INT 908 - Homelessness in Canadian Society

8. According to the "Canadian Observatory on Homelessness" (2016), the Definition Of Youth Homelessness refers to the situation and experience of young people between the ages of ______and ________who are living independently of parents and/or caregivers, but do not have the means or ability to acquire a stable, safe or consistent residence. a. 12 - 20 b. 13 - 24 c. 15 - 18 d. 13 - 20

b. 13 - 24

11. According to the "Canadian Observatory on Homelessness" (2016), much of the research on youth homelessness in Canada concludes that the ratio of homeless males to females is typically: a. 1:1 b. 2:1 c. 1:2 d. 3:1

b. 2:1

43. According to ONPHA in the "2016 Waiting List Survey Report" (2016), on average, how long does it currently take for single adults and couples to receive housing after submitting an application? a. 1.9 year b. 3.9 years c. 7.9 years d. 10.9 years

b. 3.9 years

69. According to "Hate Crimes against the Homeless" (2012), hate crimes against the homeless were documented from 1999-2011. How many individuals lost their lives as a result of hate crimes from 1999-2011? a. 520 individuals lost their lives between 1999-2011. b. 339 individuals lost their lives between 1999-2011. c. 302 individuals lost their lives between 1999-2011. d. 486 individuals lost their lives between 1999-2011.

b. 339 individuals lost their lives between 1999-2011.

7. According to "The National Shelter Study" (2005 - 2014), what was the occupancy rate for emergency shelters in Canada in 2014? a. 55% b. 92% c. 100% d. 40%

b. 92%

80. According to the reading "Voices for Dignity" (n.d.), which of the following employees is most likely to experience violence on the job? a. A new intern on the first day of work b. A Sex Worker c. A Street Worker d. A Pimp or Madame

b. A Sex Worker

67. Carter and MacPherson (2013), in "Getting to Tomorrow: A Report on Canadian Drug Policy", report the current state of harm reduction across Canada. Which statement best describes Canada's current state of harm reduction according to Carter and Macpherson? a. Canada has a universal health plan that addresses harm reduction evenly across Canada b. Canada's commitments to harm reduction is mixed among provinces and absent in some cases. c. Canada receives its harm reduction support from global organizations such as the United Nations as well as the World Health Organization. d. Canada has done a good job at addressing harm reduction across Canada.

b. Canada's commitments to harm reduction is mixed among provinces and absent in some cases.

46. What is the most common type of death among people experiencing homelessness, according to "The Tragedy of Dying Homeless" (2012) research study? a. Influenza and pneumonia b. Suicide c. Drug and alcohol related death d. HIV/AIDS

c. Drug and alcohol related death

18. According to Belanger, Yale D., Weasel Head, Gabrielle & Awosoga, Olu. in the article "Accessing Urban Aboriginal Housing and Homelessness in Canada" (2012). Non-registered Metis and non-status Indigenous people, were more likely to become homeowners than those with "Indian Status". What could be the reason(s)? a. Lack of aboriginal rights b. Discrimination from banks and landlords c. Registered Aboriginals are placed in poor living environments, below standard conditions creating a negative impact on their identity, self, and community. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

42. According to the Stephen Gaetz in "Real Cost of Homelessness: Can we save money by doing the right thing?" (2012), how much does Homelessness cost Canadians each year? a. $550 Million b. $1.2 Billion c. $3.2 Billion d. $4.5 Billion

d. $4.5 Billion

49. According to Katerina Cizek's Street Health Stories (2010), what percentage of 368 survey participants said they were refused medical care because they did not have a health card. a. 11% b. 14% c. 19% d. 28%

d. 28%

55. In the reading by Lightman, Mitchell and Wilson, (2008) What is considered to have the biggest overall negative impact on your health... a. Not Graduating University or College b. Having no benefits, even with a high salary c. Consuming inadequate nutrition in a 'food swamp' d. A life of poverty e. all of the above.

d. A life of poverty

41. Choose the most accurate answer. In "The Real Cost of Homelessness," Stephen Gaetz (2012) discusses the use of emergency shelters, day programs and soup kitchens as a response to addressing homelessness. This response is an example of: a. Making homelessness less visible. b. The downsizing of federal investments in affordable housing. c. The role community-based organizations have in addressing homelessness d. A reliance on emergency services to address homelessness.

d. A reliance on emergency services to address homelessness.

