Integration Exam

Which of the following BEST describes McMinn's view of the relationship between Christian counseling models and the scientific method?

1) Christian counselors act as if their methods are validated or they don't need to be 2) This view is dangerous and alienates Christian counselors from their colleagues 3) To be understood, we must use language of science. 4) Must scientifically demonstrate their unique interventions and there effectiveness. 5) Research evidence for Christian techniques is sparse/needs to be validated.

According to Entwistle, the neutral parties model views psychology and theology as distinct and not interacting that can be carried through psychological neutrality and Christian neutrality. Who is one person NOT included in the Christian neutrality group?

1) Clement 2) Malcolm Jeeves 3) David Myers 4) Fraser Watts 5) Scanzoni

What are the five models of integration discussed by Entwistle?

1) Enemies- take an either/or position on the psychology of human beings versus the theology of human beings (p.165)o Secular Combatants- psychologically committed persons who are opposed to religion. (p.167)o Christian Combatants- see psychology as an enemy which is opposed by sound doctrine, and they see the use of psychotherapy (and sometimes psychotropic medication) as incompatible with (and unnecessary for) those who live victorious Christian lives (p. 167) 2) Spies- employ procedures of severing the "useful" from the extraneous" parts of the one discipline, on the basis of values inferred from the other discipline (p.170)o Foreigners- seek to identify religious elements that have psychological benefits (p.170)o Domestic Residents- those who practice watered down religion and are interested in proclaiming its psychological benefits. (p.170) 3) Colonialists- borrow selective findings from psychology but they do so as outsiders and pilferers (p.172) 4) Neutral Parties- employ procedures that serve to segregate the parts of each discipline from each other and perhaps to compare the findings of the one model to the findings of the other model (p.174)o Psychological facts and theological facts are seen in parallel terms (p.174) 5) Allies as subjects of One sovereign- integration model- will utilize segregation, but only for the purpose of disciplinary distinctiveness and methodology (p.176)

McMinn suggests that a comprehensive integration perspective on psychological and spiritual health involves what components?

1) Healthy sense of self 2) Healthy sense of need 3) Healing relationships

According to Entwistle, what does the Neutral Parties model (also known as the Levels of Explanation model) assert?

1) Live and let live 2) Levels of explanation model 3) Parallels model 4) Pastor handle spiritual problems and mental health professionals handle emotional problems 5) Religious or Christian commitments of these scientists/ counselors are compartmentalized.

McMinn describes five ways to confront a client. What are they?

1) Pondering 2) Questioning 3) Silence 4) Direct Censure 5) Not Confronting

According to Entwistle, what does the Enemies model of integration (Christian Combatants subtype) assert?

1) Psychology and religion (Christianity) are fundamentally incompatible. 2) Rejection and eradication 3) Nouthetic Counseling - people are not sick but sinful, the use of psychology is idolatrous, the care of the soul belongs solely to the church, scripture is sufficient for all psychological needs.

What are the elements in McMinn's pattern for healing?

1) Self- sufficiency 2 )Brokenness 3) Healing relationship

What is one of the examples of faulty healing relationships proposed by McMinn?

1) Splitting 2) Dependence 3) Exploitation

*** Millard Erikson, according to Entwistle, observed that there are three general views of the character of imago Dei. What is NOT one of his views?

1) Substantive 2) Relational 3) Functional (These are the views not NOT the views)

Entwistle mentions five keys to a Christian Theocentric worldview. Which answer was NOT mentioned?

1) The essential unity of truth is recognized as grounded in a transcendent God who created an orderly world• 2) Human capacities are seen as God-given, to be guided by intellectual and moral virtues and resulting in adoration of God. 3) Reality is seen as a holistic unity composed of physical, social, psychological, and transcendent phenomena. 4) Human finitude, frailty, and the individual and corporate (communal) effects of sin are recognized as limiting factors in the pursuit and acquisition of knowledge. 5) Various means of epistemic inquiry (e.g., rational discourse, empirical investigation, etc.) are recognized as means of evaluating truth claims, though each has unique strengths, limitations and areas of application that make them relevant to different forms of epistemic application (p.106) (These are the 5 mentioned not the NOT mentioned)

According to Entwistle, the neutral parties model views psychology and theology as distinct and not interacting that can be carried out through psychological neutrality and Christian neutrality. Who is one person NOT included in the psychological neutrality group?

