Integuementary - Skin (Ch. 5)

Where is thin skin found?

Found on the rest of the body

What is the integumentary system?

Consists of the skin and its accessory organs- the hair, nails, and cutaneous glands

which muscles attached to the hair follicles cause goose bumps:

arrector pili

The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ________.

external root sheath

the major regions of a hair shaft do not include:

external root sheath

jaundice

yellow skin, normally signifies liver disorder

TRUE/FALSE Thick skin has a more extensive dermal layer than thin skin.

F

stratum corneum

horny layer

The skin is NOT a __________ barrier.

metabolic

Skin color is determined by (a) the amount of blood (b) pigments (c) oxygenation level of the blood (d) all of these

(d) all of these

Keratin

Dead cells at the surface of the epidermis, packed with tough protein

C Sweat gland, eccrine gland

Sudoriferous gland

stratum basale

another name for the base cell layer

Which of the following would be a sign of a melanoma?

asymmetry

subcutaneous layer

binds skin to underlying organs

Which structure is a type of sweat gland?

c

stratum lucidum

found only in the thicken skin of palms and soles of feet

Accessory skin structures

hair nails glands

What causes jaundice?

liver issue

The most dangerous type of skin cancer is __________

melanoma

bronzing

metalic appearance of skin, signifies addisons disease

melanocytes

produce melanin(pigment)

merkel cells

tactile cells (deeper epidermis)

The sensations of touch and pressure are picked up by receptors located in

the dermis

What happens in the stratum granulosum in relation to the keratinocytes death?

(1) The keratohyalin granules release a protein called filaggrin which binds the keratin filaments together into coarse, tough bundles. (2) The cells produce a very tough layer of envelope proteins around keratin bundles. (3) Membrane coating vesicles release lipid mixture that spreads out over the cell surface and waterproofs it. (4)Keratinocyte nucleus and other organelles degenerate and cells die due to the barriers

Name the four kinds of sudoriferous glands.

1. eccrine 2. apocrine 3. ceruminous 4. mammary

Which of these epidermal layers would be LEAST likely to develop cancer? A) A B) C C) D D) E

A

What is the epidermis layer of the skin?

A keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (layer of dead cells)

Corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?

D) corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order? A) granulosum, basale, spinosum, corneum B) basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum C) basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum D) corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

Corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order? basale / corneum / granulosum / spinosum BCGS CGSB CBGS GBSC

Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin? A) Lamellated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces. B) Fat associated with skin prevents water loss. C) The dermis is the thickest portion of the skin and water cannot pass through it. D) The size and shape of the cells that make up the stratum spinosum, as well as the thick bundles of intermediate filaments.

A) Lamellated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces.

Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer. A) Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing. B) Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant. C) Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant. D) Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum.

A) Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.

Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback? A) Release of sweat by eccrine glands in response to heat. B) An increase in sebum production in response to androgens (male sex hormones). C) Excretion of salts within the sweat. D) Lack of pain in third degree burns due to damage to sensory nerves in the dermis.

A) Release of sweat by eccrine glands in response to heat.

The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of loosely packed connective tissue with numerous peg-like projections that provide a great deal of surface area connecting the dermis to the epidermis. Which of the statements below do NOT represent benefits provided by the papillary layer's anatomy? A) The looseness allows for easy separation of the dead cell layer of epidermis to be shed. B) The looseness allows for phagocytes to roam through the tissue and search for infection. C) The high surface area allows for a stronger connection of dermis to epidermis. D) The spaces in the connective tissue allow many small blood vessels to deliver nutrients and pickup waste diffusing from the superficial epidermal layers.

A) The looseness allows for easy separation of the dead cell layer of epidermis to be shed.

Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease? A) The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance. B) Black-and-blue marks become evident for no apparent cause. C) It is impossible to suggest Addison's disease from an inspection of a person's skin. D) The skin appears to have an abnormal, yellowish tint.

A) The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance.

Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch? A) tactile corpuscle B) Pacinian corpuscle C) Ruffini body D) free nerve ending

A) tactiel corpuscle

Which of these glands is properly matched with its mode of secretion? A) A; holocrine B) A; merocrine C) C; apocrine D) C; holocrine

A; holocrine

Which of the following would be a sign of a melanoma? uniform coloration regular borders asymmetry a size smaller than 6 mm

ASYMMETRY Cancerous growths exhibit asymmetry. Benign growths exhibit symmetry, regular borders, uniform coloration, and they are usually less than 6 mm in diameter.

Region that thickens markedly when one gains weight

Adipose

A Caucasian patient with pale skin is treated for low blood pressure with medication that elevates the blood pressure; however, the skin's pallor does not change. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the pallor in this patient? A) respiratory disease that results in the blood being poorly oxygenated B) the presence of hematomas in the skin C) hypertension caused by excessive use of the medication D) Anemia

Anemia

A Caucasian patient with pale skin is treated for low blood pressure with medication that elevates the blood pressure; however, the skin's pallor does not change. What is the most likely cause of the pallor in this patient?

Anemia -Red blood cells (RBCs) help give blood its color. Anemia is a set of signs and symptoms that appear when a person does not have enough healthy RBCs. Pallor, or paleness, is a sign/symptom of anemia because the blood vessels in the dermal layer lack normal RBCs.

Why is skin not considered a heat barrier for the body?

Answer: The skin proper must retain flexibility to give up excess body heat, so it must not function as a heat barrier. The hypodermis contains adipose tissue that acts as an insulator. With this setup, extra blood (and heat) can be shunted above the hypodermis when heat loss is desirable.

What are vellus hairs?

Answer: pale, fine body hair associated with newborn children, women, and bald men

ducts open to fair follicles; found in axillary and anogenital areas

Apocrine sweat glands

Addison's Dz

Appearance of a permanent tan; bronzing Addison's Dz, Pallor, Erythema, Jaundice, Cyanosis

Dandruff

Are composed of clumps of dander stuck together by sebum or oil

In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin? A) The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy. B) It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism. C) It aids in the transport of materials throughout the body. D) It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases.

B) It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.

Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does? A) Perfectly round hair shafts result in wavy hair. B) Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts. C) Gray hair is the result of hormonal action altering the chemical composition of melanin. D) Air bubbles in the hair shaft cause straight hair.

B) Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts.

Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer. A) Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant. B) Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing. C) Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum. D) Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant.

B) Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement? A) stratum corneum B) stratum basale C) stratum lucidum D) stratum granulosum

B) Stratum basale

Which of the following cells and their functions are correctly matched? A) melanocytes -- protects cells in the stratum corneum from damaging effects of sun's rays B) dendritic cells -- activate the immune system C) tactile cells -- protection D) keratinocytes -- provide sense of touch and pressure

B) dendritic cells -- activate the immune system

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands? A) sebaceous and merocrine B) eccrine and apocrine C) holocrine and mammary D) mammary and ceruminous

B) eccrine and apocrine

The dermis has two major layers; which of the following constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin? A) the subcutaneous layer B) the reticular layer C) the papillary layer D) the hypodermal layer

B) the reticular layer

A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot, almost to the papillary region of the dermis. Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured?

Basale

Nails

Body that is free and root anchored to nail bed/matrix that is vascular and site of growth of nail, pink-capillaries

Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does? A)Air bubbles in the hair shaft cause straight hair. B) Gray hair is the result of hormonal action altering the chemical composition of melanin. C) Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts. D) Perfectly round hair shafts result in wavy hair.

C) Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts.

Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis by negative feedback? A) The secretion of antibacterial compounds in sebum. B) Removal of nitrogenous compounds like urea within the sweat. C) Release of chemical signals by keratinocytes that have been damaged by UV light that will increase the production of melanin. D) The near waterproof secretions of glycolipids that is released by cells in the stratum granulosum.

C) Release of chemical signals by keratinocytes that have been damaged by UV light that will increase the production of melanin.

The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ________. A) medulla B) cuticle C) external root sheath D) cortex

C) external root sheath

The integumentary system is protected by the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which of the following cells serve this function? A) cells found in the stratum spinosum B) keratinocytes, because they are so versatile C) macrophages called Langerhans' cells D) Merkel cells

C) macrophages called Langerhans' cells

Three types of hemangiomas

Capillary Hemangiomas, Cavernous Hemangiomas, and Port-Wine Stain

What happens when there is a large concentration of carotene within the body?

Carotene becomes highly concentrated in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat, imparting a yellow color

What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn?

Catastrophic fluid loss

D Cells migrate upwards through the epidermis after being generated by mitosis in the stratum basale.

Cell division would be most common among cells in which of the labeled layers? A B C D

Merkel Disc

Cells plus a disc like sensory nerve ending that functions as a sensory receptor for touch Merkel Disc Dendritic Cells Cornified Keratinocytes Keratinocytes Keratin

Which glands produce ear wax?

Ceruminous glands

What is the main protein found in the dermis?

