INST362, INST362: Midterm, INST362, INST362 midterm woowowo, 362 Midterm One - Slides From Days 2-5, INST 362 Midterm Slides from days 6-12

What is User-Centered Design?

- A process that centers design around user needs, abilities, environment and tasks - The user is involved at each stage of the process

Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)

- Multidisciplinary area that draws on computer science, psychology, sociology, anthropology, and industrial design - Interested in the place where human and technologies meet

UX (User Experience)

- Refers to most things that have to do with designing for a high-quality user experience - Broad usage: the UX field, UX work, UX practitioners, UX team, UX role, UX design, or UX design process

phenomenological aspects of interaction

- cumulative effects of *emotional* impact over the long term - where usage of technology takes on a presence in our lifestyle and is used to make meaning in our lives

UX lifecycle process

- design - prototype - evaluate - analyze

Which term refers to a big picture diagram of a work domain?

Flow model

Doing the ordinary things in extraordinary ways

Fundamental Mindsets

Divergence

Gather all information you can about the situation. ; Brainstorm anything. Nothing is off limits. Ask "What if" not "How could"

When creating an interview guide for contextual inquiry, which types of questions should you start with up front?

General, open ended questions

What is the Experience in User Experience (UX)?

Historical focus: - Making usage easy for everyone - Making everyone productive in usage Now also includes: - Usefulness - Pleasure and emotional satisfaction

Recruiting

- determining the target audience - finding representative members of that audience - convincing them to participate in your research

.Which of the following is a helpful point in creating Work Activity Diagrams? Quote full questions and responses from the interview in your Work Activity notes Make each note as long as you need it to be. Filter out the noise and fluff in order to be succinct Have everyone participate in creating the work activity notes, regardless if they haven't been involved in the interviews or observations.

Filter out the noise and fluff in order to be succinct

Domain complex systems

High technical content Elaborate workflow & inter-role communication Need to avoid risk

Emphatize

Develop a deep understanding of the challeneg

In Don Norman's Design of everyday things, he discusses how Discoverability results from appropriate application of five fundamental psychological concepts. Name one of the fundamental psychological concepts and give an example of what it does.

Discoverability Affordances Signifiers Constraints Mappings Feedback Conceptual model

Define discoverability:

Discoverability is whether people can figure out what actions are possible and whether and how to perform them

Test

Engage in a continuous short-cycle innovation process to continually improve your design

Testing is what phase

Evaluating

Iterative Cycle of Human-Centered Design

Observation + Interviews - why? - where? - design research vs. market research Idea generation - generate numerous ideas - be creative without regards for constraints - question everything Prototyping - why? - 'fidelity' of prototype Testing - who? - iterate between testing

Signifier

A feature (e.g., a mark, sound) that communicates where the action should take place

Explain how an affinity diagram is different from a flow model?

A flow model diagram, represents the movement of work amongst your identified user classes grouped by specific work roles assigned to these users. An affinity diagram is a diagram that organizes activity notes into similar themes with the purpose of finding common work users.

_______ is used to sort and organize work activity notes, pulling together similar and common themes to highlight common work patterns and shared strategies

A work activity affinity diagram

WCAG requires:

All graphics have ALT text describing the image Tables and forms be marked up with appropriate labels (e.g., first name, street address) A web page not have flashing that could trigger seizures All content on a page can be accessible through keyboard access All videos have closed captioning

Work Activity Affinity Diagram

An affinity diagram used to sort and organize work activity notes, pulling together similar and common themes to highlight common work patterns & shared strategies

Right now we are in the "observation" stage in the UX Life Cycle Template. What is another term for this stage and how does it help the UX Life Cycle?

Analyze. Helps improve work practice through constructing or improving system designs via interviews and observations

What do analysis and design have in common and what are their differences?

Both analysis and design are a part of User needs and Requirements. Analysis involves understanding user work and needs. While design involves creating interaction design concepts

Ideate

Brainstorm potential solutions, select and develop your solution

Define

Clearly articulate the problem you want to solve

An early system or product UX lifecycle activity to gather detailed descriptions of customer or user work practice for the purpose of understanding work activities and underlying rationale

Contextual inquiry

work practice

Customary performance of a job Learned skills, decision making, physical action, & social interaction

Prototype

Design a prototype to test all or part of your solution

Another term for contextual analysis

Data interpretation (Work activity notes) (WAAD, flow model)

Idea generation is what phase

Design

Product Perspective

Less formal approach Narrower, simpler context Shadow single user for longer time

ambient intelligence

Manufactured objects of daily life fitted with microprocessors and interconnections that extend their possibilities, render them more autonomous and "smart," and thus contribute to constructing an intelligent environment. In these embedded systems, of course, the computer only seems to disappear.

What are the strengths and limitations for Interviews and Observations in contextual inquiry?

Observations allow us to examine knowledge a potential user has of the world but using observations alone allow you to miss important points. Interviews allow us to examine the knowledge a potential user has in their head but it itself is not enough to uncover unmet needs.

Which of the following is a characteristic of a user class? Telephone Cybersecurity Special Needs and Knowledge Flow Model

Special Needs and Knowledge

The Double Diamond Model of Design

Start with an idea, and through the initial design research, expand the thinking to explore the fundamental issues. Only then is it time to converge upon the real, underlying problem. Similarly, use design research tools to explore a wide variety of solutions before converging upon one.

Convergence

Structure data gathered, keep relevant information. ; Figure out what works, prototype, redesign and refine your product.

