Inquizitive CH 25

Beginning with a breach in the skin's integrity, place the following events of the immune response in the order they occur.

- Skin torn - damged cells relased - histamites.. - macrops.. - platelets

Arrange the following events of an infection in the most logical order.

Bacteria invade and damage cells. Cytokines are released Macrophages are recruited to the site B cells recognize antigenic pathogen protein The pathogen is tagged with antibodies

When a child gets strep throat for the first time, the secondary immune response is initiated.

F

Wim Hof uses breathing and meditation techniques to endure cold environments and change his immune response. If his method works, people infected with HIV would likely benefit from using it.

F

Identify the following as a first, second, or third line of immune defense.

First - tears Second- phagocytosis Third- adaptive response

Label the figure with the following events that occur in response to a fear stimulus.

LEFT Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released. RIGHT Glycogen stores are broken down and glucose is released. The rate of contraction and relaxation increases.

Place the following events in the location they occur in the figure.

LEFT hormones circulate in blood endocrine cells release hormones RIGHT hormones bind to surface receptors hormones bind to intracellular receptors

Match each type of white blood cell to its description(s).

Macrophages-large cells that can phagocytize an invader- originate from stem cells in the bone marrow Lymphocyte-differentiate into B cells and T cells- originate from stem cells in the bone marrow Neutrophils-originate from stem cells in the bone marrow- use chemicals and engulfment to attack invaders

Match each term to its definition.

Passive immunity-acquisition of antibodies that were synthesized by another individual or animal Nonspecific immune response-the innate second line of defense Active immunity-synthesis of antibodies and other immune response agents by an individual

In what order does the human body initiate the following components of the immune system?

Physical and chemical barriers innate immune response adaptive immune response

Which of the following describes the endocrine system?

acts quickly over disparate body locations integrates with the nervous system

In the third line of defense, the human body initiates the - immune response. This involves specific recognition of a particular pathogen with Y-shaped proteins called - that recognize invaders. Upon first exposure, the - immune response is activated. After several weeks or months, the body will produce memory cells that may recognize the pathogen in the future. These include mature lymphocytes such as - . Upon reexposure to this pathogen, the body can initiate a - immune response, which will be faster than the previous response time.

adaptive antibodies primary B cells secondary

Which of the following releases hormones in response to a stressor such as fear from seeing a rattlesnake?

adrenal gland

Many patients with low activity levels, depression, and early-life stress are reported to have chronic fatigue syndrome. This syndrome is characterized by exhaustion, impaired concentration and memory, tender lymph nodes, muscle and joint pain, and unrefreshing sleep for more than 6 months. These patients also are reported to have low cortisol levels, indicating that which feature of the endocrine system may be out of balance?

adrenal glands

Match each hormone with the gland, organ, or body part that produces it.

adrenal glands- adrenaline cortisol pancreas- insulin

What is the name of the process (shown here) that helps prevent pathogens in a wound from spreading further into the host?

clotting

Put the following hormone signaling events in order.

endocrine cells release hormones hormones circulate in blood hormones bind to receptors changes cellular activity initiated

The first line of defense includes - defenses such as skin, mucus, and tears. The second line of defense involves the - immune system, including - such as neutrophils and macrophages. These responses are considered - . The third line of defense includes - responses such as the generation of antibodies and differentiation of - into mature B cells and T cells.

external innate phagocytes nonspecific specific lymphocytes

Cytokines are the main chemicals involved in the inflammatory response that causes blood vessel dilation.

f

The endocrine, immune, and nervous systems are discrete systems that act independently of each other.

f

Through meditation and breathing techniques, humans are able to affect their hormone levels, but not their immune response.

f

White blood cells are mainly involved in phagocytosis in the innate immune response.

f

Match the following terms or phrases with the lines of defense in the human immune system. Note: Some of the labels may be used more than once.

first line of defense--------- skin, salivary enzymes, antipathogenic Second line of defense-------- first identifies self versus nonself, inflammation, phagocytes, antipathogenic Third line of defense---------- antibodies, specific response, antipathogenic