Collagen

Cell division would be most common among cells in which of the labeled layers? A) A B) B C) C D) D

D

The surge of sex hormones that accompanies puberty has a wide range of effects on the body. One of those effects is to enhance the activity of the sebaceous glands, increasing the production of sebum. Which of the following is the most likely to result from the increased sebaceous activity? A) Increased cooling of the skin B) Increased hair growth C) Decreased vitamin D synthesis D) Increased oily appearance and more acne

D) Increased oily appearance and more acne

In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin? A) It aids in the transport of materials throughout the body. B) The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy. C) It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases. D) It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.

D) It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.

The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis? A) osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and epithelial cells B) monocytes, reticulocytes, and osteocytes C) goblet cells, parietal cells, and Kupffer cells D) fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

D) fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

Exfoliate

Dead Keratinocytes or cells. Flake off the epidermal surface as tiny specks called dander

Why are there no skin cancers that arise from the stratum corneum?

Dead cells can't divide

Which of the following cells and their functions are correctly matched?

Dendritic cells activate the immune system

D Dermis

Dense irregularly arranged, fibrous connective tissue

Nonverbal Communication

Facial expressions created by stress posed on the dermal collagen fibers. Acne, birthmark, or scars

Cells in the stratum corneum undergo mitosis to keep the layer thick and protective.

False

Ceruminous glands are modified merocrine glands.

False

Destruction of the matrix of the hair bulb would result in its inability to produce oil.

False

In the presence of sunlight, Vitamin D precursors are produced. This is important for the transport of sodium in our intestines. Is this statement true or false? A) True B) False

False

Incisions should be made across rather than parallel to cleavage lines produced by collagen fiber bundles.

False

Joe just burned himself on a hot pot and the burn is quite painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn.

False

The biggest risk factor for the development of skin cancer is excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight. Exposure to UV light in a tanning booth is safer. Is this statement true or false? A) True B) False

False

The dermis has a connective tissue and adipose layer that loosely binds the body together.

False

The hypodermis is composed of adipose and dense connective tissue.

False

The hyponychium is commonly called the cuticle.

False

The protein found in large amounts in the outermost layer of epidermal cells is collagen.

False

The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in the underlying dermis.

False

The skin has a more extensive dermal layer than thin skin.

False

The skin is not able to receive stimuli because the cells of the epidermis are not living and therefore there are no sensory receptors in the skin.

False

Freckles

Flat melanized patches that vary with heredity and exposure to the sun

Tactile (Merkel) Cells

Found in the basal layer of the epidermis and are associated with an underlying dermal nerve fiber (touch receptor cells)

Which of the following is not one of the functions of the skin?

Gives the body is overall shape, loss of this function can be seen with the dropping of skin age.

Which of the following is not one of the functions of the skin?

Gives the body its overall shape, loss of this function can be seen with the drooping of skin with age.

Where is the stratum corneum found?

In thick skin, the epidermis contains a stratum corneum

Why does your skin remain red after a bad sunburn? Inflammation causes increased blood flow. Damaged epidermis cells are sloughed off. Loss of sweat glands in the dermal layer Blisters form, lifting the epidermal layer.

Inflammation causes increased blood flow.

Balding men have tried all kinds of remedies, including hair transplants, to restore their lost locks. Explain the cause of male pattern baldness.

It appears to be genetically determined and sex-linked, and is possibly caused by a delayed-action gene that responds to DHT and alters normal metabolism.

In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin

It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.

In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?

It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism

Which of the following are correct

Langerhans cells activate the immune system keratinocytes produce a fibrous protein to protect the epidermis melanin provides protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation

Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?

Meissner's corpuscle

Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure?

Meissner's corpuscles

________ are pigment-producing cells in the epidermis.

Melanocytes

Melanocytes

Occur only in the stratum basal. They synthesize pigment called melanin that shields DNA from UV rays

What properties must a substance have to penetrate the skin?

Oil-based

melanocytes

Pigment-producing cells in the epidermis are ________

How is the skin of populations native to the tropics different to those who live where sunlight is weak?

Populations native to the tropics and their descendants tend to have well-melanized skin to screen out excessive UV rays. While populations native to where the sunlight is weak, tend to have light skin to allow for adequate UV ray penetration

____ is an inherited condition that affects the heme pathway; it leaves skin scarred and gums degenerated, and may have led to folklore about vampires.

Porphyria

Erythrocytes

Red Blood Cells

Erythema

Redness/Red

B Adipose, sub q, hypodermis

Region that thickens markedly when one gains weight

Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback?

Release of chemical signals by keratinocytes that have been damaged by UV light that will increase the production of melanin.

Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback?

Release of sweat by eccrine glands in response to heat.

Functions of the skin

Resistance to trauma and infection. Other barrier functions. Vitamin D synthesis. Sensation. Thermoregulation. Nonverbal Communication. Transdermal Absorption

B Adipose, hypodermis, sub q

Responsible for shock absorption and located in the hypodermis

The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?

Reticular layer

Melanin

Shields the DNA in the skin from being exposed too much UV rays

E Papillary layer

Site of the dermal ridges that produce epidermal ridges on the epidermal surfaces of the fingers

Sensation

Skin is the most extensive sense organ. Contains sensory receptors essential for reacting to certain stimulates

Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize?

Squamous cell carcinoma

The layer that contains the mitotic viable cells of the epidermis.

Stratum basale

Which layer of the epidermis will be supplied with the highest levels of oxygen from the blood?

Stratum basale

The layer of the epidermis where the cells are considered protective but nonviable.

Stratum corneum

Which of the following correctly describes a common feature of all structures labeled A through D in the figure?

Structures A, B, C, and D are located in the dermis

Arrector pili

The ________ are the small muscles located in the dermis that cause goose bumps.

Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched and/or torn?

The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis

Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched and/or torn?

The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.

What are the features of the dermis?

The dermis is composed of mainly collagen with elastic fibers, reticular fibers, and fibroblasts. It is also well supplied with blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nerve endings

Which of the following best explains the fact that eyebrows do NOT grow as long as the hair on the head? A) The hair follicles of the eyebrows do not have a hair matrix; the hair follicles in the scalp do have a hair matrix. B) The hair follicles of the eyebrows exhibit a resting phase, but the hair follicles in the scalp do not. C) The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive. D) The hair follicles of the eyebrows are not responsive to androgens; hair follicles in the scalp are responsive to androgens. E) The hair of the eyebrows does not have a cuticle, but the hair on the head does have a cuticle.

The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive.

granulosum

The layer of the epidermis immediately under the stratum lucidum in thick skin is the stratum ________.

Stratum Corneum

The layer of the epidermis where the cells are considered protective but nonviable Vellus Stratum Corneum Sudoriferous glands Stratum basale

A light skinned person who is very cold may have a pale appearance. Which of the following is the best explanation for why this might be so?

The person's blood vessels in the dermis have undergone vasoconstriction (narrowing).

Which of the following represents a difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands? A) The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands. B) Eccrine sweat glands use exocytosis to make secretions, while apocrine sweat glands do not. C) Eccrine sweat glands begin to function at puberty, while apocrine sweat glands function throughout life. D) Eccrine sweat glands are located deeper in the dermis than apocrine sweat glands.

The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands.

What is a callus?

Thick layer of stratum corneum (dead skin)

During the regressive phase of hair growth, the matrix dies and the follicle atrophies.

True

Regardless of race, all human beings have about the same number of melanocytes.

True

Sweat glands continuously produce small amounts of sweat, even in cooler temperatures.

True

The most dangerous skin cancer is cancer of the melanocytes.

True

The outermost sheath of a hair follicle is the connective tissue root sheath.

True

The outermost sheath of a hair follicle is the connective tissue sheath.

True

B) subcutaneous The hypodermis ("under the skin") layer is also referred to as the subcutaneous region.

Which of the following terms describes layer D? A) epidermal B) subcutaneous C) reticular D) papillary

C) destruction of underlying pain receptors

Why would a third-degree burn be less painful than a first- or second-degree burn involving the same body area? A) Localized dehydration results in less pain. B) Inflammatory fluids disrupt nerve endings. C) destruction of underlying pain receptors D) Intense heat alters sensory nerve fibers.