Mapping

The relationship between the controls, actions, and results

Affordance

The relationship between the properties of a design and the capabilities of the person (or being) interacting with it that determines how a design can be used.

The entire context of work and work practice in the target enterprise or other target usage environment is called

The work domain

Conceptual model

This is related about how people build ideas and concepts inside their minds.

When creating a flow diagram, what should we include outside the system?

Those who can have an impact on the system but not directly processing

Which of the following is a description of the relevant characteristics of the user population who can take on a particular role?

User class

User-Centered Design Process

User-Centered Life Cycle: - Contextual inquiry and analysis - Requirement extraction and design-informing models - Conceptual and detailed design - Iterative prototyping and evaluation

WCAG

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines

Define understanding:

Whether people can figure out what the controls and settings do and how the product is supposed to be used

Which of the following is used to document a single point about a single concept, topic, or issue synthesized from raw contextual data?

Work activity note

Observing users helps us get at knowledge in the _____; Interviewing users helps us access knowledge in the ____

World; Head

Conceptual Models

an explanation, usually highly simplified, of how something works Doesn't have to be complete or even accurate as long as it is useful

2. Which of the following isn't a contextual analysis model? a) User Class and Work Roles b) Flow Model c) WAAD Diagram d) Work Domain

d) Work Domain

Another term for contextual inquiry

data collection (Raw contextual inquiry work activity data)

Contextual inquiry and analysis do not produce

direct requirements

Content & services must be designed to be

flexible so that it can be presented in many different formats

Prototyping is what phase

implement

Contextual inquiry is an ____ process

is an empirical process to elicit and gather user work

Contextual analysis is an _____ process

is an inductive (bottom-up) process to organize, consolidate, and interpret the user work activity data

Work Roles

job title or work assignment that represents a set of work responsibilities.

mutual effect implies

that interaction must be considered within a context or environment shared between system and user.

observations explain

what they do

interviews explain

what they say

wearable computers

when these devices can be strapped on one's wrist or in some way attached to a person's clothing, for example, embedded in a shoe, they are called

usefulness- system functionality

- gives user ability to use system or product to accomplish goals

You have learned what a flow model is, describe what insights a flow model provides to a designer and the components required are to build a representative model? Give your own example of a flow diagram.

A flow model diagram, represents the movement of work amongst your identified user classes grouped by specific work roles assigned to these users. It defines how user class and work roles workflow using system components. Components include: Establish a scenario or problem you are trying to solve,Identify User Class, Define work roles, System components.

Observation is what phase

Analsyzing

UX lifecycle template

Analyze Design Implement Evaluate

User Experience

the overall experience of a person using a product such as a website or computer application, especially in terms of how easy or pleasing it is to use

What is the Interaction in Human-Computer Interaction?

- Seeing, touching, and thinking about system or product - Perceptions and anticipation before interaction - Entire experience during interaction - Savoring memory after interaction - Depends on our unique history and context

what do you take notes about in observations?

- general setting - get task data (one of most important kinds of contextual data; notice triggers for tasks and steps) - learn about your users' task barriers - comparisons - how different users act, what happens on different days of observation

Interviewing tips

- get comfortable with participants - stay neutral and keep an open mind (as much as possible!) - focus on experience, not extrapolation- and stay in the present! - open ended questions - record interviews (get permission)

emotional impact- affective component

- has to do with feelings can include: - pleasure, fun, joy of use, aesthetics, desirability - engagement, novelty, originality, 'coolness' factor - appeal, self-expression, self-identity, pride of ownership - elegance, trustworthiness, a feeling of contribution to world

work practice

- how people do their work - pattern of established reactions, approaches, routines, conventions and procedures typically followed to perform work - involves learned skills, decision making, and physical actions - can be based on tradition and habituated actions

usability- pragmatic component

- learnability - discoverability - understanding - ease of use - retainability - not just about looking pretty or streamlined

system concept statement

- mission statement for the project - explains the system to outsiders and helps set focus and scope for system development for team - what is in a system concept statement? (contains high-level statement about target system, identifies client, describes expected users, describes what users will do with system, describes why system is useful)

data collection

- notes (copious, detailed notes) - images (of people doing work, or artifacts) - videos (if suitable) - audio recordings (if suitable)

how do you take notes in observations?

- paper and pen or laptop, depending on appropriateness - capture details as they occur (do not wait and try to remember later, follow leads, collect 'cues', be ready to adapt , modify, explore and branch out) - accompany with video and audio recordings if appropriate

functionality- phenomenological aspects of interaction

- power to do task or activity outside of the user-interface (ex: computational features and capabilities) - what about a function that nobody is able to figure out how to use (to users, the interaction experience is the system)

how do we do a contextual inquiry?

- prepare and conduct field visits to work environment (where the system will be used)- this may require or be easier with buy-in and permission from client - observe and interview users while they work - learn about how people do the work your system will be designed to support

work activity

- sensory, cognitive, and physical actions made by users in the course of carrying out work practice

contextual inquiry

- sometimes called 'user research' - early lifecycle activity - performed in order to collect data about work domain and user's work activities - emphasizes importance of understanding user's work in context - essential to understand existing systems in order design new systems

domain complex systems

- systems with high degree of intricacy and technical content - complicated workflows with multiple dependencies and communication channels

work domain

- the entire context of work in the target usage environment

work

- what people do to accomplish their goals - set of activities that people undertake to accomplish goals - sometimes involves usage of systems - includes 'play' and other goals

product design context

- work activities centered on a single user - much narrower and simpler than in an entire organization - shadowing a single user may be best approach