3. According to "No Vacancy: Trends in Rental Housing in Canada" (2012), produced by the Federation of Canadian Municipalities, which of the following is a contributing factor to an increase in home ownership? a. Declining mortgage rates b. Extended mortgage terms c. Low down payments d. All of the above

d. All of the above

32. Shapcott et al., (2010) states that housing: a. Is a basic need b. Reduces mental health issues c. Is optimal for good health d. All of the above

d. All of the above

47. According to "The Tragedy of dying homeless" (2013), the author highlights higher incidents of deaths of homeless people due to several barriers that prevent homeless people from seeking treatment, compliance with treatment and follow up with treatment. These barriers include which of the following? a. Poverty and substance use b. Lack of a telephone c. Lack of a mailing address and transportation. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

50. In the research study, "The Tragedy of Dying Homeless", The Office of the Chief Medical Examiner classified people as homeless if they died while: a. Living in a vehicle b. Living in a place of business or a hotel/motel c. Those who had an unknown place of residence d. All of the above

d. All of the above

70. In the reading titled, "Best Practice Recommendations for Canadian Harm Reduction Programs that Provide Service to People Who Use Drugs and are at Risk for HIV, HcV, and Other Harms: Part 1", the authors Strike et al. (2013) highlight the use and distribution of naloxone which is: a. A fast acting and safe opioid reversal agent b. Used routinely in hospital and pre-hospital settings c. Recommended for a patient with respiratory depression d. All of the above

d. All of the above

According to Aaron Segaert in "The National Shelter Study 2005-2014" (2017), Indigenous Peoples are 10 times more likely to use a shelters than non-Indigenous people. What is the percentage of shelter users that are Indigenous Peoples? a. 30% b. 15% c. 40% d. 25%

a. 30%

19. "There is an acknowledged disproportionality, disparity and discrimination in services provided to Black families by child welfare agencies across North America." According to "Toronto CAS leads on black kids in care: Editorial" (2015), this statement is: a. A painfully correct assessment b. Misleading c. Outdated d. None of the above

a. A painfully correct assessment

20. According to the authors of "When There's No Place Like Home - A snapshot of women's homelessness in Canada" (2012), the author emphasizes the issues of Hidden homelessness in regards to women fleeing violence, sexual abuse and or homophobia. Which of the following is an example of invisible homelessness? : a. A woman couch surfing at her friend's house b. A woman camping out on the street c. A woman spending the night in her car d. A and C are both correct

a. A woman couch surfing at her friend's house

59. Based on the readings on Basic Income, including: "The Town Where Everyone Got Free Money" (Mallet, 2015), which statement about the Basic Income Guarantee is TRUE? a. Basic Income is based on the idea that people still want and expect to work when receiving financial support. b. Basic Income has stricter rules than the current welfare system, thereby reducing strain on government spending. c. Basic Income will create perfect wealth equality in Canada. d. Basic Income will ensure that people with disabilities do not have to work for a higher standard of living.

a. Basic Income is based on the idea that people still want and expect to work when receiving financial support.

22. According to the Ontario Native Women's Association, in "Indigenous Women, Intimate Partner Violence & Housing" (2018), the root cause of violence can be attributed to: a. Colonialism b. Homelessness c. Alcohol abuse d. B and C

a. Colonialism

25. The Toronto Star (Rankin, 2015) released an editorial regarding Children's Aid Society of Toronto releasing statistics that addressed race-based experiences of black youth in care. Which of the following did they acknowledge was taking place in services provided to Black families by child welfare agencies? a. Discrimination received by child welfare agencies b. Priority given to single parent households c. Additionally, funding and access to services for mothers experiencing intimate partner violence d. Government funded after-school programs

