Integrating Technology, Informatics, and the Internet Into Nursing Education, Ch. 23

Virtual Reality

A form of multimedia that fully envelops learners in an environment. It has been used with medical students and surgeons to develop skills in a variety of areas including procedures such as the insertion of urinary catheters and surgical procedures Offers the next best option to performing the skill on a real person but without risk to the learner or the patient.

Podcasts

A portmanteau of 'broadcasting'. Internet-based technology that allows distribution of audio or video content in MP3 file format via Real Simple Syndication (RSS) Content may be heard/viewed from any MP3 player anywhere, anytime In nursing education it is providing portability for listening to lectures

Videoteleconference

A set of interactive telecommunication technologies that allow two or more locations to interact via two-way video and audio transmission simultaneously Can be used to share documents, computer-displayed information, and whiteboards

Wikis

A web site that allows anyone to contribute and edit content. In nursing education, wikis offer many possibilities as a tool to disseminate information, foster collaboration, share resources, and assist research teams Example: Wikipedia Asynchronous group socialization tool

Videoteleconference advantages vs. disadvantages

Adv: Classes, assignments, and feedback may be offered entirely online, "anytime, anywhere" extending the reach of educational programs and continuing education courses, accommodating students who would otherwise be unable to attend programs because of distance, family obligations, or work commitments. Disadv: Sacrificing eye contact, appearance self-consciousness arises as well. *Although some programs have face-to-face (SKYPE)

Interactive Media

An excellent approach for nurses required to learn and communicate complex issues to clients; however, it is the responsibility of the 21st century teacher to become competent in both the use of and selection of the media that will serve best.

Digital natives

Are characterized by their understanding of multimedia and sophisticated skill with computer technologies. They prefer multimedia and the "multi-tasking" it requires and are quite comfortable using technology.

Webinars

Are generally intended for a specific audience and number of people. Used in business settings. Is a contraction of the term Web-based seminar, forming a neologism that describes a specific type of Web conference

C/LMS advantages

At least as effective as other methods Introduction of technology into education Provides a tool for distance education Available 24 hours a day May facilitate learning Provides for flexibility in scheduling

Multimedia

Can be incorporated into formative and summative evaluation as well Enhances VLE by using the interactivity, information management, and decision-making capabilities of computers

International Society for Technology in Education competencies for students:

Creative thinking and knowledge construction Communication and collaboration Application of digital tools Gather, evaluate, and use information Conduct research Understand legal and ethical behavior as it relates to technology and good "digital citizenship"

Web 2.0 Applications

Described as consisting of a set of "core characteristics" including user-centered design, crowd-sourcing, Web as platform, collaboration, power decentralization, dynamic content, SaaS (Software as a Service), and rich user experience Interactive technology that facilitate online communication, learning, and collaboration "Read-write-listen" Web Avenue for users to comment, annotate, create, mix, and share content Blogs, podcasts, wikis Mobile learning via PDA devices

Computer generated care plans or maps

Enable nursing students to devote time for analysis of data that was once spent writing care plans.

Stimulation technology

Enables users to learn and then demonstrate skills. Designed to: Standardize students learning opportunities Develop collaboration, communication, and co-operation Provide a safe learning environment Augment clinical scenarios and faculty resources Present unusual or high-risk clinical situations Validate mastery of skills

Multimedia vs. Traditional instruction

Found to be as effective. It has the additional advantage of providing greater satisfaction and added value as an adjunct to a more traditional learning strategy and an additional learning resource

Examples of Web-based products

Fuze Webex GoToMeeting

Examples of virtual meeting software

IBM Lotuslive Engage Adobe Acrobat ConnectPro

VLE advantages

Improved reading habits - Learners can proceed at a pace conducive to comprehension Convenience, learning offered at any site that has computer access - programs available for single users on freestanding PCs or via network connections Reduced learning time - learners can proceed at their own pace; they can skim through familiar content and focus on weak areas Increased retention - related to the active nature of the media that facilitates learner participation 24 hour access - "anywhere anytime" Consistent instruction in a safe environment - allows learners to practice new skills without fear of harm to themselves or others Flexibility of faculty schedules - Makes it easier to teach around clinical instruction

Basic Competencies

Incorporate attitudes, knowledge, and skills that include: Habit of lifetime learning of information and technology Word processing skills, spreadsheet application Capability to use electronic documentation Ability to retrieve electronic data, including bibliographic information Capacity to protect patient privacy and confidentiality when using EHRs Aptitude to interpret and respond to technical equipment used at the point of care Data mining skills Ability to evaluate Internet resources and critically appraise Web sites

Incorporation of information systems at schools:

Incorporation of hospital and nursing information systems at schools of nursing facilitate role transition from student to graduate nurse, makes graduates more attractive to prospective employers, and may enable hospitals to better utilize orientation time for graduates with prior HIS training.

Distance Education Advantages

Increase opportunities Decrease time and costs related to long commutes Provides access to experts 24-hour accessibility and convenience

Hospital Information Systems

Information management systems are used by hospital nurses to organize patient information data, monitor laboratory and imaging test reports, and for clinical decision support, computerized order entry, and medication administration Information management systems are used to track budgets and supplies and enhance compliance with standards for quality improvement, regulatory requirements, and best practice recommendations.