1. Allport 2. Peck 3. Moore 4. Carter 5. Naramore 6. Clement 7. David Myers 8. Malcom Jeeves- The Sacred Parallel Approach

According to McMinn, what is one of the ways Dr. Eric Johnson suggests the Biblecan influence Christian Counselors?

1. Experiential Role: Providing a resource for wisdom and personal maturity. 2. Foundational Role: Providing common starting point for our basic beliefs. 3. Contextual Role: Allowing us to understand human nature, meaning of life. 4. Axiological Role: Giving us standards for what we should be. 5. Anthropological Role: Providing awareness of historical narrative of human sin and divine redemption. 6. Canonical Role: Unchanging standard of truth. 7. Dialogical Role: Resources for discussion. 8. Creative Role: Allowing us to consider and explore concepts from the psychological worldview.

What is NOT one of the eight points in the "Reasons for Forgiveness Scale"?

1. Forgiveness helps me get on with my life. Otherwise, I would think about it all the time. 2. I want to keep peace in our relationship. 3. I understand why he/she did it (going through a rough time, personal issues, etc.). 4. I've done bad things too and have been forgiven. 5. I love this person. 6. It's not a big deal. 7. If I had behaved differently, it wouldn't have happened. 8. Forgiveness is the right thing to do.

According to McMinn, effective counseling requires an ongoing assessment of three areas. What is NOT one of those areas?

1. Goals 2. The Client 3. The counselor

Entwistle writes that C.S. Lewis addressed the issue of supernaturalism and science in his book Miracles. What statement best explains how Lewis viewed this phenomenon?

1. Lewis argued that the ability to identify something as a miracle actually depends upon knowledge of the normal rules of nature precisely because the miraculous does not fit the expected pattern. 2. A miracle is not something that breaks the rules but is an intervention by which something new is introduced into nature (p.117)

McMinn writes about six personal and professional challenges facing Christian counselors as they confront interdisciplinary integration. Which choice is NOT one of them?

1. Moving from two areas of competence to three 2. Blurred personal-professional distinctions 3. Expanding definitions of training 4. Confronting dominant views 5. Establishing a scientific base6. Defining relevant ethical standards

What is NOT one of the personal and professional challenges facing Christian counselors according to McMinn?

1. Moving from two areas of competence to three 2. Blurred-professional distinctions 3. Expanding definitions of training 4. Confronting dominant views 5. Establishing a scientific base 6. Defining relevant ethical standards

What is NOT one of the seven different types of prayer in counseling suggested by McMinn?

1. Praying for clients outside of sessions 2. Silently praying for clients during the sessions 3. Devotional mediation outside sessions 4. Devotional mediation during sessions 5. Training with in-session prayer and homework 6. Occasional in-session prayer 7. Routine in-session prayer

In his chapter on prayer, McMinn mentioned many ways in which counselors have used prayer in counseling, including what?

1. Praying for clients outside of sessions. 2. Silently praying for clients during sessions. 3. Devotional meditation outside of sessions. 4. Devotional mediation during sessions. 5. Training with in-session prayer and homework. 6. Occasional in-session prayer. 7. Routine in-session prayer.

According to a chart that McMinn designed, there were several examples of a faulty sense of self. What is NOT one of the examples?

1. Self-absorption 2. Self-hate 3. Lack of self-restraint

When faced with the reality of fallen human nature, McMinn believes we are left with three choices. What are they?

1. To do nothing- to stand paralyzed in a state of shame and proclaim are worthlessness 2. Confess our fallen nature- find ways of making restitution when appropriate, accept forgiveness, and be restored to healthy relationships 3. Seek comfort- through means other than confession

Citing Walsh and Middleton, Entwistle points out that worldviews ask four basic questions. What is NOT one of these?

1. What does it mean to be human? What are the characteristics of human nature? What is the purpose of human life? What duties, obligations, and responsibilities do human beings have? 2. What is the nature of the world? 3. What's wrong with the world, and why do things go wrong? Why does the world contain suffering and evil? 4. How can what is wrong with the world, and what is wrong with my life, be fixed?

What is a worldview according to Entwistle?

A WINDOW through which he or she views the world, framed by the assumptions and beliefs that color what he or she sees. Worldviews shape how we understand our experience in the world and reflect our expectations about life

McMinn cites research by Whiston and Sexton that reported one of the best indicators of success in psychotherapy is what?

