thought in children by providing additional memory and attention support, but language does not affect thought in adults

Piaget believed children couldn't grasp analogies because they lacked: A. executive functioning B. preoperational thought C. iconic memory D. logical operators

D. logical operators

Researchers have been able to associate particular genes with the development of certain types of dyslexia. This means that if a child has that particular genetic vulnerability, he: A. will develop dyslexia B. will develop some type of learning disorder (not necessarily dyslexia) C. won't be able to learn to read D. may or may not develop dyslexia

D. may or may not develop dyslexia

The development of reading broadly follows a child's progress through five stages. Gerard is beginning to understand the benefits of reading and starting to see how it can teach him a lot of useful information. He is in the ________ stage. A. confirmation and fluency B. construction and reconstruction C. multiple viewpoints D. reading to learn

D. reading to learn

Emma is a 4-month-old infant. She will: A. not yet be sensitive to others' emotions B. rely only on visual cues to emotions C. rely only on auditory cues to emotions D. rely on both visual and auditory cues to emotions

D. rely on both visual and auditory cues to emotions

Preoperational children lack all of the following abilities EXCEPT: A. compensation B. identity C. reversibility D. symbolic representation

D. symbolic representation

A researcher wants to learn whether children understand the difference between two sentences: "Jack pushed Jill" and "Jill pushed Jack." This researcher is focused on: A. phonology B. pragmatics C. semantics D. syntax

D. syntax

Dr. Ha is interested in discovering whether children understand the difference between the following sentences: "Roy gave Lisa a cookie" and "Lisa gave Roy a cookie." Dr. Ha's research question focuses on: A. morphology B. phonology C. semantics D. syntax

D. syntax

3. Katherine Nelson explains the ONSET of autobiographical memory in terms of a. Elaborative conversations between small children and parents b. maturation of the hippocampus c. maturation of the frontal cortex

a. Elaborative conversations between small children and parents

3. An alternative explanation of why pre-school children may fail Piaget's conservation tasks is that a. Their social understanding of the situation b. They don't like to cooperate with strange adults c. They lack intelligence d. None are correct

a. Their social understanding of the situation