inQUIZitive chapter 10; the jacksonian era 1828-1840

President Jackson strongly supported the 1828 "Tariff of Abominations" during the nullification crisis because he believed that one role the federal government should play was the development of a manufacturing industry in the nation.

False

President Andrew Jackson universally applied his views on the supremacy of federal laws over state laws, and used force to coerce state compliance with federal laws.

False

The Democratic convention of 1832, which met in Baltimore, first adopted the ...... rule for the nomination, later switching it to a simple majority. They named ........ as Jackson's running mate. Unlike the other two parties, the ...... adopted no formal platform and relied heavily on the ........ of the president to carry their cause.

2/3 rule Martin Van Buren Democrats popularity

Identify the impacts to the economy of Nicholas Biddle's demand that the Bank of the United States stop making loans and that state banks switch to gold or silver currency.

Biddle was trying to reveal the importance of maintaining the national bank. Biddle was trying to bring the economy to a halt and create a depression.

In the election of 1836, the Whig coalition embraced a unified strategy by backing a strong and popular southern candidate.

False

Jackson proposed to reform the process of selecting presidential candidates by holding town hall meetings that had no affiliation to a political party.

False

The American Dream—the belief that young men, if they worked hard in the United States, could rise from rags to riches—was a common notion even in the early years of the republic. During Andrew Jackson's presidency, the fulfillment of the American Dream transitioned from a myth to a more common occurrence due to the increasing opportunities afforded by industrialization.

False

During his farewell address, Andrew Jackson said that he had worked on behalf of "the farmer, the mechanic, and the laboring classes of society—the bone and sinew of the country—men who love liberty and desire nothing but equal rights and equal laws." Identify Jackson's positions that support this claim.

He advocated for equality of opportunity so that the "common man" could achieve if he worked hard and had talent He advocated for the political equality of "common" men to vote and hold office

Describe why Jackson attempted to reform the process of selecting presidential candidates

He disagreed with the process whereby congressmen and senators of the party had full authority over who was chosen as the nominee. He believed that the current process had led to the "corrupt bargain" between Clay and Adams.

Why did John Quincy Adams think that disbanding the "Masonic institution" was the most important issue facing "us and our posterity"?

He suspected the organization of the masonic order was intent to undermine the democracy

Andrew Jackson had a particular regard for the "common man" during his presidency, a perspective that was nurtured by the manner in which he was raised. Identify the ways that Jackson's upbringing differed from those of his presidential predecessors.

He was raised by a widowed mother, who worked as a house keeper. He did not come from a prominent colonial family.

How did the Whig party emerge, and what specific issues did it support and denounce?

It grew out of the National Republican party and united under a common hostility to Jackson's authoritarian style. It supported high tariffs. It advocated federal support for internal improvements.

Identify how the "spoils system" demonstrated Andrew Jackson's beliefs regarding the "common man."

It resulted in the dislodging of many member of the politically elite because Jackson replaced federal officeholders with "common man" friends and supports, not career bureaucrats.

During the conflict between nationalists and states' rights advocates, the idea of nullification developed. What was the central principle of nullification?

It was a position that since states voted to create the union, they had the right to deem a law unconstitutional and veto it.

During the Peggy Eaton social scandal, Andrew Jackson said that Vice President Calhoun was "one of the most dangerous men living—a man devoid of principle," who "would sacrifice his friend, his country, and forsake his god for selfish personal ambition." What does this quotation reveal about the impact of the Peggy Eaton affair on Andrew Jackson's administration?

Jackson blamed calhoun for the target abuse of peggy eaton and turned to his close friends over calhoun for future political advice

Andrew Jackson's tenure as president was marked by controversy. Identify some of the contradictions that contributed to Jackson's mixed legacy.