Porphyria

_____ is an inherited condition that affects the heme pathway; it leaves the skin scarred and gums degenerated, and may have led to the folklore about vampires. Porphyria, Decubitus ulcer, Impetigo, Rosacea

stratum granulosum

a grainy layer

The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ________.

a. cuticle b. medulla c. external root sheath d. cortex C

Which glands produce ear wax?

a. merocrine glands b. apocrine glands c. eccrine glands d. ceruminous glands D

Which layer of skin is LEAST protected by melanin?

a. stratum basale b. stratum spinosum c. stratum corneum d. stratum granulosum C

The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?

a. the papillary layer b. the hypodermal layer c. the subcutaneous layer d. the reticular layer D

If a large number of whiteheads appear on the skin of the forehead, which of the following would result? A) fine hairs on the forehead would become brittle B) the forehead's skin would become dry C) bacteria on the forehead's skin would grow and multiply freely D) all of the above

all of the above

sebum (a) lubricates the surface of the skin and hair (b) consists of cell fragments and fatty substances (c) in excess may cause seborrhea (d) all of these

all of these

A Caucasian patient with pale skin is treated for low blood pressure with medication that elevates the blood pressure; however, the skin's pallor does not change. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the pallor in this patient? respiratory disease that results in the blood being poorly oxygenated the presence of hematomas in the skin hypertension caused by excessive use of the medication Anemia

anemia

subcutaneous layer

another name for the hypodermis

Layer B is composed primarily of __________. A) dense regular connective tissue B) simple squamous epithelium C) dense irregular connective tissue D) areolar connective tissue

areolar connective tissue

Layer B is composed primarily of __________. Section of the integument with labeled histological levels. dense regular connective tissue areolar connective tissue dense irregular connective tissue simple squamous epithelium

areolar connective tissue

squamous cell melanoma

arise from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum can grow fast and metastisize if not removed

Which of the following would be a sign of a melanoma? a size smaller than 6 mm uniform coloration regular borders asymmetry

asymmetry

apocrine sweat glands

axillary, and anogenital areas. release by exocytosis like eccrine glands have everything eccrine sweat does plus fatty substances and protein exact function not known but activated during pain and stress

A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot.almost to the papillary region of the dermis. Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured?

basale

The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated:

by hormones, especially androgens

Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?

by using the "rule of nines

Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?

by using the "rule of nines"

An arrector pili muscle

can cause a hair to stand up straight

stratum basale

cells divide and grow becuase they are well nourished

dermis

contains special sensory receptors

a needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order

corner, granulosum, spinosum, bassale

Which cell functions as part of the immune system?

dendritic cell

skin macrophages that help activate the immune system

dendritic cells

Which following cells and their functions are correctly matched?

dendritic cells - activate the immune system

Which of the following cells and their functions are correctly matched?

dendritic cells - activate the immune system

What is the structure indicated by label E?

dermal papilla

What is the structure labeled by E (epidermis bottom thing)

dermal papilla

The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superficial surface has structures called:

dermal papillae

Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of ________.

diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis

You discover a new type of gland associated with the skin. Chemical analysis of the product shows a secretion has a pH of 4, consists of 99% water, and contains traces of normal electrolytes including urea, vitamin C, and dermicidin. There are no traces of fats or proteins. How would you classify this new gland? A) ceruminous gland B) mammary gland C) eccrine gland D) sebaceous gland

eccrine gland

What causes pallor (blanching)?

emotional response

epidermis made of

epithelial cells

The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ___.

external root sheath

Joe just burned himself on a hot pot and the burn is quite painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn.

false

Skin cancers frequently originate from stratum corneum cells

false

When an individual is exposed to extremely cold air the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that more blood will be brought closer to the outside surface of the skin.

false

when a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third or more of the body.

false

A surgeon opens her patient by cutting the integument parallel to the cleavage lines of the dermis (tension lines). This will result in ________.

faster healing of the skin and less scaring

A patient has skin that is slightly blue in color. A likely treatment for this person might be _______.

giving the patient supplemental oxygen by mask

the dermis:

has two distinct layers

The dermis ________.

has two layers

Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?

in the axillary and anogenital area

The most abundant cells of the epidermis.

keratinocytes

What is the most common cell type in the epidermis?

keratinocytes

What is the most common cell type in the epidermis? A) dendritic cells B) macrophages C) keratinocytes D) fibroblasts

keratinocytes

What is the most common cell type in the epidermis? macrophages dendritic cells keratinocytes fibroblasts

keratinocytes

stratum basale

location of melanocytes

Which skin pigment is made in the skin as a natural defense against UV radiation? A) carotene B) melanin C) keratin D) hemoglobin

melanin

Which skin pigment is made in the skin as a natural defense against UV radiation? melanin hemoglobin carotene keratin

melanin

Which skin pigment is made in the skin as a natural defense against UV radiation?

melanin -Melanin is the only one of the three pigments (melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin) that contribute to skin color that is actually produced in the skin itself.

Which skin-color-associated, pigment-producing cell is located in the labeled layer D?

melanocytes

hair pigment made by

melanocytes at base of hair follicle and transferred to cortical cells

The most dangerous type of skin cancer is __________.

melanoma

First degree

mild sunburn

The integument's ability to resist tearing when stretched is largely due to the ________. A) desmosomes that bind together the cells of the stratum basal B) abundance of dense fibers found in the papillary layer of the dermis C) network of collagen fibers present in the reticular layer of the dermis D) dead, flattened layers of keratinized cells that fuse to form the stratum corneum

network of collagen fibers present in the reticular layer of the dermis

is hypodermis technically a part of the skin?

no

fist degree burn

only epidermis injured

The single most important risk for skin cancer is ___.

overexposure to UV radiation

The single most important risk for skin cancer is ______

overexposure to UV radiation

Second degree

partial thickness, blisters,

function of Keratinocytes

physical barrier

Protection

physical barrier to microorganisms, secretions from skin slightly acidic can kill microorganisms, selectively permeable membrane good at preventing water loss, skin protects body from abrasions, provides insulation, UV light

Cells of the stratum spinosum have many interlocking desmosomes that will remain between the cells as they migrate to the stratum corneum. These cell junctions serve the body by ________.

preventing mechanical stress or trauma from damaging the epidermis

Which of the following is NOT a function of sebum? A) protection from bacteria B) lubrication of the skin C) protection from UV radiation D) prevention of water loss

protection from UV radiation

Which of the following is NOT a layer of the epidermis? A) stratum corner B) stratum granulosum C) reticular layer D) basal layer

reticular layer

Which of the following is NOT a layer of the epidermis? basal layer stratum corneum reticular layer stratum granulosum

reticular layer -There isn't a stratum reticulum. The epidermis of thick skin consists of 5 layers. From deep to superficial, these layers are stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum. (Study tip: Try the mnemonic BSGLC--Betty's Skin Glows Like Candles.) Thin skin lacks the stratum lucidum; thus, it consists of only the four major layers.

Which of the following is NOT a layer of the epidermis?

reticular layer (dense fibrous connective tissue)

Which layer is composed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue?

reticular layer letter C

nails appear pink due to

rich bed of capillaries in underlying dermis

Which glands secrete an oily product that softens the skin and hair? A) ceruminous glands B) sebaceous glands C) apocrine sweat glands D) eccrine sweat glands

sebaceous glands

acene is a disorder associated with:

sebaceous glands

Susan sat out in the sun watching a baseball game. She developed small blisters on her unprotected shoulders and neck what type of burn is represented by the formation of the blisters

second-degree burn

mammary glands

secrete milk

Which of the following is not an epidermal derivative

sensory receptor

Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize?

squamous cell carcinoma

Pigment can be found in several layers of the epidermis. In which layer would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin? stratum basale stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum

stratum basale

Pigment can be found in several layers of the epidermis. In which layers would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin? A) stratum spinosum B) stratum lucid C) stratum granulosum D) stratum basale

stratum basale

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?

stratum basale

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?

stratum basale

Which layer of the epidermis will be supplied with the highest levels of oxygen from the blood

stratum basale

What are the 5 layers of the Epidermis?

stratums Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum, Basale

carotene found in

straum corneum, orange color. can be converted to vitamin A which is good for vision and epidermal health

Which of the following terms describes layer D?

subcutaneous

A light-skinned person may appear pink when they become overheated. The best explanation for this is__________.

the blood vessels of the dermis have undergone vasodilation, bringing a greater volume of blood to the skin

Blisters form in second degree burns because:

the epidermis and dermis separate, and tissue fluid accumulated between the layers

What is the role of the hair follicle

the hair follicle serves as an anchor for the hair shaft

Which dermal layer is responsible for the dermal properties of skin that are evident as cleavage lines? A) the granular layer B) the papillary layer C) the basal layer D) the reticular layer

the reticular layer

In general, skin cancer is least likely to develop in which of the following locations?

the scalp

Which of the following represents a difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands

the secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands

Which of the following represents a difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands? Which of the following represents a difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands?

the secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands.

Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest a patient is suffering from Addison's disease?

the skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance

William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information you would predict that the cut has penetrated to

the stratum basale but not the dermal layers

William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information you would predict that the cut has penetrated to ______?

the stratum basale but not the dermal layers

William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information you would predict that the cut has penetrated to ________

the stratum basale but not the dermal layers

If a person were born without eccrine glands, what skin function would he or she have a hard time completing

thermoregulation

If a person were born without eccrine glands, what skin function would he or she have a hard time completing?

thermoregulation

If a person were born without eccrine glands, what skin function would he or she have a hard time completing? A) metabolic function B) cutaneous sensation C) thermoregulation D) having the skin act as a physical barrier

thermoregulation

Keratinocytes are the most important of the epidermal cells because:

they produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin its protective properties

Keratinocytes are an important epidermal cell because ________.

they produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties

Stratum basale

this is the layer that is most alive with majority of mitosis, deepest layer, single layer of cuboidal cells (keratinocytes) also anchored to dermis

What is the function of the secretion from gland A (sebaceous gland)

to lubricate hair and prevent infection

The dermis contains blood vessels and nerve fibers while the epidermis does not.

true

Temperature regulation

(increases) if temp is too high arterioles in dermis can dilate and allow more blood to flow through the skin and releases some heat, sweat is produced to counteract outside or inside heat rises which affect body temp, by spreading over body surface, (decreases) arterioles in dermis can constrict and redirect blood flow away from the surface and toward the core of the body if temp drops too far then arterioles will re-dilate and release some blood, arrector pili muscles around hair follicles contract and raise hair to trap a layer of air around body, but in humans with little body hair, less useful due to lack of body hair

layers of the epidermis

(top to bottom) stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

*Which of the following best explains the fact that eyebrows do NOT grow as long as the hair on the head?

*The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive.

*Which of the following represents a difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands?

*The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands.

What are the functions of the papillary layer of the skin?

1. Feed and oxygenate the epidermis. 2. Provide touch and pain receptors. 3. Form the underlying foundation for ridges of the hands and toes.

1. ? The most abundant cells of the epidermis. 2. ? The protein found in the epidermis that is responsible for toughening the skin. 3. ? Cells plus a disc-like sensory nerve ending that functions as a sensory receptor for touch. 4. ? Skin macrophages that help activate the immune system. 5. ? Cell remnants of the stratum corneum.

1. Keratinocytes The most abundant cells of the epidermis. 2. Keratin The protein found in the epidermis that is responsible for toughening the skin. 3. Merkel disc Cells plus a disc-like sensory nerve ending that functions as a sensory receptor for touch. 4. Dendritic cells Skin macrophages that help activate the immune system. 5. Cornified keratinocytes Cell remnants of the stratum corneum.

What are six of the functions of the epidermis?

1. Protection against abrasion. 2. Protection from the sun's radiation. 3. First line of immune system defense. 4. Protection from water loss. 5. Protection from heat loss. 6. Covers the body; interfaces with the outside. 7. Sensory perception

Stratum corneum

2520-30 layers of dead keratinized cells held together by desmosomes, as skin is rubbed cells fall off or desquatmated and replaced by new layer, cornified cells are filled with soft keratin which protects the skin and is somewhat flexible (hard keratin-nails and hair) glycolipids in extracellular space

basal cell carcinoma

80% of skin cancers, statum basale cells proliferate, invading dermis and hypodermis

The Waldorf family was caught in a fire but escaped. Unfortunately, the father and daughter suffered burns. The father had second-degree burns on his chest, abdomen, and both arms, and third-degree burns on his entire left lower extremity. The daughter suffered first-degree burns on her head and neck and second-degree burns on both lower extremities. What percentage of the daughter's body received first-degree burns? What part of the daughter's body has burns to both the dermis and epidermis?

9%; the legs

The compositions of the secretions of the eccrine glands is:

99% water, sodium chloride and trace amount of wastes, lactic acid and vitamin C

The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ____.

99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C

The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________.

99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C

he composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________.

99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C

The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is_________.

99% water, sodium, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C

Which of these epidermal layers would be LEAST likely to develop cancer? Section of the epidermis indicating epithelial layers and cell types. A C D E

A stratum corneum (Cell of this layer are dead and do not participate in mitosis.)

Cyanosis

A bluish color in light-skinned individuals Addison's Dz, Pallor, Erythema, Jaundice, Cyanosis

D) phagocytic cell

A dendritic or Langerhans cell is a specialized ________. A) squamous epithelial cell B) melanocyte C) nerve cell D) phagocytic cell

Dermis

A dense irregular connective tissue (type of fibrous connective tissue) layer beneath the epidermis

Port-Wine Stain

A flat and pinkish to dark purple birthmark that can be large and remains that way for life

Albinism (*Albino*)

A genetic lack of melanin that results in white hair, pale skin, and pink eyes. Has an inherited recessive, nonfunctional tyrosinase allele (Patient got gene from both parents)

Bilirubin

A hemoglobin breakdown product. When red blood cells age they release the hemoglobin which is converted to bilirubin by the liver and spleen and excreted out into the bile by the liver

Stratum Basale

A single layer of cuboidal to low columnar stem cells and keratinocytes resting on the basement membrane. Contains melanocytes, tactile cells, and stem cells scattered around

basale

A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot, almost to the papillary region of the dermis. Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured?

B) basale

A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot.almost to the papillary region of the dermis. Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured? A) lucidum B) basale C) spinosum D) granulosum

Stratum Lucidium

A thin translucent zone superficial to the stratum granulosum. This layer is seen only in thick skin and has keratinocytes that are densely packed with eleidin. These cells do not have a nucleus or organelles. This zone has a pale, featureless appearance with indistinct boundaries

What is thick skin?

A very thick surface layer of dead cells called the stratum corneum

Carotene

A yellow pigment acquired from egg yolks and yellow and orange vegetables such as carrots. Concentrates in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat

Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage? A) Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen. B) The skin is protected by increasing the number of Langerhans' cells, which help to activate the immune system. C) The skin is protected by the synthesis of three pigments that contribute to the skin's color. D) Carotene, which accumulates in the stratum corneum and hypodermal adipose tissue, is synthesized in large amounts in the presence of sunlight.

A) Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin

Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage? A) Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen. B) The skin is protected by the synthesis of three pigments that contribute to the skin's color. C) The skin is protected by increasing the number of epidermal dendritic cells, which help to activate the immune system. D) Carotene, which accumulates in the stratum corneum and hypodermal adipose tissue, is synthesized in large amounts in the presence of sunlight.

A) Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.

Which of these structures is properly matched with its mode of secretion? Section of the integument with labeled accessory structures. A; holocrine A; eccrine B; apocrine C; holocrine

A; holocrine (Structure A is a sebaceous gland that secretes oily materials by complete rupture of the gland cells.)

Erythema

Abnormal redness of the skin due to dilated cutaneous vessels, increasing blood flow. May be due to exercise, hot weather conditions, sunburn, anger or embarrassment

Transdermal Absorption

Administration of certain drugs steadily through thin skin via adhesive patches or ointments

We are told that every surface we touch is teeming with bacterial cells, and bacteria are found in the pools we swim in, the water we wash with, and on the hands of friends. Why are we not inundated with bacterial infections on our skin?

All of these answers are correct. >> Many bacteria are killed by bactericidal substances in the sebum and sweat. >> Not all bacteria are harmful or thrive on the skin. >>> The low pH of the skin secretions retards the multiplication of bacteria on the skin.

Moles

An elevated patch of melanized skin, often with hair

All skin surfaces except nipples and parts of external genitalia

Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?

Cavernous Hemangiomas

Are flatter and duller in color. They are present at birth, enlarge up to 1 year of age, and then regress and disappear by 9

Flexion Line (flexion creases)

Are the lines on the flexor surface of the digits, palms, wrists and elbows. Marks sites where the skin folds during flexion of the joints

Calluses (corn)

Are thick accumulations of dead keratinocytes on the hands or feet. Results from mechanical stress such as manual labor

How are (Membrane-coating vesicles) Lamellar granules produced?

As keratinocytes are shoved upward by the dividing cells below, they flatten and produce more keratin filaments and the lamellar granules

The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges? A) Every human being has the same pattern of ridges. B) They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person. C) Identical twins do not have the same pattern of ridges. D) Because we are constantly shedding epithelial cells, these ridges are changing daily.

B) They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person.

A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot.almost to the papillary region of the dermis. Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured?

Basale

What is a blister?

Between epidermis and dermis, pocket filled with fluid as a result of irritation

What is the most effective way of measuring blood sugar?

Blood should be taken from fingertips since blood capillaries are present. Earlobes are a better means of taking blood

Cyanosis

Blueness of the skin from a deficiency of oxygen in circulating blood. The deficiency of oxygen may be due to airway obstruction (drowning or choking), lung disease (emphysema or respiratory arrest), or cold weather or cardiac arrest

Hematoma

Bruises or mass of clotted blood showing through the skin. It is usually due to accidental trauma to the skin, but it may indicate hemophilia, other metabolic or nutritional disorders, or physical abuse

How are burns classified? Give an example

Burns are classified according to their severity or depth. For example, in first-degree burns, only the epidermis is damaged; in second degree burns, the epidermis and upper dermis are damaged; in third degree burns, there is widespread damage of epidermis and dermis.