a. Discrimination received by child welfare agencies

14. Referring to the reading, "Assessing Urban Aboriginal Housing and Homelessness in Canada" (2012), adequate housing should include: a. Full bathroom facilities b. Enough bedrooms for the size and make-up of the occupying household c. Total shelter d. utility costs that consume less than 30% of household income

a. Full bathroom facilities

2. According to The Natural Shelter Study 2005-2014 (2017), certain groups of people are more likely to use a shelter than others. Which group is 10 times more likely to use a shelter than any other group? a. Indigenous People b. Youth c. Older Adults d. Families

a. Indigenous People

13. The Canadian Observatory of Homelessness Press published a document on the Definition of Indigenous Homelessness in Canada. The author, Jesse A. Thistle asserted that Indigenous Homelessness should be understood from an Indigenous worldview. This includes: a. Individuals, families and communities isolated from their relationships to land, water, place, family, kin, each other, animals, cultures, languages and identities. b. Unsheltered, Emergency, Sheltered, Provisionally Accommodated and at Risk of Homelessness c. A complete lack of access to their tribe, band, land and housing. d. All of the above.

a. Individuals, families and communities isolated from their relationships to land, water, place, family, kin, each other, animals, cultures, languages and identities.

79. According to "Missing & Murdered Indigenous Women in British Columbia, Canada (2014), following the 1985 amendment, Sharon McIvor, an indigenous woman, brought a suit against the government, arguing that Bill C-31 did not fully address: a. Issues of gender discrimination b. Issues of abuse in residential schools c. Issues of domestic violence d. None of the above

a. Issues of gender discrimination

60. According to "The Town Where Everyone Got Free Money" (2015), Mallet identifies a unique niche in the Dauphin "Mincome" experiment in contrast to other experiments. Which of the following statements falls in line with Mallet's observation? a. It made guaranteed income available to a whole town rather than just a randomly selected sample of the population. b. Mincome cannot be applied at a macro level as immigrants will be left at a disadvantage due to an influx of income for those only with U.S. citizenship, creating a whole new lower class. c. It was the only experiment to incentivize reduction in work effort in comparison to Nixon's FAP plan. d. Analysis of the data reveals that providing minimum income can have a minimal positive impact on a community.

a. It made guaranteed income available to a whole town rather than just a randomly selected sample of the population.

61. According to the Broadbent Institute (2018), tax loopholes directly contribute to growing inequality in Canada; allowing for the rich to get richer, while those with low to middle incomes are left behind. What statement is true about the 5 loopholes in Canada's domestic tax system that allows Canadians with tax schemes to avoid paying their fair share? a. Loopholes may cost Canadians approximately $12 Billion annually b. Loopholes may cost Canadians approximately $100 Million annually c. Loopholes mostly benefit the middle class and those who can apply for the Ontario Loophole Program d. Tax loopholes are an intentional and direct form of primary corporate subsidy e. Loopholes are another term for intentional tax breaks

a. Loopholes may cost Canadians approximately $12 Billion annually

51. According to Poverty is Making Us Sick (2008) research study, Professor Lightman and his research colleagues found which of the following statements to be true regarding the poorest one-fifth of Canadians, when compared to the richest twenty percent: a. More than double the rate of diabetes and heart disease b. More than quintuple the rate of skin cancer c. A lesser rate of arthritis or rheumatism d. A lesser rate of cataracts

a. More than double the rate of diabetes and heart disease

77. As mentioned in The Red Umbrella - Sex Work, Stigma & the Law (2014), in our society sex workers are normalized as: a. People who sell their bodies to clients b. People who sell their services to clients c. Primary users of emergency shelters d. A vulnerable population protected by police services

a. People who sell their bodies to clients

26. According to the article "Toronto CAS leads on black kids in care: Editorial" (Rankin, 2015) what has the Children's Aid Society of Toronto done as the first step in confronting systemic bias? a. Publish race-based data on how families and children are handled b. Publish race-based data on only how families are handled c. Referring at-risk families to special counseling services for the black community d. Not recognizing that there is a problem