Jackson championed American settlers who wanted land in the South and Southwest, but at the price of an Indian Removal Policy, which led to the deaths of thousands of Native Americans and was in violation of treaties upheld by the Supreme Court. Jackson paid off the national debt, but he maintained the tariffs that caused the nullification crisis and increased tension between the South and North. Jackson's decision to abolish the national bank initially enabled more banks to lend money, but it ultimately led to a prolonged period of financial hardship across the nation. As president, Jackson oversaw a flourishing period of industrialization and wanted to elevate the "laboring classes," but economic inequality only increased during his presidency. Jackson wanted to limit the role of the federal government, but as the only official elected by all "the people," he justified his expansion of presidential power. During his presidency, Jackson opposed the "eastern elite" and its "tyranny of wealth and power," while routinely engaging in self-serving behavior and instituting the "spoils" system.

Identify the ways that President Jackson handled challenges to federal authority posed by states that wanted to assert power over neighboring Native American tribes.

Jackson refused to enforce Supreme Court decisions that supported Cherokee land claims. Claiming he had no constitutional authority, he refused to interfere on behalf of the Cherokee nation in their dealings with the state of Georgia.

President Andrew Jackson insisted, "Our Union—It must be preserved!" What actions did Jackson take to maintain the Union when a South Carolina state convention adopted the Ordinance of Nullification?

Jackson stressed that nullification "means insurrection and war; and other states have a right to put it down," to defend the unity of the Union. When speaking privately, Jackson threatened to hang Calhoun, Hayne, and other South Carolina advocates of nullification. Jackson sent federal soldiers and a warship to Charleston to defend the sanctity of the Union and to show that state nullification would not be tolerated.

The ...... did not occur until Jackson was out of the White House. His successor, ...... received the blame for an economic crisis that lasted for several ....... The economy was impacted by a depression in ......., America's largest trading partner. Americans were forced to borrow from ....... banks, but could not get enough to stave off a financial panic and deepening........

Panic of 1837 Martin van Buren years Great Britain European depression

Put in chronological order the events that formed Andrew Jackson's legacy regarding the status of Native Americans

President Jackson was elected Indian removal act was passed Cherokee nation V. Georgia ruled that the Cherokees had an "unquestionable right" to their land The Black Hawk War erupted The Cherokee National signed a treaty with the US government to try and and keep control of some land

Put in chronological order the following events during Andrew Jackson's presidency

South Carolina adopts the tariff of 1828 John Calhoun secretly the pamphlet South Caroline Exposition and protest The Webster-Hayne debate takes places in congress South Carolina adopts an Ordaniance of Nullification. President Jackson request and receives a "force bill" from congress to force south Carolina to adhere to federal law

Identify some of the tensions that resulted in South Carolina's rejection of federal authority during President Jackson's administration

South Carolina's John C. Calhoun and President Jackson were divided by an intensely personal political rivalry. Congress passed the Tariff of 1828 that many South Carolinians believed would protect domestic textile manufacturers at the expense of the interest of cotton planters. Severe economic strain after the collapse of cotton prices in the 1820s disproportionately affected southern states.

During President Andrew Jackson's administration, tensions between ..... increased over the issue of ....... At the same time, the country underwent a period of rapid ........ , an economic boom, and a dramatic ..... increase. In addition, technological innovations in transportation, such as the ....... helped spur........and create a national market economy.

The North and South slavery industrialization population railroad western expansion

What was the purpose of the Distribution Act, and how did it affect the financial situation of state banks?

The act sought to distribute money from federal land sales to the states in proportion to their representation in Congress. The act resulted in the withdrawal of federal funds from state banks. The act resulted in state banks requiring many borrowers to immediately repay their loans.

How did Henry Clay's compromise temporarily lessen tensions among President Jackson, his nationalist allies, and sectionalist state and federal legislators from South Carolina?

The federal tariff that was economically harmful to South Carolina's agricultural economy was gradually reduced, but not eliminated. President Jackson claimed victory by reaffirming the supremacy of federal authority when South Carolina nullifiers backed down. South Carolina officials who advocated and supported nullification were able to claim victory because of the reduction of the tariff without bloodshed.