Second degree

Burns that result in injury to the epidermis and the upper regions of the dermis is called a ________ burn.

Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?

By using the "rule of nines"

Which layer is composed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue? A) A B) B C) C D) D

C

Which structure is a type of sweat gland? A) A B) B C) C D) D

C

Which layer is composed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue?

C Layer C consists primarily of dense, interwoven fibers of collagen designed to resist tearing from any direction.

A light skinned person who is very cold may have a pale appearance. Which of the following is the best explanation for why this might be so? A) The person's blood vessels in the epidermis have undergone vasodilation (widening). B) The cold has slowed the movement of blood. C) The person's blood vessels in the dermis have undergone vasoconstriction (narrowing). D) The person is in fear of hypothermia (sever cold exposure).

C) The person's blood vessels in the dermis have undergone vasoconstriction (narrowing).

Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback? A) Changes in response of the hair follicle to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). B) Production of vitamin D initiated by the suns UV light striking the skin. C) Thickening of epidermis to form a callus in places where the skin is exposed to friction. D) Formation of cerumen wax to deter insects from entering the ear.

C) Thickening of epidermis to form a callus in places where the skin is exposed to friction.

Cornified Keratinocytes

Cell remnants of the stratum corneum Merkel Disc Dendritic Cells Cornified Keratinocytes Keratinocytes Keratin

What happens to the cells above the water barrier?

Cells above the water barrier quickly die because the barrier cuts the top layer from nutrients (which come from below)

A) preventing mechanical stress or trauma from damaging the epidermis

Cells of the stratum spinosum have many interlocking desmosomes that will remain between the cells as they migrate to the stratum corneum. These cell junctions serve the body by ________. A) preventing mechanical stress or trauma from damaging the epidermis B) allowing secretions like sweat or sebum to pass through C) preventing ultraviolet light from penetrating the deeper layers of the epidermis D) stopping water loss and preventing dehydration

modified apocrine glands in external ear canal that secrete cerumen (wax)

Ceruminous glands

Earwax is made by __________.

Ceruminous glands are modified apocrine sweat glands found in the lining of the external ear canal. Their secretion mixes with sebum produced by nearby sebaceous glands to form a sticky, bitter substance called cerumen, or earwax, which is thought to deter insects and block entry of foreign material.

Eleiden

Clear protein found in the dense packed layer of keratinocytes in the stratum lucidium

Stratum Spinosum

Consists of several layers of keratinocytes. Produces more and more keratin filaments which causes cells to flatten; the higher up in this stratum, the flatter the cells appear

Stratum Granulosum

Consists of three to five layers of keratinocytes and contains coarse dark-staining keratohyalin granules

Stratum Corneum

Consists of up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells that form a durable surface layer. It is especially resistant to abrasion, penetration, and water loss. Found only in thick skin

What does the epidermal water barrier consist of?

Contains lipids that are secreted by the keratinocytes, tight junctions between the keratinocytes, and a thick layer of insoluble protein on the inner surfaces of the keratinocytes plasma membrane

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?

Corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

Cell remnants of the stratum corneum.

Cornified keratinocytes

Where can thick skin be found?

Covers the palms, soles, and corresponding surfaces of the fingers and toes

Thermoregulation

Cutaneous nerve endings called thermoreceptors monitor the body surface temperature. The evaporation of sweat helps cool the body

The 68-year-old patient was admitted to the hospital medical floor with a diagnosis of chronic bronchitis. His wife asks the nurse why his skin looks blue. How would you explain cyanosis to this patient and his wife?

Cyanosis is a dusky bluish or grayish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes that occurs with reduced oxygen levels.

What happens to the cytoskeleton of keratinocytes as division is activated?

Cytoskeleton proliferates as cells are shoved upward

Cell division would be most common among cells in which of the labeled layers? Section of the epidermis indicating epithelial layers and cell types. A B C D

D (Cells migrate upwards through the epidermis after being generated by mitosis in the stratum basale.)

Sudoriferous glands vary in distribution over the surface of the body. Which of the following is correct? A) Apocrine glands are larger than eccrine, and empty secretions directly to the surface of the skin. B) Mammary glands are not considered a modified sweat gland. C) Eccrine are the most numerous, being found primarily in the axillary regions. D) Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen, which is thought to deter insects.

D) Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen, which is thought to deter insects.

Which of the following is not one of the functions of the skin? A) Delivers important information about our environment conditions to our brains. B) Holds a portion of the bloods total volume to be shunted (diverted) to other organs when needed. C) Conducts endergonic metabolic chemical reactions using the suns energy to initiate vitamin D synthesis. D) Gives the body its overall shape, loss of this function can be seen with the drooping of skin with age.

D) Gives the body its overall shape, loss of this function can be seen with the drooping of skin with age.

All of the following will help the skin to fight infection but one. Which of the following will have little effect on the skin's ability to fight infection? A) More tight junctions between keratinocytes of the stratum corneum. B) Increased secretions of defensins from skin cells. C) Greater production of keratinocytes resulting in more layers of stratum corneum. D) Greater production of melanin.

D) Greater production of melanin.

Reticular Layer

Deeper and much thicker layer of dermis. It consists of dense irregular connective tissue

Skin macrophages that help activate the immune system.

Dentritic cells

Layers B and C collectively form the (Papillary and reticular)

Dermis

Which layer is composed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue?

Dermis

What contributes to the durability of the epidermis?

Desmosomes contributes to the durability of the epidermis

The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis

Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn?

What affects the rate of a keratinocyte's life span?

Division rate of keratinocytes decrease with age. In addition, division rate increases in injured or stressed skin, such as calluses or corns

How are drugs introduced into the skin?

Drugs are introduced by injection into the epidermis because the subcutaneous tissue is highly vascular and absorbs them quickly

A) ceruminous glands Ceruminous glands are modified apocrine sweat glands found in the lining of the external ear canal. Their secretion mixes with sebum produced by nearby sebaceous glands to form a sticky, bitter substance called cerumen, or earwax, which is thought to deter insects and block entry of foreign material.

Earwax is made by __________. A) ceruminous glands B) apocrine glands C) glands D) eccrine glands

Open to pores; found in palms, soles of feet, and forehead; body temp control

Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?

Eccrine and apocrine

Label layers from top to bottom

Epidermis (dermal papillae) Dermis(papillary layer reticular layer) hypodermis

Layers of the skin Top to Bottom

Epidermis --> Dermis --> Connective Tissue

What is vitamin D essential for?

Essential for bone development and maintenance

What are the two types of melanin?

Eumelanin (a brownish black pigment) and Pheomelanin (reddish yellow sulfur containing pigment)

The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ______.

External root sheath

Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ______.

Eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months

Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ________.

Eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months

TRUE/FALSE Cells in the stratum corneum undergo mitosis to keep the layer thick and protective.

F

TRUE/FALSE Joe just burned himself on a hot pot. and the burn is quite painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn.

F

TRUE/FALSE The protein found in large amounts in the outermost layer of epidermal cells is collagen.

F

TRUE/FALSE The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in the underlying dermis.

F

TRUE/FALSE The biggest risk factor for the development of skin cancer is excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight. Exposure to UV light in a tanning booth is safer. Is this statement true or false?

F -The single most important risk factor for skin cancer is overexposure to the UV radiation in sunlight. UV radiation damages DNA bases and appears to disable tumor suppressor genes, leading to the formation of cancerous cells. There is no such thing as a "healthy tan." Tanning booths use the same UV mechanism to stimulate melanin production; the UV exposure is the primary mechanism that leads to skin cancer.

TRUE/FALSE Keratin protects skin cell DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Is this statement true or false?

F keratin helps to provide a water barrier for the integument

Joe just burned himself on a hot pot. A blister forms and the burn is painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn.

False

Joe just burned himself on a hot pot. and the burn is quite painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn.

False

Keratin protects skin cell DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Is this statement true or false?

False

Keratin protects skin cell DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Is this statement true or false? A) True B) False

False

New portions of a nail are produced at the nail bed. Is this statement true or false? A) True B) False

False

Our skin helps us to regulate our body temperature by causing shivering. Is this statement true or false?

False

Our skin helps us to regulate our body temperature by causing shivering. Is this statement true or false? A) True B) False

False

Skin surface markings that reflect points of tight dermal attachment to underlying tissues are called epidermal ridges.

False

The biggest risk factor for the development of skin cancer is excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight. Exposure to UV light in a tanning booth is safer. Is this statement true or false?

False

The stratum corneum (outermost layer of skin) is a zone of approximately four layers of viable cells that are able to synthesize proteins that keep the outer layer of skin smooth and soft.

False

When a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third of the body.

False

When a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third or more of the body.

False

When a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patients has burns that cover approximately one-third or more of the body.

False

When an individual is exposed to extremely cold air the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that more blood will be brought closer to the outside surface of the skin.

False

When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that blood and heat will be dissipated.