Distance Education Requirements

Infrastructure More faculty preparation and organization Concerted effort by students to remain active participants Adaptation by faculty and students to a different teaching/learning environment

Institute for Higher Education Policy Report Benchmarks

Institutional support Guidelines for course development, review, and evaluation Teaching/learning guidelines for faculty-student interaction, feedback, and instruction on methods of effective research and evaluation of resources Course structure guidelines inclusive of student orientation, supplemental materials, and expectations Structured student support measures Extensive faculty support structures and guidelines Evaluation and assessment strategies inclusive of faculty development programs to promote new skills and teaching methods suitable for distance education

Second Life

Is an innovative, Internet-based strategy that has been implemented into an accelerated online nursing program. It has demonstrated usefulness in engaging students in active learning and provides an opportunity to use simulation in a safe environment. Allows students to practice skills, try new ideas, and learn from mistake

Distance education

Is the use of audio, video, computer, television, teleconferencing, or the WWW to connect educator and students who are located at a minimum of two different locations. Virtual learning environments began with "distance learning"

Webcast

Is visible to everyone who chooses to watch it. Is a media file over the Internet using streaming media technology that may be distributed either live or on demand.

Virtual Meeting Space

Made possible by Web conferencing applications. In a Web conference, each participant can sit at his or her own computer. There is no travel time to the conference site. Participants are connected via the Internet, either through downloaded software or a Web-based application. Web-based applications enable attendees to access the meeting through an e-mail "meeting invitation" and can connect attendees at distant sites who click on the link provided in the invitation.

Examples of VLE

Moodle Learning Management System CyberExtension Virtual Managed Learning Blackboard WebCt CLOSE

Nurses

Nurses at the point of care are among the primary stakeholders using these systems and should be engaged early in development to provide input into design. One role of the nurse educator is to ensure this happens, and that nurses participating in architecture and design are knowledgeable about the potential of computer information systems.

Competency-Based Training

Offers the potential to free instructor time, streamline instruction and testing, and eliminate costs associated with employee travel Simulation offers a safe environment

Nurse Educator

One role of the nurse educator is to ensure the nurses role, and that nurses participating in architecture and design are knowledgeable about the potential of computer information systems. Need to incorporate content regarding data protection, data security, and patient confidentiality with both initial implementation and on-going educational updates

Instruction Applications

Online CEUS Hospital information systems available to faculty and students in clinical environment Competency-based training Computer-assisted instruction Simulation

Products of C/LMS

Open-source materials Commercial products Community source products Specific locally develop product models

What leads to negative attitudes towards delivering educational material?

Poor instructional design Lack of feedback Lack of control - control encompasses the ability to advance, repeat, or review portions of the program, or to quit at any point Lack of intellectual stimulation

Quality multimedia

Potentially reduces labor costs and participant time is self-paced. Recorded classes can be shown multiple times, without the actual educator being present.

Variables that influence VLE

Quality of the software Environment of computer use Characteristics of the learner

Webcasting

Refers to non-interactive linear streams or events. Information is spread over the Internet using push technology. The largest "webcasters" include existing radio and TV stations, who "simulcast" their output.

Term multimedia

Refers to presentations that combine at lease two of the following: text, voice or sound, images, and video, or hardware and software

Examples of C/LMS

Steller - an MIT developed product Sakai - a subscription-based community source Segue - an open-source system Blackboard - a commercial product

Course/Learning Management Systems

System that uses the Internet to assist the educator in developing, managing, and administering educational materials for students Facilitate learning Provide tracking capability Provide e-mail, chat, and discussion capability

Internet broadcasting

The process of capturing, encoding, hosting, and delivering multimedia events such as training, infomercials, and concerts.

Virtual Learning Environment term:

The underlying concept for instruction delivered outside the boundaries of the traditional classroom in which instructor and instructed do not meet face to face

Benefits of academic applications

Time to analyze clinical information, especially adequate time to compose care plans or review critical pathways Enables review of plans of care with faculty or hospital nursing staff prior to entry into the system Increases knowledge and proficiency when students enter the actual clinical setting Enables greater familiarity with student's assigned clients Poses fewer interruptions for staff from students requesting information Opportunity to retrieve diagnostic results, vital signs, admission assessment data,and nursing documentation for review in real time

Nurse managers

Use data from EHR and patient census records to efficiently organize patient care and monitor patient safety.

VLE vs. Traditional Classroom

Virtual environments prove to be as effective. VLE can serve to introduce technology into the curriculum, and this has become our current educational reality.