A strong therapeutic relationship

In your readings, McMinn compares the apostle Paul and the Fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23) to which psychologist and his theory?

Abraham Maslow: hierarchy of needs

McMinn notes that two authors argued positions that appeared almost identical; however, they were diametrically opposed. _____________ "argued that the concept of sin is the cause of virtually all psychopathology" whereas _________ "argued that sin is the cause of virtually all psychopathology."

Albert Ellis, Jay Adams

According to Entwistle, what does the Allies model assert?

All truth is God's truth. The integration of psychology and Christianity is a multifaceted attempt to discern the underline truths about the nature and functioning of human beings from the unique vantage points of psychology (in it's various sub-disciplines, utilizing diverse methodologies)

According to Entwistle, when a Christian counselor is seeking to integrate psychology and theology in order to help a couple deal with marital conflict in a counseling session, the Christian counselor is practicing integration.

Allied

According to Entwistle, in the __________ model "psychological and theological methods are utilized to gain a more holistic and unified understanding of truth."

Allies

Consider this definition: The integration of psychology and Christianity is a multifaceted attempt to discern the underlying truths about the nature and functioning of human beings from the unique vantage points of psychology (in its various sub-disciplines, utilizing diverse methodologies) and Christianity (in theology, faith, and practice). Which of Entwistle's models best fits this definition?

Allies as subjects of One sovereign (integration model)

Consider the following: Psychology highlights the awareness of multiple determinants of behavior (genetics, social environment, reinforcement history, etc.). This might help us understand why one individual struggles with certain sins while the same sins are not tempting for another individual. Then too, theology reminds us of the pervasiveness of sin and that while each individual may struggle with different types of sin, we all struggle with sin in some form. This example of the interaction between psychology and theology interaction illustrates which model in Entwistle's book?

Allies model

Which of Entwistle's models best describes the approach of Liberty University's graduate counseling program?

Allies of One Sovereign God

McMinn notes that Dr. Eric Johnson suggests ways the Bible can influence Christian Counselors. Which term below refers to "giving us standards for what should be?"

Axiological Role

McMinn writes about six personal and professional challenges facing Christian counselors as they confront interdisciplinary integration. Which choice is NOT one of them?

Challenge 1: Moving From the Two Areas of Competence to Threeo For interdisciplinary integration, two areas of competence are necessary and sufficient: psychology and theology. A third area of competence is spirituality and the process of spiritual formation. Spiritual training is experiential and is rarely found in the classroom. It is found in prayer and devotional reflection, in church worship, fasting, and solitude.• Challenge 2: Blurred Personal-Professional Distinctionso The kind of therapeutic relationships that foster healing are not formed merely from well-chosen techniques but grow out of the person's inner life. In this sense, counseling is both professional and personal. The counselor is a dispenser of healing technology (treats specific symptoms with specific techniques). The Christian counselor is also a healing agent - one whose spiritual life spills over in interactions with their clients.A counseling relationship is professional: occurs at a specified time and place, a fee is charged, client discloses more than counselor, relationship is terminated at some point. A Christian counseling relationship is also personal: both counselor and client invest energy and emotion in the relationship, both brings personal histories and worldviews to the relationship, both pray for successful therapy outcome, both are brothers/sisters in Christ. Christian counselors need to be highly trained in counseling theory and techniques and in theology but also personally trained to reflect Christian character.• Challenge 3: Expanded Definitions of Trainingo Professional training in spiritual-guidance techniques is lacking, even in religiously oriented training programs. Just as personal training is essential for competent counselors, personal training (devotions) is important for those who see the spiritual life as an essential component of effective Christian counseling. Spiritual disciplines provide opportunities to experience God, a way for deep internal change, opportunities to develop habits of holiness.• Challenge 4: Confronting Dominant Views of Mental Healtho Beneath every technique is a counseling theory, and beneath every theory is a worldview. Christian counselors must deliberately look at the world

According to Entwistle, Jay Adams and John MacArthur are antagonistic toward psychology. As such, they are examples of which subset of Entwistle's Enemies model?

Christian Combatants

McMinn proposes a theoretical map for spiritual and psychological health. What is NOT part of this map?

Cognitive Therapy

Which of Entwistle's models emphasizes God's Word over God's Works?

Colonialist's

What is one difference between Entwistle's Spies model and his Colonialists model?

Colonialist's differ from the domestic resident version of the spies paradigm in that they adhere to a conservative orthodox Christian theological system rather than a liberal, neo-orthodox, or more broadly religious position.