False

Vitamin A

Fat soluble vitamin found in carrots. Good for the eye sight. Increases the concentration of carotene in the body which alters skin tone

The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?

Fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

Which of the following statements best describes what fingernails actually are?

Fingernails are a modification of the epidermis.

When do our fingerprints finally stop changing?

Fingerprints keep changing until the age of 10

What are the cause of prune fingers specifically?

Fingers have a thick stratum corneum and they lack the sebaceous glands that produce water-resistant oil elsewhere on the body. Thicker layers of skin do not have oil glands.

Epidermal water barrier

Forms between the stratum granulosum and stratum spinosum which is crucial to the retention of body water and preventing dehydration

What is the hypodermis?

Found below the dermis and is another connective tissue layer but is not considered as part of the skin

Dendritic (Langerhans) cells

Found in the stratum spinosum and the stratum granulosum. Contains macrophages that originate in the bone marrow that guard against pathogens. Stand guard against toxins, microbes, and other pathogens that penetrate the skin (two line of defense)

What is the acid mantle?

Found on the skin. The skin has a slight acidity level ph of 4-6 which acts as a protective acidic film to bacteria

The epidermis is responsible for protecting the body against invasion of bacteria and other foreign agents primarily because it is composed of:

Four different cell shapes found in five distinct layers, each cell shape with a specific function

What is the function of friction ridges?

Friction ridges enhance one's sensitivity to texture by vibrating and stimulating sense organs called lamellar corpuscles deeper in the skin when the fingertips stroke an uneven surface. Everyone has a unique patten formed during fetal development

Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. What protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?

Glycolipids that are secreted by keratinocytes into extracellular spaces

Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?

Glycolipids that are secreted by keratinocytes into extracellular spaces.

Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?

Glycolipids that are secreted by keratinocytes into extracellular spaces.

Why is profuse sweating on a hot day good, and yet a potential problem?

Good because the sweat and evaporating of the sweat causes cooling of the body. Bad because excessive water and salt loss may occur. Fluid and electrolyte imbalances may follow.

All of the following will help the skin to fight infection but one. Which of the following will have little effect on the skin's ability to fight infection?

Greater production of melanin.

All of the following will help the skin to fight infection but one. Which of the following will have little effect on the skin's ability to fight infection? Increased secretions of defensins from skin cells. More tight junctions between keratinocytes of the stratum corneum. Greater production of keratinocytes resulting in more layers of the stratum corneum. Greater production of melanin.

Greater production of melanin.

Where are hair follicles and nail roots embedded?

Hair follicles and nail roots are embedded in the dermis

Label the images shown (long pointy thing on top squiggly line to surface small muscle chewed up gum large teardrop coiled thing thin yellow structures)

Hair shaft sweat gland arrector pili muscle sebaceous gland hair follicle pacinian corpuscle sensory nerve fiber

Vellus

Hair that lacks pigment and is often called "immature hair"

What is thin skin?

Has a thin stratum corneum or a layer of dead cells. It possesses hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands

What other factor affects skin color?

High altitudes and dry air increases skin pigmentation. Places such as TIbet, Andes, and Ethiopia

Rule of nines

How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?

the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber

How does the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber?

A - Epidermis B - Papillary Layer C - Reticular Layer D - Hypodermis

Hypodermis Epidermis Reticular layer of the dermis Papillary layer of the dermis

D) thermoregulation Sweat is used for thermoregulation. As sweat is released onto the surface of the epidermis, heat from the body is conducted into the water. Water is a better conductor of heat than air is. As the sweat evaporates, the heat from the body dissipates into the environment.

If a person were born without eccrine glands, what skin function would he or she have a hard time completing? A) having the skin act as a physical barrier B) cutaneous sensation C) metabolic function D) thermoregulation

What is the life span of keratinocytes?

In 30 to 40 days a keratinocyte makes its way to the skin surface and flakes off

D) It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.

In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin? A) It aids in the transport of materials throughout the body. B) It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases. C) The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy. D) It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.

Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?

In the axillary and anogenital area

How is the dermis layer responsible for facial expressions?

In the face, skeletal muscles attach to dermal collagen fibers and produce such expressions as a smile, a wrinkle of the forehead, or the lifting of an eyebrow

What distinguishes the boundary between the papillary layer and reticular layer?

In the reticular layer, the collagen forms thicker bundles with less room for ground substance, and there are often small clusters of adipocytes.

The surge of sex hormones that accompanies puberty has a wide range of effects on the body. One of those effects is to enhance the activity of the sebaceous glands, increasing the production of sebum. Which of the following is the most likely to result from the increased sebaceous activity?

Increased oily appearance and more acne.

Why does your skin remain red after a bad sunburn?

Inflammation causes increased blood flow.

Dermis

Inner (middle) layer of skin

In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?

It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.

The protein found in the epidermis that is responsible for toughening the skin.

Keratin

What type of epithelial cells make up the epidermis?

Keratinicytes

Epidermis

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, lacks blood vessels and depends on the diffusion of nutrients from the underlying connective tissue. Has sparse nerve endings for touch and pain

In addition to the synthesis of vitamin D, keratinocytes are able to carry out some other biologically important functions. Name at least two of these other functions.

Keratinocyte enzymes can neutralize carcinogens that penetrate the epidermis. Keratinocytes are also able to convert topical steroid hormones to a powerful anti-inflammatory drug.

The most abundant cells of the epidermis.

Keratinocytes

What is the most common cell type in the epidermis

Keratinocytes

What and where are keratinocytes produced?

Keratinocytes are produced in the epidermis by the mitosis of stem cells in stratum basale

Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does?

Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts.

Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?

Lamellated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces.

Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?

Lamellated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces.

What complications might be anticipated from the loss of large areas of skin surfaces?

Large losses of skin, as with severe burn injuries, allow excessive fluid loss and infection. Skin grafting or "synthetic skin" applications are usually necessary.

D) dermis Although layers B and C can be distinguished based on their structural components, they form a continuous layer of the skin termed the dermis

Layers B and C collectively form the __________. A) epidermis B) hypodermis C) subcutaneous layer D) dermis

What is the difference of melanin containment in light skinned people?

Light skinned people have melanin that is clumped near the keratinocyte nucleus, so it imparts less color to the cells. Melanin breaks down more rapidly and little is seen beyond the stratum basale

Keratinocytes - Produce a tough fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its protective qualities. Melanocytes - Responsible for skin pigmentation. Tactile cells - Sensory receptor for touch. Epidermal dendritic- Present antigens to killer T lymphocytes.

List the cell types of the epidermis and their major functions

Male pattern baldness has a genetic switch that turns on in response to ________.

Male Hormones

specialized sweat glands that secrete milk

Mammary glands

Pallor

May indicate fear, anger, anemia, or low blood pressure Addison's Dz, Pallor, Erythema, Jaundice, Cyanosis

Erythema

May indicated embarrassment, fever, HTN, inflammation, or allergy Addison's Dz, Pallor, Erythema, Jaundice, Cyanosis

Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer.

Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.

Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer. --Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing. --Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum. --Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant. --Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant.

Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.

cells plus a disc-like sensory nerve ending that functions as a sensory receptor for touch

Merkel disk

How do the deep cells acquire nutrients for mitosis?

Mitosis requires an abundant supply of oxygen and nutrients. The deep cells acquire oxygen from blood vessels in nearby dermis

Are moles potentially dangerous?

Moles are sometimes refered to as beauty marks. They aren't essentially dangerous but should be watched for changes in color and size which may indicate malignancy (or skin cancer)

Eccrine (merocrine)

Most common type of sweat gland, coiled portion in dermis produces sweat which is salt and some waste releases it through duct to surface of skin

Melanin

Most significant factor in skin color. Its a black substance which is produced by melanocytes but accumulates in the keratinocytes of the stratutm basal and the stratum spinosum

medulla- shingles, cortex- pigment, cuticle- center

Name and describe the major regions of a hair shaft

Why is it called the stratum spinosum?

Named for its artificial appearance. Has numerous desmosomes and cell shrinkage produces spiny appearance.

What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?

Nutrients and hormones

How does the boundary affect the fingertips?

On the fingertips, this wavy boundary forms the friction ridges that leave fingerprints on the things we touch

Epidermis

Outer (top) layer of skin

The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________

Overexposure to UV radiation

What is the color of Oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood?

Oxygenated blood is red and deoxygenated blood is blue

Pallor

Pale or ashen color when there is so little blood flow through the skin that the white color of the dermal collagen is visible. Due to emotional stress, low blood pressure, circulatory shock, cold or anemia

What are the 2 layers of the Dermis?

Papillary layer (Areolar CT) and Reticular layer (Dense irregular CT)

Hemangiomas (birthmarks)

Patches of skin discolored by benign tumors of the blood capillaries. Some disappear in childhood while others last for life.

What differences of melanin production are seen in dark skinned people?