a. Publish race-based data on how families and children are handled

78. In Maggie De Vries' "The Red Umbrella" TED talk (2014), she discusses the reasons why society tries to regulate sex work. What important factor of sex work is she describing, using these words: "Mark of a disgrace or infamy, a stain or reproach, or a mark of shame"? a. Stigma b. Fear c. Discrimination d. Criminalization

a. Stigma

53. In the article "We are Neighbours: The Impact of Supportive Housing on Community, Social, Economic, and Attitude Changes" (2008), de Wolff suggests which strategy to be implemented by the Government of Ontario to benefit the supportive housing initiative? a. To ensure that school curriculum for health care providers and related professionals includes topics on mental health and housing research b. To move all the homeless individuals to secluded, urban communities c. To provide all homeless individuals and low-income households with supportive funding d. To raise minimum wage to $18 per hour

a. To ensure that school curriculum for health care providers and related professionals includes topics on mental health and housing research

29. According to "Indigenous Women, Intimate Partner Violence and Housing" (2018), precarious housing not only increases Indigenous women's risk of experiencing violence, but it also: a. contributes to the risk of being trafficked b. leads to a higher rate of Indigenous unemployment c. contributes to extremely high murder rates for Indigenous women d. none of the above

a. contributes to the risk of being trafficked

58. In their article on food security, Naomi Dachner and Valerie Tarasuk discuss limitations in the food systems. One of their main arguments is: a. Most provinces and territories do not currently have Good Samaritan legislation b. Charitable food assistance does not address the cause of family poverty c. Staff often distribute food in inequitable ways d. Many recipients sell the food that they receive rather than consume it themselves. e. Food donations are designed by corporations to increase grocery profits

b. Charitable food assistance does not address the cause of family poverty

76. In "Street Based Sex Workers Needs Assessment Survey" (2014), the authors recommended the use of which of the following within a harm reduction philosophy approach? a. Disapproval and shame b. Compassionate and non-judgmental care c. Intervention and legal policy support d. Immediate notification of the police to process jail time and fines

b. Compassionate and non-judgmental care

39. In Martin Eigenberger's video "Neoliberalism as a Water Balloon" (2011), he says that Neoliberalists support: a. More government regulation b. Less government regulation c. Higher taxes d. Stronger social safety net

b. Less government regulation

36. The article entitled, "The Opportunity Equation in the Greater Toronto Area: An Update on Neighborhood Income Inequality and Polarization (2017)" states that from 1970 to 2015, neighborhood income inequality and polarization grew significantly in Canada's four largest census metropolitan areas. What are these four areas? a. Montreal, Toronto, Ottawa, and Vancouver b. Montreal, Toronto, Calgary, and Vancouver c. Toronto, Ottawa, Edmonton, and Calgary d. Toronto, Ottawa, Quebec, and Calgary

b. Montreal, Toronto, Calgary, and Vancouver

82. According to "Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women in British Colombia, Canada" (2014), the Canadian government recognizes that Canada's official statistics do not provide precise information regarding the numbers of missing and murdered indigenous women. Which of the following organizations collected the best statistics? a. Status of Women Canada (SWC) b. Native Women's Association of Canada (NWAC) c. Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) d. Vancouver Police Department (VPD)

b. Native Women's Association of Canada (NWAC)

40. In Martin Eigenberger's video "Neoliberalism as a Water Balloon" (2011), why does the balloon pop? a. Under neoliberalism the economy grows and the balloon popped to demonstrate the growth of the economy b. Neoliberalism leads to lower taxes, weaker social safety net, more people going into poverty, which causes an increase in credit and inflation of the economy, eventually causing the balloon to pop c. Under neoliberalism, the population grows exceptionally fast causing overpopulation which the economy cannot sustain, therefore, causing a "pop" d. None of the above

b. Neoliberalism leads to lower taxes, weaker social safety net, more people going into poverty, which causes an increase in credit and inflation of the economy, eventually causing the balloon to pop