According to Entwistle, the ____________ model filters "isolated psychological findings through proof-texts or worldview; accepts or rejects findings without engaging discipline or methods of psychology."

Colonialists

*** What is NOT an example given by McMinn of a faulty awareness of need?

Depression (Verify Answer) Victim Role- Bitterness- Cynicism- Helplessness

What does McMinn believe Christian counseling should primarily focus on?

Empirically validated Christian counseling model of personality, mental health, and therapy

According to Entwistle, the model is based on the belief that psychology and theology/Christianity are mutually exclusive and incompatible with each other.

Enemies Model of Integration

According to Entwistle, there are two types of Spies: _____________ (psychologists who seek to identify religious elements that have psychological benefits) and _____________ (those who practice a watered-down religion and are interested in proclaiming its psychological benefits)

Foreigners, Domestic Residents

*** McMinn believes there is a "healing motif" written throughout the narrative of human history that reflects a common pattern to healing and health. What is NOT one of those he wrote about?

Healing Motif: Self-sufficiency leads to brokenness which draws into community with God and on another (This is not what it is NOT but what it is)

According to McMinn, what foundational competence for integration is insufficiently emphasized in most Christian counseling programs?

Intradisciplinary Integration (p.8)• Spirituality and the process of spiritual reformation

McMinn uses the term _____________ counselor to describe a counselor who is able to consider simultaneously: psychology, theology, and spirituality.

Multi-tasking

McMinn believes that "Christian counseling is more complex than other forms of counseling because our goals are _ ."

Multifaceted (spiritual and mental health)

Imagine that Albert Ellis has a recent conversion experience which radically changes his outlook on religion. Even though he now believes that religion is a valuable area of study, yet he also thinks that both psychology and religion need to remain separate fields of academic discipline. His position now is that clients who enter counseling talking about spiritual issues need to be referred to pastors or religious counselors, while clients that are talking about emotional issues need to be seen by secular counselors. Ellis is now embracing which position of Entwistle's models of integration?

Neutral party model

According to Entwistle, what is an epistemological assumption made by the Enemies model (Christian Combatants version)?

Psychology is the enemy of the Church (p.193)• The care of the soul belongs to the Church (p.196)• Christian faith is sufficient for psychological well-being (p.197)• MacArthur construed psychology as a pseudo-science and a rival gospel; in fact, he identified psychology as on the "three deadly influences that undermine...spiritual life" (p.200)• Psychology and religion (Christianity) are fundamentally incompatible. Rejection and Eradication—Reject that which opposes one's view and eradicate anything within one's system that has its roots in the external system. Nouthetic Counseling—people are not sick but sinful, the use of psychology is idolatrous, the care of the soul belongs solely to the church, Scripture is sufficient for all psychological needs

Psychology and Theology both use what methodology in their disciplines?

Rationale inquiry

According to Entwistle, what does the Enemies model of integration (Secular Combatants subtype) assert?

Scientific thinking is incompatible with religious belief.

According to Entwistle, an integration problem for both scientists and theologians is what?

Scientist have only marginal knowledge of theology and theologian's have minimal knowledge science so there is a need for integration enthusiasts to develop a dual-disciplinary expertise

Freud, Ellis, and Maslow were antagonistic toward religion. As such, they are examples of which subset of Entwistle's Enemies model?

Secular Combatants

According to Entwistle, there are two versions of the Enemies model. The _________ combatants are antagonistic toward religious belief whereas the __________ combatants see psychology as the enemy.

Secular, Christian

According to McMinn, in order for integration to move beyond the limitations of current scholarly conceptual models to more applied models that can be used in the counseling room, the Christian counselor must better understand what?

Spirituality and the process of spiritual formation

According to Entwistle, what is the most significant principle that allows for dialogue and interaction between psychology and theology?

The unity of truth

In relation to Christian counselors and spiritual techniques, McMinn argues what?

The value of counseling interventions is found less in one's technical training and theoretical orientation than in one's character balancing Christian's theology, psychology, and spiritual formation

McMinn believes that Christian counselors who are best prepared to help people are what?

Those that are not only highly trained in counseling theory and techniques and in theology, but also personally trained to reflect Christian character inside and outside of the counseling office.

Many who subscribe to the Enemies model (Christian Combatants version) believe what?

counseling is the church's responsibility and should not be done by Psychiatrists or Psychologists