INSY 3020 Test #1 2019

mechanical human-machine system

(semiautomatic) power provided by machine, but controlled my the human

What has happened involving HF during the 2010s?

"new" looks at "old" technologies (cars, phones, TVs)

what is vibration syndrome also known as

"white finger"

goals of workstation/place/area design

-optimize use of energy and thus maximize productivity -avoid musculoskeletal problems -enhance safety -enhance comfort key issue = adjustability

major principles of fitting the work to the worker

1. know your user population (anthropometry) 2. visual ergonomics impacts physical ergonomics (eye strain) 3. neutral postures and relaxed muscles (awkward posture) 4. static vs. dynamic postures- Micro-breaks (movement is your friend) 5. all ergonomics are local (ergonomics is personal, user preferences are important)

How many principle body systems are there?

11

how much of the us working population has suffered one or more MSD

15

What percentage of the body's metabolism do the muscles use?

50%

How should machines be to fit to the largest percentage of consumers?

5th percentile with light clothes and the 95th percentile with heavy clothes

Where should heart rate be at rest?

65-85 BPM

What percentage of the weight does the back support when standing upright

70-80%

When standing straight how much does the human back support

70-80% of body weight

type of ergo injury that includes repetitive motion injuries and overuse syndrome

Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs)

What are the 3 types of ergonomic injuries?

Cumulative Trauma Disorders, acute/traumatic injuries, and HF incidents

Principles of work design

-determine work surface height by elbow height -adjust the work surface height based on the task being performed -provide a comfortable chair for the seated operator -provide adjustability in the seat......etc

inputs needed for DUET

-force estimates for each task - number of repetitions for each task -estimate of cumulative damage for each task -cumulative damage for each task summed for "daily dose"

MMH task risk factors

-weight of load -location -frequency -stability -coupling

inputs needed for LiFFT task anaylsis

-weight of the load -peak horizontal from hip to center of load during the lift -number of repetitions for this task per day

What should a person's max heart rate be?

220-(age) BPM

What are the 4 types of modeling biomechanics?

2D static 3D static dynamic (2D, limited 3D) special purpose (lower back, wrist, hand)

Give an example from South Ogden, Utah of human reliability/ingenuity.

3 pilots used coffee, soda, and the contents of their bladders to land after their hydraulic fluid leaked out

How many muscles are in the body?

400

What percentage of TBW do muscles make up?

50%

Example uses of Work Physiology

Can the job be safely accomplished by people? ... for the required duration using prescribed tools and methods? Which methods are easiest (i.e., takes less energy)?Can a specific individual perform a job safely? How should jobs be ranked (for compensation & fatigue avoidance/work-rest cycle purposes)?

Who were the "founders" of IE?

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth

"The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself." Who said this and where?

George Bernard Shaw in "Man and Superman"

what accounts for nearly 1/3rd of lost time injuries

MSD

What is an example of standardization?

QWERTY keyboard

what is fatigue failure

a process of progressive structural damage that occurs when a material is subjected to cyclic loading

Phototropism

a tendency to turn toward bright lights

What was suggested as a "good" definition for safety?

elimination of all hazards

T/F: When you exert a force, there is an equal and opposite force acting on only your external structure.

false, force is acted on your internal and external structures

T/F: Anthropometry only includes measurements of height, weight, and lengths of body parts.

false, it includes arm reach and other measurements

What's an example of modality compatibility?

fire alarm (audible and visible alarm)

What are the 5 impacting factors of anthropometry?

gender ethnic origin age generation/time obesity

The endocrine system controls hormones that regulate activities such as?

growth development reproduction metabolism fluid balance blood homeostasis coping with stress

manual human-machine system

hand tools and other aids where the human is the power source

mismatches result in

injury

What is the first goal of work physiology?

insure the worker can perform tasks efficiently and safely within the environment

11 principle body systems

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, lymphatic, nervous, endocrine, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

What's an example of movement compatibility?

joy stick (up goes up, down goes down)

What happens when a product appears less dangerous than it actually is?

less likely to read warning labels

What happened involving HF during the 80s-90s?

more growth, computers, disasters, litigation

Does anyone "own" safety?

no

How are weights and heights distributed over the entire human population?

normal distribution

What's homeostasis?