72. According to the Lower East Side Harm Reduction Centre (2013) during the video of, "Transformation: The Alchemy of Harm Reduction", naloxone can be administered to reverse the effects of a(n): a. Stimulant overdose, such as cocaine and amphetamines b. Opioid overdose, such as heroin and fentanyl c. Alcohol overdose d. All of the above

b. Opioid overdose, such as heroin and fentanyl

45. From the reading "Million Dollar Murray" (2006), the author references Dennis Culhane's research database which uses the term 'chronically homeless'. Which of the following is TRUE to Culhane's definition of 'chronically homeless'? a. People that go to the shelter three weeks at a time, young at age and are heavy drug users b. People that lived in the shelters, sometimes for years at a time and are mentally ill or physically disabled c. People that go in and out of the shelter system and contribute to 80% of Culhane's research database d. People that require the least amount of financial support from either healthcare and/or social services

b. People that lived in the shelters, sometimes for years at a time and are mentally ill or physically disabled

27. According to the Ontario Native Women's Association in "Indigenous Women, Intimate Partner Violence and Housing" (2018), what do Indigenous women often deal with to avoid child apprehension and keep their children safely in their care? (Choose the most significant factor according to the authors) a. Emotional Trauma b. Physical or sexual abuse c. Systemic Barriers d. Precarious housing

b. Physical or sexual abuse

81. According to the Streets Based Sex Workers Needs Assessment (2014), the practice of harm reduction provides all of the following EXCEPT: a. An understanding of the risks associated with sex work and substance use b. Prevents sex workers from practicing sex work c. Reduces harm to sex workers who continue to practice their sex work d. Educates individuals about strategies for safer drug use

b. Prevents sex workers from practicing sex work

66. According to Anabel in the documentary by Lower East Side Harm Reduction Center (2013), what is Harm Reduction? a. Helping clients stop using drugs b. Supporting and empowering clients to make better choices c. Convincing clients to join a 12-Step program d. All the Above

b. Supporting and empowering clients to make better choices

33. Shapcott et al., (2010) states that the goals to increase affordable housing in Canada can be met if: a. The provincial/territorial/municipal governments come together to organize funding b. The federal/provincial/territorial/municipal governments and the affordable housing sector come together to organize funding c. The community comes together and donates for proper housing d. None of the above

b. The federal/provincial/territorial/municipal governments and the affordable housing sector come together to organize funding

30. According to Samantha Rodrigue in "Insights on Canadian Society, Hidden Homelessness in Canada" (2016), out of the 7.2 million Canadians who reported having a disability, which of the following had the highest likelihood of also reporting an experience of hidden homelessness? a. Those with a physical disability. b. Those with a mental or psychological illness. c. Those with a learning disability. d. Those with a hearing disability.

b. Those with a mental or psychological illness.

52. The short film "Street Health Stories" (2010), informs viewers that _______% of those experiencing homelessness surveyed had used hospital emergency services as a form of healthcare in the past year. a. 22% b. 36% c. 54% d. 78%

c. 54%

37. According to The Wellesley Institute's "Precarious Housing in Canada" (2010), there is a correlation between the improvement of precarious housing and _________: a. Employability b. Deeper Community Bonds c. Better Population Health d. Overall Happiness

c. Better Population Health

62. According to "The Opportunity Equation in the Greater Toronto Area: An update on Neighbourhood Income Inequality and Polarization" (2017), which of the following cities has a higher rate of income inequality and polarization than the Toronto census metropolitan area? a. Vancouver b. Montreal c. Calgary d. None of the above

c. Calgary

54. According to the reading Food Waste and Food Insecurity in Canada, "Diverting food waste to charitable food programs will not address food insecurity in Canada" (2017), When it comes to addressing household food insecurity, what do the authors suggest that Canada should do? a. Place investments towards expanding food bank infrastructure. b. Increase partnerships with food manufacturers, producers, and food retailers to collect leftover food. c. Enact policy interventions towards improving low household incomes. d. Increase surplus food donations outside of normative food and safety standards.

c. Enact policy interventions towards improving low household incomes.