People of different skin colors have the same number of melanocytes but dark-skinned people have melanocytes that produce greater quantities of melanin, the melanin granules in the keratinocytes are more spread out rather than tightly clumped, and the melanin breaks down more slowly. The melanized cells are seen throughout the epidermis

________ is an inherited condition that affects the heme pathway; it leaves the skin scarred and gums degenerated, and may have led to the folklore about vampires.

Porphyria

30) Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage?

Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.

Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage?

Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen

Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage?

Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.

A Erector pilli

Pulls the hair follicle into an upright position

glands that accumulate products and rupture

Sebaceous glands (holocrine)

________ burns injure the epidermis and the upper regions of the dermis.

Second-degree

B) Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.

Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer. A) Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum. B) Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing. C) Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant. D) Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant.

Other barrier functions

Serves as a water barrier (internally and externally), blocks most UV rays, and barrier towards some harmful chemicals

Hair

Shaft is dead (extends from epidermis to environment) follicle is alive in dermis and where new growth occurs, arrector pili smooth muscle connected to hair follicles

What is another factor that contributes to skin color?

Skin color also varies with exposure to the UV rays of sunlight, which stimulate melanin synthesis and darken the skin

Dendritic Cells

Skin macrophages that help activate the immune system Merkel Disc Dendritic Cells Cornified Keratinocytes Keratinocytes Keratin

What happens when we get goose bumps?

Smooth muscle, or piloerector muscles, are associated with hair follicles. When they contract in response to a stimuli such as cold, fear, and touch we get goose bumps

Where are keratinocytes able to multiply as well?

Some deepest keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum also multiply and increase their numbers

What are the five types of cells of the epidermis?

Stem cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile (merkel) cells, and dendritic (Langerhans) cells

Cell division would be most common among cells in which of the labeled layers (epidermis)

Stratum basale

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?

Stratum basale

Which layer of skin is LEAST protected by melanin?

Stratum corneum

Capillary Hemangiomas

Strawberry birthmarks that usually disappear by the age of 5 or 6. Develops because of small capillary-dense elevations

There are several reasons other than genetics for hair loss. Identify some of these other factors.

Stressors such as acutely high fever, surgery, severe emotional trauma; drugs such as antidepressants and chemotherapy drugs; burns and radiation; and a protein-deficient diet can cause hair loss or thinning.

What causes stretch marks?

Stretch marks are caused by tears in the collagen fibers caused by stretching of the skin due to pregnancy or obesity

Which of the following correctly describes a common feature of all structures labeled A through D in the figure? A) Structures A, B, C, and D are located in the dermis. B) Structures A, B, C, and D are all various types of glands. C) Structures A, B, C, and D are composed primarily of smooth muscle. D) All the listed statements correctly describe structures A, B, C, and D.

Structures A, B, C, and D are located in the dermis.

Which of the following correctly describes a common feature of all structures labeled A through D in the figure? Section of the integument with labeled accessory structures. Structures A, B, C, and D are located in the dermis. Structures A, B, C, and D are composed primarily of smooth muscle. Structures A, B, C, and D are all various types of glands. Structures A, B, C, and D are all involved in the sensory functions of the skin.

Structures A, B, C, and D are located in the dermis.

Which of the following correctly describes a common feature of all structures labeled A through D in the figure?

Structures A, B, C, and D are located in the dermis. A. Sebaceous (oil) gland B. Lamellar corpuscle C. Eccrine sweat gland D. Arrector pili muscle

Does subcutaneous fat vary among genders and age?

Subcutaneous fat is 8% thicker in women than men. Infants and elderly people have less subcutaneous fat than other people and therefore more sensitive to cold

Hypodermis

Subcutaneous tissue that has more areolar or adipose tissue between the skin and muscle which provides a padding for the body and binds the skin to underlying tissues

Eccrine & Apocrine

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?

The glands that serve an important function in thermoregulation.

Sudoriferous glands

What is the proportion of the papillary and reticular layers in the dermis?

Superficial 1/5 of dermis and deeper 4/5 of dermis

Papillary Layer

Superficial zone of the dermis. Is a thin zone of areolar tissue in and near the dermal papillae. This loosely organized tissue allows mobility of leukocytes and other defense cells in case the epidermis layer is broken. This layer is rich in small blood vessels

Billions of consumer dollars are spent for deodorants and antiperspirants each year. Explain the production of body odors frequently associated with axillary skin.

Sweat is mostly an odorless watery secretion produced by eccrine and apocrine glands. The odor usually arises due to the metabolic activities of bacteria on the surface of the skin.

TRUE/FALSE Regardless of race, all human beings have about the same number of melanocytes.

T

TRUE/FALSE The dermis contains blood vessels and nerve fibers while the epidermis does not.

T

TRUE/FALSE The skin cancer most likely to metastasize is cancer of the melanocytes.

T

T

T/F A physician is often able to detect homeostatic imbalances in the body by observing changes in the skin color

F

T/F Skin surface markings that reflect points of tight dermal attachment to underlying tissues are called epidermal ridges

T

T/F The apocrine sweat glands are fairly unimportant in thermoregulations

T

T/F The dense fibrous connective tissue portion of the skin is located in the reticular region of the dermis

T

T/F The dermis is rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers

T

T/F The outermost sheath of a hair follicle is the connective tissue root sheath

TRUE/FALSE The dense fibrous connective tissue portion of the skin is located in the reticular region of the dermis.

TRUE

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

Tactile cells anchor the skin to the body.

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? A) Keratinocytes produce a fibrous protein to protect the epidermis. B) Langerhans cells activate the immune system. C) Melanin provides protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. D) Tactile cells anchor the skin to the body.

Tactile cells anchor the skin to the body.

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? -Langerhans cells activate the immune system. -Keratinocytes produce a fibrous protein to protect the epidermis. -Tactile cells anchor the skin to the body. -Melanin provides protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

Tactile cells anchor the skin to the body. -Tactile cells, in conjunction with their sensory nerve endings, function as touch receptors. The hypodermis, not tactile cells, anchors skin to the body.

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? Dendritic cells ingest foreign substances and activate the immune system. Tactile cells anchor the skin to the underlying structures of the body. Melanin protects the nuclei of keratinocytes against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Keratinocytes produce a fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its protective properties.

Tactile cells anchor the skin to the underlying structures of the body.

The friction ridges seen in finger, palm and foot prints are different among various people but very similar between identical twins. This evidence suggests what?

That friction ridges are genetically determined

The friction ridges seen in finger, palm and foot prints are different among various people but very similar between identical twins. This evidence suggest which of the following?

That friction ridges are genetically determined.

The friction ridges seen in finger, palm, and foot prints are different among various people but very similar between identical twins. This evidence suggests which of the following?

That friction ridges are genetically determined.

A) Cyanosis is a dusky bluish or grayish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes that occurs with reduced oxygen levels.

The 68-year-old patient was admitted to the hospital medical floor with a diagnosis of chronic bronchitis. His wife asks the nurse why his skin looks blue. How would you explain cyanosis to this patient and his wife? A) Cyanosis is a dusky bluish or grayish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes that occurs with reduced oxygen levels. B) Cyanosis is a reddening of skin due to fever, hypertension, inflammation, or an allergy. C) Cyanosis leaves blue to black marks on the skin due to ruptured blood vessels and pooling of blood beneath the skin. D) Cyanosis is a bronzing of the skin that occurs when the adrenal gland produces an inadequate amount of steroids. E) Cyanosis is a whitening of the skin due to anemia or accumulation of bile pigments.

Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched and/or torn?

The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.

Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn?

The appearance of visible, stretchy-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.

Why might soap that has an alkaline base not be healthy for some patients to use daily?

The base will neutralize the acid on the skin that retards the growth of bacteria, and the removal of the normal microbiota of skin will leave the person exposed to opportunistic pathogens.

How does the body react in response to overheating?

The body loses excess heat by dilating the vessels of the dermis layer, allowing more blood to flow close to the surface and lose heat through the skin (vasodilation)

How does the body react in response to the cold?

The body retains heat by constricting blood vessels of the dermis (vasoconstriction), decreasing flow of blood to the surface of the skin

99% water, salts, vitamin c, antibodies, dermcidin (microbe-killing peptide), metabolic wastes

The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________.

Which cells undergo mitosis in the epidermis?

The deepest cells remain capable of mitosis. Cells cease dividing as they are pushed upward. Basale layer continues to divide

Reticular

The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of it?

C) the reticular layer

The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin? A) the papillary layer B) the hypodermal layer C) the reticular layer D) the subcutaneous layer

What is the dermis layer of the skin?