normalize, stay the same

Where should heart rate be to maintain moderately heavy work?

not consistently above 120-150 BPM

What do cognitive risk factors result in?

not disabling injuries, but can result in total system loss

what are some examples of administrative controls

reduce task frequency; rotate workers; alternate hands; have gradual break-in periods; train workers

HF physical design errors

result in confusing and difficult to understand systems (lack of feedback, poor visibility, poor mapping)

Which is the most efficient lever? Why?

second, fulcrum at the bottom

Types of Muscle tissue

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

this part of the body is the most injured, accounting for 36% of MSD cases

the trunk

T/F females have a significantly higher MSD rate?

true

What is the best comparison to a second class lever?

wheelbarrow

what does engineering controls focus on?

work environment such as tools and equipment

What are used to achieve efficiency and safety goals when work includes moderate to heavy components?

work-rest cycles

type of ergo injury resulting from poor human/machine environment ("oops wrong button")

HF incidents aka system failures

What 3 areas are covered in this course?

Industrial Ergo, HF Engineering, Occupational Safety

What were some of the HF disasters of the 80s and 90s?

TMI, Bhopal, Chernobyl, Challenger/Columbia, Elections

cotton twisters hand

VDT disease

human-machine systems (Sanders and McCormick)

a combination of one or more human beings and one or more physical components interacting to bring about, from given inputs, some desired output

what are the three things needed for each task when estimating risk with FF

a measure of force (stress, force, moment) for the task; number of cycles for that task; an S-N curve for the material in question

What happens when the "cost of compliance" is high?

ability to heed warnings decreases

What is the secondary goal of work physiology?

accurately measure and evaluate the amount of energy needed to perform the job

type of ergo injury that deals with sudden injuries such as slips, falls, or tool slippage

acute strains, sprains, and pulls and traumatic injuries

What is the target population for work physiology?

all people

anthropometric data (includes more than just length and weight)

anatomical limits of movement, limits of reach, static body dimensions, static force capabilities, endurance capabilities

study of human body measurements especially on a comparative basis

anthropometry (Merriam Webster's)

part of anthropology having to do with measurements of the human body to determine different races and individuals

anthropometry (Webster's)

the measurement of the sizes and proportions of the human body

anthropometry (dictionary.com)

biomechanics

application of mechanical principles in the study of living organisms

What 3 things does biomechanics combine?

biology anatomy mechanics

What is the ultimate goal of ergo/HF?

build better products and systems

how can you increase your back suport by 6 times

by bending at the waist

how is engineering control achieved

by redesigning tools, workstations, and jobs

thoracic outlet syndrome

caused by compression of nerves and blood vessels between neck and shoulder

What are the two general types of fatigue?

central (nerves) and peripheral (muscles)

What are the two ways of classifying systems?

closed/open loop and parallel/series

What are the 2 functions of the nervous system?

communication network controls functions to maintain homeostasis

system (from Sanders and McCormick)

composed of humans, machines, and other things that work together (interact) to accomplish some goal which these same components could not produce independently

What kinds of problems does poor communication (labels, signage, instructions) lead to?

confusion delays errors, scrap, wasted product, spills injuries dissatisfied employees and customers

What is safety?

control of hazards to an acceptable level

What are some examples of contact stresses?

corners, edges, handles

model for self-healing biological tissue

damage - healing

What are the 5 general effects of aging?

decline starts age 30 progressive loss of muscle mass lost muscle tissue replaced by fat decrease on maximal strength diminishing of muscles reflexes

telegraphists cramp

degenerative joint diseases

How should work be designed to avoid fatigue?

design work for light to moderate energy expenditure

What do physical ergo risk factors result in?

disabling injuries, but generally not death or total system loss

Uses of anthropometric data

dynamic dimensions are a function of the interaction of body parts, we need more static than dynamic, limited methods for converting static to dynamic

What happened involving HF during the 2000s?

emphasis on usability and marketing products

What 3 ways do we use work physiology?

enhance efficiency avoid fatigue ensure safety

system

entity that exists to carry out some purpose

What is the basic distinction between human factors and ergo?

ergo focuses on the physical/mechanical, while HF focuses on the cognitive/mental

Of "human factors engineering" and "ergonomics," which is the European term from the time when they were considered synonyms?