12. According to Jesse A. Thistle in "Definition of Indigenous Homelessness in Canada" (2017), the main reason behind Indigenous homelessness is: a. Street-engaged poverty b. Substance abuse c. Historical oppression d. Recidivism and delinquency

c. Historical oppression

17. In "Homeless Aboriginal Men: Effects of Intergenerational Trauma", Dr. Peter Menzies (2009) uses the Intergenerational Trauma Model. Which indicator is NOT part of the Intergenerational Trauma Model? a. Individual b. Community c. Income d. National

c. Income

65. In the article, "The Town Where Everyone Got Free Money" by Whitney Mallet (2015), the Dauphin study was analyzed by Forget. What was one impact she identified of having a BIG (Basic Income Guarantee), aside from reducing poverty? a. There was an increase in dropout rates as students could afford to leave school. which suggests that BIG could potentially save education costs. b. Any family falling below the lowest income bracket would get supplemental income, no longer relying on public transportation to work which suggests that BIG could potentially save transportation costs. c. Individuals had better mental health and their need to visit physicians declined which suggests that BIG could potentially save health care costs. d. After obtaining a random sample of ex-participants of the study, she found out that BIG partially improved their quality of life and was a positive program.

c. Individuals had better mental health and their need to visit physicians declined which suggests that BIG could potentially save health care costs.

74. According to the Pivot Legal Clinic in "Voices for Dignity" (2004), in 1997, a public health emergency was declared in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside (DTES) in response to high rates of overdose and HIV transmission. This was due particularly to the high incidence rates among female injection drug users (IDUs), especially Aboriginal women. What was the primary response to this health and social emergency? a. Establish supervised safe-injection sites b. Promotion of harm reduction and condom distribution c. Intensification of law enforcement d. Establishment of community health clinics

c. Intensification of law enforcement

4. O'Grady et al., (2011) address the issue of criminalization in Toronto in "Can I See Your I.D.". Which of the following statements about the criminalization of homelessness in Toronto is most accurate? a. It affects adults who demonstrate dangerous actions and threats to society. b. It has resulted in justice for those who been criminally victimized. c. It makes homelessness less visible in society. d. It has reduced homelessness as well as panhandling.

c. It makes homelessness less visible in society.

64. According to Carter & MacPherson in "Getting to Tomorrow: A Report on Canadian Drug Policy" (2013), Harm Reduction is: a. Encouraging people to engage in Drug use b. Ensuring that everyone has access to drugs c. Limiting adverse health, without reducing drug use d. All the Above

c. Limiting adverse health, without reducing drug use

75. In "Street Based Sex Workers Needs Assessment Survey" (2014), the authors recommend increasing access to safe spaces. This includes increasing low threshold safe spaces such as drop-ins, which can help street-based workers develop social networks and increase their access to health and social services. What is an essential component of drop-in programming that can provide: expertise, credibility, and bringing women to other programs and services? a. Legal Worker b. Community Nurse c. Peer Worker d. Social Worker

c. Peer Worker

83. According to "Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women in British Colombia, Canada" (2014), indigenous women are vulnerable to violence due to social and economic disadvantages in Canadian society. Which of the following has failed to prevent and protect indigenous women and girls from extreme forms of violence and have failed to investigate these acts? (Choose the most correct answer) a. The Canadian Government b. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) c. Police d. Local news outlets

c. Police

21. According to the Ontario Native Women's Association in "Indigenous Women, Intimate Partner Violence and Housing" (2018), what factor most increases Indigenous women's risk of experiencing violence, contributes to the risk of being trafficked, and the high numbers of missing and murdered Indigenous women? : a. Being in a marital /common-law relationship b. Previous experience of domestic abuse c. Precarious housing d. Migrating to urban centres

c. Precarious housing

6. According to the Jesse Winter article, entitled "It's safer out here" (2018), in The Globe and Mail the dominant discourse surrounding the shelter system has focused primarily around the number of available beds in the city, however those who use the shelter system say the real problem is? a. Accessibility b. Location of shelters c. Quality of accommodations d. Number of available shelters

c. Quality of accommodations

48. According to Poverty is Making Us Sick (2008), Professor Lightman discovered which of the following statements to be true? a. Income does not have an effect on one's health b. Passive income does not lead to better health c. Raising income leads to better health d. Low incomes lead to better health