Indicate whether the following responses are a first, second, or third line of immune defense.

first- skin, chemical secretions from the sweat and sebum second- inflammation third- memory B cells

These cells can be organized into discrete organs called endocrine - . The endocrine system is made up of organs such as the pancreas, testes, and - . Alternatively, some of these cells can be embedded as single cells or clusters within other organs. For example, in the - most cells help filter blood, but a few of the cells here produce hormones that stimulate red blood cell production.

glands adrenal glands kidney

Wim Hof, also known as the "Iceman," used breathing and meditation techniques to train himself to withstand freezing temperatures. He also claimed to be able to consciously modulate his autonomic nervous system and immune system. If Hof's claims were true and you examined him as he performed these techniques, what would you find in Hof compared to others who had not trained themselves?

higher blood glucose fewer cytokine receptors activated more active adrenal glands

Put the following hormonal signal amplification events in order.

hormone binds to receptor gene expression changes gene transcribed to hundreds of mRNA molecules mRNA molecules translated to thousands of proteins

Which is the primary region of the brain involved in coordination of the endocrine system?

hypothalamus

Order the following from most to least inclusive.

immune system, adaptive immune resonse, primary immune respons, antibody- mediated immunity

Inflammation is part of the - immune system, and it occurs after cellular - is detected.

innate damage

Match each term to its definition.

innate def- This is a nonspecific response to a pathogen. primary def- Immune memory cells are created after exposure to pathogen. secondary def-Immune cells recognize a specific pathogen and mount a quick response.

Match the following cells with the type of immunity to which they contribute. Note: One of the labels has more than one match.

innate immune system:------- white blood cells macrophages neutrophils adaptive immune system:---------- white blood cells T cells B cells

Both in animal models and some human trials, supplementation with probiotics such as Lactobacillus spp. has been linked with decreased cortisol levels in response to stress. These microorganisms are likely influencing hormones primarily through interaction with which part of the endocrine system?

intestine

If Wim Hof (the "Iceman" discussed in the textbook) received a flesh wound while meditating in an ice bath, which of the following would describe his immune response compared to that of a human under normal conditions?

less phagocytosis of pathogens higher chance of infection

When a pathogen infects a host, that pathogen must overcome the following defenses in what order (from the first defense encountered to the last)?

mucus and cilia, which work to expel the invader from the host's throat macrophages, which attempt to engulf the invader B and T cells, which produce antigen recognizing proteins

In this image, Wim Hof's volunteers are practicing breathing and mediation exercises. Which of the following body systems are impacted in these volunteers?

nervous immune, . endocrine, respiratory, . integumentary, circulatory

In which of the following scenarios is it possible for a person to have a rapid secondary immune response to an illness despite contracting the particular illness for the first time?

passive immunity vaccination

Folic acid deficiency can sometimes lead to nosebleeds or bleeding gums. These symptoms would likely indicate that which of the following is in low concentration in the bloodstream?

platelets

What is the term for the sticky cell fragments responsible for the initiation of clotting?

platelets

Caffeine mimics a chemical in the body called adenosine, which can bind to the adrenal glands and initiate the release of adrenaline (epinephrine). The release of adrenaline may lead to which of the following?

release of glucose into the bloodstream increased blood flow

Hormones participate in which of the following?

signaling communication behavior gene regulation reproduction

When your doctor checks your lymph nodes, she is probably checking for signs of which of the following?

swelling infection accumulation of lymphocytes

What are the main signs that an inflammation response is occurring?

swelling pain redness heat

The cells shown here are white blood cells that are mainly involved in phagocytosis in the innate immune response.

t

When a person is vaccinated, he is exposed to an antigen or attenuated pathogen. The primary goal of the vaccination is to stimulate which part of the immune system?

the primary immune response the third line of defense active immunity

If faulty cells were present at the site of tissue damage such that they released histamines but not cytokines, which of the following would still happen?

wound healing dilation of blood vessels tissue swelling