ergonomics

focuses on the physical and mechanical

ergonomics

multidisciplinary activity that brings together info on people's mental and physical capacities and applies that info in designing jobs, processes, products, workplaces, and equipment

ergonomics

focuses on human beings and their interaction with products, equipment, facilities, procedures, and environments used in work and everyday living

ergonomics and human factors engineering

two ways to prevent CTDS

establish ergonomics program and institute controls

T/F previous ergonomics have been based on fatigue failure theory

false

T/F: HF is just common sense.

false

T/F: HF is mainly applying checklists and guidelines.

false

T/F: Military anthropometry can be used to represent civilian data because it is more available.

false

T/F: There is no overlap between physical and cognitive factors.

false

What is the difference between a feature and a procedure?

feature is set in place (airbags), while a procedure is something you have to do (seatbelt)

What is the advantage of third class levers?

flexibility

what are some factors for physical risk-CTDS

force, repetition, non-neutral work postures, vibration exposure

Give an example of a first class lever on your body.

head bending at the waist

What is used to evaluate energy usage?

heart rate (and less commonly oxygen uptake)

What are some examples of environmental risk factors?

heat, cold, vibration, stress (mental and emotional), contact stresses

10 risk contributors to neurovascular diseases?

high frequency (repetition) of the task; high forcefulness of exertion; awkward postures; duration of the task; mechanical pressure; vibration; exposure to cold; lack of rest; obesity; psychosocial factors (job insecurity)

What is the body's inherent response to stress?

homeostasis

focuses on the cognitive concerns, such as control/display relationships

human factors

What are the 4 parts of the urinary system?

kidneys ureters bladder urethra

Give an example of a third class lever on your body.

lifting a ball with your arm (bisep)

What 4 things does peripheral fatigue entail?

loss of action potential impairment of transmission accumulation of lactic acid oxygen debt in skeletal muscle

What 4 things does central fatigue entail?

loss of motivation and personal effort neuromuscular "recruitment" is minimized decrease in voluntary motor drive (lose output) psychosocial issues

Which is more reliable: machines or humans?

machines

What are the 3 types of human-machine systems?

manual, mechanical, automated

What are the 4 ways of collecting anthropometric data?

mechanically (tapes, scales, calipers) photographically mock-up simulation computerized/automated methods

efficiency

monitoring energy expenditure and avoiding excess fatigue

What is expected to happen involving HF during the 2020s?

more advances with augmented reality and autonomous systems

What are the 3 types of natural mapping (compatibilities)?

movement, spatial, modality

What are the functions of the muscular system?

movement/posture circulation blood pressure food movement heat production breathing expelling of waste products

What 4 body systems are most relevant to work physiology?

muscular cardiovascular respiratory nervous

what kind of disorders include nerves and adjacent blood vessels

neurovascular disorders

what type of employees have higher injury rates than veterans

newer employees

When designing things, should you use yourself as a model?

no

Are ergo and human factors only concerned with humans interacting with their work environment?

no, work and everyday living

What kind of environment is used for work physiology?

not optimal and not controlled (with noise heat, vibrations, and stress)

In regards to energy expenditure, what is safety?

not pushing people beyond their physical limitations

What were the lessons learned about HF from WWII?

organizations, space race, and laboratories

stitchers wrist

osteoarthroses

carpenters elbow

overuse injuries

What are the 4 ways to measure heart rate?

palpation electronics light sound

What is the key concept of anthropometry?

percentiles (95th, means taller than 95% of population)

Give some examples of personal characteristics.

physical condition height/weight/size(anthropometry age gender diet non-work activities (hobbies/recreation) medical history (illnesses, disabilities) medications, drug use new and inexperiences employee high personal stress level

Give an example from WWII of human reliability/ingenuity.

pilots urinated into their planes hydraulic reservoir

A sand-colored shovel is an example of

poor visibility and failure to consider operational environment

examples of engineering control?

position the work and worker to eliminate awkward postures; make workstations and seats adjustable; angling or titling; use fixtures; parts within easy reach

Give an example of a second class lever on your body.

pressure on the ball of your foot

What interactions with human beings do ergo and human factors focus on?

products, equipment, facilities, procedures, environments

What is the most important priority of ergo/HF?