c. Raising income leads to better health

63. According to "Hate Crimes against the Homeless: The Brutality of Violence Unveiled" (2012), who is discussed as tending to be responsible for most of the attacks against people experiencing homelessness? a. Other people experiencing homelessness b. The Upper class c. Teenage boys d. Old men

c. Teenage boys

44. In "Million Dollar Murray" (2006) author Malcolm Gladwell states that homelessness became a national issue in what decade? a. The 1990's b. The 1970's c. The 1980's d. The 1960's

c. The 1980's

24. According to Paul Dube, in "Nowhere to Turn: Investigation into the Ministry of Community and Social Services' response to situations of crisis involving adults with developmental disabilities" (2016), an urgent response can be considered for an individual with a developmental disability who is at high risk if the following criteria is met: a. The individual's support needs have not changed to such an extent that their current support arrangement may soon become untenable and their wellbeing is likely to be at risk. b. The individual currently lives in a stable residence. c. The person's unpaid primary caregiver is unable to continue providing care that is essential to the individual's health and wellbeing. d. Formal and informal supports are available to reduce the risk of harm or address the need.

c. The person's unpaid primary caregiver is unable to continue providing care that is essential to the individual's health and wellbeing.

28. What did the article in "Indigenous Women, Intimate Partner Violence & Housing" (2018) identify as the leading cause of women's homelessness in Canada? a. Housing shortage b. Family breakdown c. Violence d. Unemployment

c. Violence

57. The reading "Dollars and Sense of Solving Poverty" (2011) associates poverty with poor physical and mental health, joblessness, lack of education, crime, and homelessness which result in a high cost for society. According to the article, which of the following is NOT an example of the economic costs resulting from poverty? a. income support and social assistance. b. use of emergency wards, police, courts, remedial education and other specialized services. c.increased need for personal insurance and security systems. d. Cost of transit to reach work close by

c.increased need for personal insurance and security systems.

15. According to Jesse A. Thistle in the reading "Definition of Indigenous Homelessness in Canada" (2017), the definition of Indigenous Homelessness differs from the Canadian definition of homelessness because of outcome factors that include: a) Racism b) Historical construct c) Ongoing settler colonization d) All of the above

d) All of the above

71. According to Strike et al. (2013, p.109), "The Best Practice Recommendations for Canadian Harm Reduction Programs that Provide Service to People Who Use Drugs and are at Risk for HIV, HCV, and Other Harms: Part 1", the correlating factors of risk use include:' a. Individuals without stable housing b. Young individuals in the aboriginal and LGBTQ community c. Young individuals who travel d. All of the above

d. All of the above

31. According to Nadia Ali in "Understanding Hidden Homelessness" (2018), what is an example of hidden homelessness? a. Staying in a shelter. b. Staying with friends or family. c. Sleeping in cars, abandoned buildings, or under bridges. d. Answers "b" and "c".

d. Answers "b" and "c".

34. Hulchanski (2010) identifies three cities within Toronto, and discusses the main trends in the three changing sizes over a thirty-five-year period from 1970-2005. The main trend discussed for each of the cities is: a. All three cities have increased in size b. All three cities have decreased in size c. City #1 has decreased in size, while city #2 has slightly increased and city #3 has drastically increased in size d. City #1 has slightly increased in size, while city #2 has drastically decreased and city #3 has dramatically increased in size

d. City #1 has slightly increased in size, while city #2 has drastically decreased and city #3 has dramatically increased in size

68. According to Carter & MacPherson in "Getting to Tomorrow: A Report on Canadian Drug Policy" (2013, p.41-48), the authors suggested that harm reduction is not the only approach to substance use, but it is a major means of all EXCEPT: a. Preventing transmission of disease and overdose b. Connecting people to services c. Opening a pathway to change and preserving dignity d. Decreased access to counselling and education

d. Decreased access to counselling and education

10. In "The National Shelter Study" (2005 - 2014), a trend was noted regarding how often people used emergency shelters in Canada and for how long they were typically staying. What was this trend? a. More people are using shelters each year, and they are staying for an average of a year b. More people are using shelters each year, but they are having shorter stays c. Fewer people are using shelters each year, and they were having shorter stays d. Fewer people are using shelters each year, but they are staying longer