The Indian Removal Act had many Native American and white critics. What was the central reason that these critics did not want the Indian Removal Act to pass?

They argued that if the Indian removal act was passed, it would leave a scar on US history.

What differentiated the Five Civilized Tribes from other Native American tribes that encountered Europeans?

They developed infrastructure and industries similar to white societies, creating roads, schools, churches, and newspapers. They abandoned traditional lifestyles based on hunting in favor of communities centered on farming and trading. They frequently converted to Christianity, commonly intermarried with whites, and adopted their way of dress.

During his campaign, Andrew Jackson promised to protect "the poor and humble" from the "tyranny of wealth and power." To prove this, he opened his inauguration party to everyone. Analyze satirist Robert Cruikshank's painting below of this event.

They disapproved of his election

In response to the Panic of 1837, congress passed the Independent Treasury Act to establish an independent treasury system.

True

The Anti-Masonic party—the first third party—was the first to stage a national convention and the first to publicize a set of policy goals.

True

Analyze "Uncle Sam's Pet Pups!" and identify the significance of the different elements depicted in the woodcut.

Uncle Sam - represents the United States economy hard cider barrels - refers to the symbols that the Whig party used to depict General Harrison as a "simple" man Mother bank hiding - represents General Harrison's commitment to protecting the Bank of the United States two "pups" - represent Martin Van Buren and Andrew Jackson trying to attack, or shut down, the Bank of United States

The ........ debate illuminated both sides of the nationalist vs. sectionalist debate in ...... and among the American public. ........ argued in favor of ...... by asserting that the states created the Union and therefore had the right to veto ...... ........ defended the Union and spoke about the negative repercussions on the Union's stability if a state could selectively ....... a federal law.

Webster-Hayne debate Congress Senator Robert Y. Hayne states' rights federal laws Senator Daniel Webster nullify

While using his ....... authority to ...... the role of the federal government, Andrew Jackson delivered additional blows to John C. Calhoun and ....... In 1830, President Jackson ...... a bill passed by Congress that was supported by the Vice President and the Secretary of State that authorized the use of ...... funds to build a ..... from Maysville, Kentucky, to Lexington, Kentucky, Clay's......

executive limit Henry Clay vetoed federal road hometown.

Identify the actions Andrew Jackson took during his presidency that demonstrate his view that he was a representative of the "people."

instituted nominating conventions, so more people would be able to influence candidate selection, not just an elite caucus vetoed the Bank Recharter Bill because he believed that the Second Bank of the United States only made "the rich richer" filled government offices with his own friends and supporters, not career bureaucrats

Match the following Supreme Court decisions and events to their corresponding impacts and results.

trail of tears - Members of the Cherokee Nation who lived in parts of Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, and North Carolina were forced to march 800 miles westward to relocate west of the Mississippi River. Thousands of them died during the march. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia - The Marshall Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was a "domestic dependent nation" that had "an unquestionable right" to their land "until title should be extinguished by voluntary cession to the United States Worcester v. Georgia (1832 - The Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was "a distinct political community" and that Georgia law did not govern the Cherokee Nation. Indian removal act - This piece of legislation authorized the president to ignore existing treaties with Native Americans. It also resulted in the relocation of tens of thousands of Native Americans westward across the Mississippi River.

The second ...... system developed during the Jackson administration, and Jackson was the first president from the modern ...... party. Jackson's immediate successor was the Democrat Martin Van Buren, but ..... party acquired the presidency.

two party democratic the economic depression whig

President Andrew Jackson oversaw the development of the second ...... in the United States and was the first president from the modern .......... His view of presidential ...... derived from more ...... political participation by the people and extended to the political ....... that nominate presidential candidates today. The now-routine practice of awarding political positions to supporters was initiated by Jackson's ......... Most significant, however, was Jackson's push for equal opportunity and extension of the ...... to the "common man," which ushered in a new political era

two-party system Democratic party power direct conventions spoils system vote