protect user health/sanity

Name some ergo/HF priorities

protect user health/sanity improve productivity, quality, and satisfaction avoid unnecessary costs, delays, and hassles reduce waste and scrap sell more products build better products and systems

What are the 2 functions of the urinary system?

purification of blood and maintains fluid, electrolyte and pH balance and removes toxins

What happened involving HF during the 60s-80s?

rapid growth, expansion beyond military and space

What are the 2 ways the nervous system is a communication network?

receives info and interprets formulates responses to send to organs

HF procedural design errors

result in non-optimal performance (poor communication, lack of enforcement, high cost of compliance)

automated human-machine system

robots, programmed controlled machinery, where human interaction is required to install, program, reprogram, maintain, alter, and adjust

Give an example of a failure in HF visibility.

sand-colored shovel

What are computerized/automated methods of measurements now being used for?

security

What is the best comparison to a first class lever?

seesaw (fulcrum in the middle)

What 4 components that serve functions make up systems?

sensing (info receiving) info storage info processing/decision action functions

What is the best approach for dealing with variable dimensions in workplace design?

simulate the task with workers of opposite extremes of measurements to identify problems

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

skeletal cardiac smooth

integumentary system

skin

What are the two types of anthropometric data?

static and dynamic

What's an example of spatial compatibility?

stove controls for which burner

cumulative damage assessment (Palmgren-Miner Rule)

sum of (cycles experienced/cycles to failure)

what are some common tendon disorders?

tendinitis; tenosynovitis; ganglionic cyst; tennis elbow; golfers elbow

what are some common work injuries

tendon disorders, nerve disorders, and neuromuscular disorders

what causes carpel tunnel syndrome

the compression of the median nerve by swollen tendon sheath, inside carpal tunnel

What is the biggest problem to ergo when it comes to anthropometry?

the population is getting increasingly heavier and older

all progress depends on...

the unreasonable man (woman)

What happens when people are more familiar with a product?

they are more confident in their ability to safely handle it

what can cause nerve disorders?

they occur when nerves are exposed to pressure from hand, sharp edges of work surfaces, tools, or nearby bones, ligaments, or tendons-7

Why are environmental factors and personal characteristics often overlooked?

they're not visible manipulations of actions that a worker must "do" to perform a job

Which is the least efficient type of lever? Why?

third class, fulcrum is toward the body with the load extended

What is a "cost of compliance?" example

time required to read all warnings vs changing the light bulb

What is the goal of design? (R. Buckminster Fuller)

to make the world work in the shortest possible time through spontaneous cooperation without ecological offense or the disadvantage of anyone

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

transport clean fluids back to the blood drains excess fluids from tissues removes debris from cells of the body transports fats from the digestive system

what are the top three high risk occupations for MSDs?

transportation and material moving; production; healthcare

A human factors system can be as simple as a human using a hammer to drive nails or as complex as a crew docking a space craft at the International Space Station.

true

Musculoskeletal disorders ("ergonomic"injuries) are typically thought of as resulting from cumulative exposures. However, Dr. Sesek argued that sudden traumatic events (e.g., "wrong tool"accidents) should also be considered "ergonomic"injuries.

true

T/F You should virtually always be able to trace a system failure to a HF-related root cause.

true

T/F: Environmental conditions can act to magnify BOTH physical and cognitive risk factors.

true

T/F: Generally, people really want to follow instructions.

true

T/F: OSE is both an art and a science.

true

T/F: Some stressors affect both physical and cognitive performance.

true

T/F: There is no standard format for anthropometry measurements.

true

What was happening with HF during the WWII era?

use of tests for selecting proper people for jobs and the development of improved training methods

the lifting fatigue failure tool (LiFFT)

used to assess risk of manual lifting tasks

the shoulder tool

used to assess the risk of shoulder injuries

the distal upper extremity tool (DUET)

used to assess the risk of upper extremity CTDs

proper work-surface height is a function of both the _____ and the _______ being performed

user, task

What is another name for overexertion trauma?

volitional

What controls the muscular system?

voluntary nervous system (somatic nervous system)

What happens with too many warnings?

warning overload

What is the advantage humans have over machines?

we can for inferences, hypotheses, and react in novel ways to changing inputs

bricklayers' shoulder

wear and tear disorders