d. Fewer people are using shelters each year, but they are staying longer

38. According to the Wellesley Institute in "Precarious Housing in Canada" (2010), which two concepts are combined when considering precarious housing? a. Health equality and social justice b. Illness and health equity c. Social justice and illness d. Health equity and the social determinants of health

d. Health equity and the social determinants of health

35. "The Housing Help Glossary" (2010) explains how eviction prevention is defined as "services providing information on landlord/tenant rights". It is recommended that workers are thoroughly knowledgeable about: a. Employment programs b. Housing legislation c. Social development d. Income supports

d. Income supports

56. Bergstein's article "Basic income could work - if you do it Canada-style" (2018), explains the impacts and reasoning behind the basic income trial carried out in the town of Lindsay, Ontario. Which of the following statements most accurately explains why there is a need for it in the town of Lindsay? a. It will increase the median household income and allow the town to be more prosperous than it already is. b. It will help people who are struggling to find stable jobs as manufacturing in surrounding areas is declining and technology is reducing the amount of jobs available. c. It may be able to eliminate the need for certain people to work and rely on family support; it will act as welfare for people displaced by technology. d. It will function in the same way for everyone which is to allow them to find more socially valuable and high paying jobs as they will have extra funds to fall back on.

d. It will function in the same way for everyone which is to allow them to find more socially valuable and high paying jobs as they will have extra funds to fall back on.

5. O'Grady et al., (2011) describe the impact police have on homeless youth in "Can I See Your I.D."? Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between homeless youth and the police? a. Police do not see homeless youth as a threat to society, and therefore they do not interact with them at all. b. The attention that youth receive is a protective factor and decreases the likelihood of youth being victimized. c. Police often rely on relationships with youth and community-based policing methods to solve crimes in and around areas youth often hang out. d. Police often investigate youth experiencing homelessness, even though they are more likely to be victims.

d. Police often investigate youth experiencing homelessness, even though they are more likely to be victims.

23. According to the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) in the article "When there's no place like home - a snapshot of homelessness in Canada" (2012) despite many complex root causes, what is the single, most important phenomenon linked to homelessness? a. Inadequate social housing b. Family violence c. Precarious work d. Poverty

d. Poverty

73. In "Voices for Dignity: A Call to End the Harms Caused by Canada's Sex Trade Laws" (2004), the authors argue that the criminalization of the sex trade violates sex workers' constitutional rights and freedoms. Which of the following is violated when sex workers are prohibited from making personal decisions about their own bodies? a. Freedom of Expression b. The Right to Equality c. The Right to Life d. The Right to Security of the Person

d. The Right to Security of the Person

16. Intergenerational trauma is the transference of historical oppression and its adverse effects across generations. According to Dr. Peter Menzies in the article "Homeless Aboriginal Men: Effects of Intergenerational Trauma" (2009), what does the term "split feathers" describes, a. The feeling of isolation from any First Nation, Metis and Inuit group that has contributed to poor mental health in many Aboriginal Communities b. The overwhelming number of Aboriginal children that were displaced from their homes, families' and cultures by residential schools in the 'sixties scoop'. c. The condition that results from individuals being taken from critical communities and social structures as well as lacking stable housing. d. The long-term psychological problems developed in Aboriginal children adopted or placed in foster care outside their cultures and forced to assume another cultural belief system contrary to their own.

d. The long-term psychological problems developed in Aboriginal children adopted or placed in foster care outside their cultures and forced to assume another cultural belief system contrary to their own.

9. According to Jesse Winter in "It's safer out here" (2018), people who are homeless often prefer to stay on the streets in the winter instead of in a city shelter or a drop-in centre for a few reasons. What is NOT one of the reasons stated in the article: a. There is more violence and drug use in city shelters and drop-in centres. b. It is more hygienic (less bugs etc.) on the street. c. There is a reduced risk of theft regarding personal belongings on the street. d. There is a lack of trust between outreach workers who work in shelters and people who are homeless.

d. There is a lack of trust between outreach workers who work in shelters and people who are homeless.