Blended learning term:

When a virtual classroom supplements traditional classroom instructions

Group-paced instruction

With multimedia it has the potential to decrease costs ordinarily incurred with both individual instruction and traditional classroom teaching

5.Which of the following best describes Web 2.0 technologies? a.Web 2.0 is a World Wide Web technology and design that seeks to foster creativity, collaboration, and the sharing of information as may be exemplified by blogs, podcasts, vodcasts, wikis, and YouTube. b.Web 2.0 refers to communication tools. c.Web 2.0 will provide high-speed access to select users such as institutions of higher learning, government agencies, and nonprofit organizations. d.Web 2.0 refers to authoring tools for the design of web pages.

a. Web 2.0 is a World Wide Web technology and design that seeks to foster creativity, collaboration, and the sharing of information as may be exemplified by blogs, podcasts, vodcasts, wikis, and YouTube. Rationale: Web 2.0 is a World Wide Web technology and design that seeks to foster creativity, collaboration, and the sharing of information as may be exemplified by blogs, podcasts, vodcasts, wikis, and YouTube.

10.Software application designed to allow persons with little or no programming expertise to create instructional programs are ______. a.authoring tools b.computer-assisted instruction programs c.multimedia presentations d.Microsoft suites

a. authoring tools Rationale: Software application designed to allow persons with little or no programming expertise to create instructional programs are authoring tools.

9.Computer resistance by nurses is often the result of which of the following? a.computer anxiety, limited computer skills, and poor communication on the part of administration to consult nurses during the change process b.excessive cyberphobia and information overload c.lack of knowledge among administrators of change theory and technophobia d.overly complex system design

a. computer anxiety, limited computer skills, and poor communication on the part of administration to consult nurses during the change process Rationale: Computer resistance by nurses can be caused by computer anxiety, lack of computer skills, and failure of administration to consult nurses during the change process.

7.Which of the following statements about virtual reality are true? a.It has not been approved for use among health care professionals for the practice of procedural skills. b.It is a widely used form of multimedia that fully envelops learners in an environment providing the next best option to performing the skill on a real person but without any risks to the learner or the client. c.Its use is strictly limited to the aviation industry. d.It offers an option to performing skills on a real person with only slight risks to the learner.

b. It is a widely used form of multimedia that fully envelops learners in an environment providing the next best option to performing the skill on a real person but without any risks to the learner or the client. Rationale: It is a widely used form of multimedia that fully envelops learners in an environment allowing them to practice skills without risks to themselves or to clients.

8.The delivery of content and stimulation of learning primarily through the use of telecommunication technologies and often used for corporate training is ______. a.computer-assisted instruction b.e-learning c.distance learning d.teleconferencing

b. e-learning Rationale: The delivery of content and stimulation of learning primarily through the use of telecommunication technologies and often used for corporate training is e-learning.

6.Which of the following statements most accurately describes mobile learning? a.Mobile learning refers to meeting the needs of a transient student population. b.Mobile learning refers to the technology to allow traveling faculty to teach from any location. c.Mobile learning, or m-learning, refers to learning that takes place via the use of mobile devices such as PDAs and cell phones. d.Mobile learning refers an adjunct tool to traditional classroom instruction.

c. Mobile learning, or m-learning, refers to learning that takes place via the use of mobile devices such as PDAs and cell phones. Rationale: Mobile learning, or m-learning, refers to learning that takes place via the use of mobile devices such as PDAs and cell phones.

2.Academic EHRs offer which of the following benefits? a.Academic EHRs take the place of information system training at clinical agencies. b.EHRs free faculty from the burden of teaching students how to use electronic records. c.Professional socialization is fostered, students can see the effects of their decision making, and orientation time for new graduates is decreased. d.EHRs shift all learning on electronic documentation to a self-paced system.

c. Professional socialization is fostered, students can see the effects of their decision making, and orientation time for new graduates is decreased. Rationale: While students may learn portions of EHR use in a self-paced system, faculty still need to monitor students and provide appropriate feedback in simulated and live settings.

1.________ are systems that use the Internet to assist the educator in developing, managing, and administering educational materials for students. a.Mobile learning environments (MLEs) b.Computer-aided learning (CALs) c.Virtual learning environments (VLEs) d.Computer laboratory systems

c. Virtual learning environments (VLEs) Rationale: Virtual learning environments (VLEs) are systems that use the Internet to assist the educator in developing, managing, and administering educational materials for students.

4.Distance learning is offered by institutions of higher learning as a means to _______. a.save student and faculty time b.extend scarce faculty resources c.improve student access, meet demands for flexible options, and extend geographic boundaries d.reduce administrative expenses associated with traditional educational settings

c. improve student access, meet demands for flexible options, and extend geographic boundaries Rationale: Distance learning is offered by institutions of higher learning as a means to improve student access, meet student demands, and extend geographic boundaries

3.Academic EHRs used in conjunction with simulation activities primarily foster which of the following skills? a.comparative effectiveness research skills b.improved faculty informatics skills c.appropriate use of e-sign and the patient confidentiality safeguards d.critical thinking as students learn the relationship between specific diagnostic findings, observations, clinical situations, and nursing interventions

d. critical thinking as students learn the relationship between specific diagnostic findings, observations, clinical situations, and nursing interventions Rationale: While EHRs may be used in conjunction with simulation activities to help students appreciate patient privacy and confidentiality, this was not the focus of e-sign legislation. Faculty may develop improved informatics skills as a result of working with students but that is not the primary focus of academic EHRs and simulation activities geared towards students.

Nursing leaders

must receive proper education in using these resources to extract data and maximize use of the available technology