The dermis of the skin is composed of the areolar tissue and dense irregular connective tissue

Epidermal Ridges

The downward waves of fingerlike extensions of the epidermis. Constitutes the boundary along with the dermal papillae

Resistance to trauma

The epidermal cells are packed with the tough protein keratin and linked by strong desmosomes that give this epithelium its durability

C) stratum basale

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement? A) stratum granulosum B) stratum corneum C) stratum basale D) stratum lucidum

Sudoriferous glands

The glands that serve an important function in termoregulation Vellus Stratum Corneum Sudoriferous glands Stratum basale

Keratinocytes

The great majority of epidermal cells and synthesizes keratin (skin cells)

What is the role of the hair follicle?

The hair follicle serves as an anchor for the hair shaft.

What is the role of the hair follicle? A) The hair follicle serves as an anchor for the hair shaft. B) The hair follicle serves as a sensory receptor. C) The hair follicle allows hair to "stand on end," or become erect. D) The hair follicle produces hair.

The hair follicle serves as an anchor for the hair shaft.

Which of the following explains why eyebrows do NOT grow as long as the hair on the head? The hair follicles in the scalp have a hair matrix, but the hair follicles of the eyebrows do not. The hair follicles in the scalp are responsive to androgens, however the hair follicles of the eyebrows are not. The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive. The hairs on the head have a cuticle, whereas the hairs of the eyebrows do not. The hair follicles of the eyebrows exhibit a resting phase, but the hair follicles in the scalp do not.

The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive.

Which of the following best explains the fact that eyebrows do NOT grow as long as the hair on the head?

The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive. -The hair follicles in the scalp remain active for up to ten years, while those of the eyebrow are only active for up to four months before becoming inactive.

What is the role of the hair matrix? The hair matrix serves as an anchor for the hair shaft. The hair matrix serves as a sensory receptor. The hair matrix allows hair to "stand on end," or become erect. The hair matrix produces hair.

The hair matrix produces hair.

Subcutaneous Fat

The hypodermis composed predominately of adipose tissue. It serves as an energy reservoir and thermal insulation. Not uniformly distributed throughout the body.

Where do the macrophages, originating from the bone marrow, migrate to?

The immune cells that originate in the bone marrow, migrate to the epidermis and epithelia of the oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina

What causes wrinkling?

The keratin of the stratum corneum absorbs water and swells, but the deeper layers of the skin do not. The thickening of the stratum corneum forces it to wrinkle (cause of prune fingers)

Stratum Basale

The layer that contains the mitotic viable cells of the epidermis Vellus Stratum Corneum Sudoriferous glands Stratum basale

The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of loosely packed connective tissue with numerous peg-like projections that provide a great deal of surface area connecting the dermis to the epidermis. Which of the statements below do not represent benefits provided by the papillary layer's anatomy? -The high surface area allows for a stronger connection of dermis to epidermis. -The looseness allows for easy separation of the dead cell layer of epidermis to be shed. -The spaces in the connective tissue allow many small blood vessels to deliver nutrients and pickup waste diffusing from the superficial epidermal layers. -The looseness allows for phagocytes to roam through the tissue and search for infection.

The looseness allows for easy separation of the dead cell layer of epidermis to be shed

The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of loosely packed connective tissue with numerous peg-like projections that provide a great deal of surface area connecting the dermis to the erpidermis. Which of the statements below do NOT represent benefits provided by the papillary layer's anatomy?

The looseness allows for easy separation of the dead cell layer of epidermis to be shed.

The papillary layer of the dermis is composed to loosely packed connective tissue with numerous peg-like projections that provide a great deal of surface area connecting the dermis to the epidermis.

The looseness allows for easy separation of the dead cell layer of epidermis to be shed.

Keratinocytes

The most abundant cells of the epidermis Merkel Disc Dendritic Cells Cornified Keratinocytes Keratinocytes Keratin

B) melanoma

The most dangerous type of skin cancer is __________. A) squamous cell carcinoma B) melanoma C) basal cell carcinoma D) All of these skin cancers are equally dangerous.

lucidum

The only place you will find stratum ________ is in the skin that covers the palms, fingertips, and soles of the feet.

Dermal Papillae

The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superficial surface has structures called ___________.

A light-skinned person who is very cold may have a pale appearance. Which of the following is the best explanation for why this might be so?

The person's blood vessels in the dermis have undergone vasodilation (narrowing).

Keratin

The protein found in the epidermis that is responsible for toughening the skin Merkel Disc Dendritic Cells Cornified Keratinocytes Keratinocytes Keratin

Hemoglobin

The red pigment of red blood cells. Adds reddish to pinkish hue as blood vessels how through the skin. Its color is lightened by the white of the dermal collagen

The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?

The reticular layer

The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?

The reticular layer.

What is dermatology?

The scientific study and medical treatment of the integumentary system

Which of the following represents a difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands? Eccrine sweat glands use exocytosis to secrete their product, while apocrine sweat glands do not. The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands. Eccrine sweat glands begin to function at puberty, while apocrine sweat glands function throughout life. Eccrine sweat glands are located deeper in the dermis than apocrine sweat glands.

The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands.

UV rays

The single most important risk for skin cancer is _

Vitamin D synthesis

The skin carriers out the first step in the synthesis of vitamin D. Liver and kidneys complete the process

Why is the skin redder in certain places such as the lips?

The skin is redder in places such as the lips because blood capillaries come close to the surface and the hemoglobin shows through more vividly

Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease?

The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance

Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease?

The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance

Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease?

The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance.

Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease? The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance. It is impossible to suggest Addison's disease from an inspection of a person's skin. The skin appears to have an abnormal, yellowish tint. Black-and-blue marks become evident for no apparent cause.

The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance.

What happens to the stem cells of the stratum basal as they divide?

The stem cells give rise to keratinocytes that migrate toward the skin surface. They replace the loss of epidermal cells. Oldest cells are found on the top

What type of cells are found in the stratum spinosum?

The stratum spinosum contains dendritic cells

Dermal Papillae

The upward fingerlike extensions of the dermis. Constitutes the boundary between the dermis and epidermis

The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges?

They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person.

The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges?

They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person.

Why are the apocrine sweat glands fairly unimportant in thermal regulation?

They are largely confined to the axillary and anogenital regions rather than distributed on the body where heat can be more readily dissipated.

Does thick skin contain glands?

Thick skin has sweat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous (oil) glands

Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback?

Thickening of epidermis to form a callus in places where the skin is exposed to friction.

A physician is often able to detect homeostatic imbalances in the body by observing changes in the skin color.

True

During the regressive phase of hair growth, the matrix is inactive and the follicle atrophies.

True

During the resting phase of hair growth, the matrix is inactive and the follicle atrophies.

True

For a doctor, simply looking at a patient's skin can help in making a diagnosis.

True

Hair growth and density are influenced by hormones, nutrition, and, in some case, lifestyle.

True

Hair growth and density are influenced by hormones, nutrition, and, in some cases, lifestyle.

True

The apocrine sweat glands are fairly unimportant in thermoregulation.

True

The apocrine sweat glands are not the primary gland involved in thermoregulation.

True

The dense fibrous connective tissue portion of the skin is located in the reticular region of the dermis.

True

The dermis contains blood vessels and nerve fibers while the epidermis does not.

True

The dermis is rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers.

True

The dermis is rich is blood vessels and nerve fibers.

True

The most dangerous skin cancer is cancer of melanocytes.

True

The pinkish hue of individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated hemoglobin (contained in red blood cells) circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting through the epidermis.

True

The skin cancer most likely to metastasize is cancer of the melanocytes.

True

The protein found in large amounts in the outermost layer of epidermal cells is collagen.

True or False F

Thick skin has a more extensive dermal layer than thin skin.

True or False F

When a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third or more of the body.

True or False F

The dense fibrous connective tissue portion of the skin is located in the reticular region of the dermis.

True or False T

The dermis contains blood vessels and nerve fibers while the epidermis does not.

True or False T

What adverse effects does UV rays have on the skin?

UV rays causes skin cancer and breaks down folic acid needed for normal cell division, fertility, and fetal development

What beneficial effects does UV rays have on the skin?

UV rays stimulates synthesis of vitamin D necessary for dietary calcium absorption

Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells that give rise to keratinocytes and is found in the deepest layer of the epidermis (stratum basale; mother cells)

Jaundice

Usually indicated a liver disorder Addison's Dz, Pallor, Erythema, Jaundice, Cyanosis

Hair that lacks pigment and is often called "immature hair."

Vellus

Must be activated in the skin in order to enhance calcium metabolism.

Vitamin D

biological protection of Integument

WBCs and melanin

A) their desmosome attachments Cells typically shrink during tissue preparation, and since these cells are attached by desmosomes, the membranes are pulled slightly outward.

What feature of the prickle cells in layer C causes them to have pointy projections after tissue preparation? A) their desmosome attachments B) the rigidity of the cell membrane C) glycolipids that make the layer waterproof D) pulling by shrunken keratin fibers between the cells

C) detection of pressure stimulus Structure B is a lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscle that responds to cutaneous contacts involving deep pressure.

What is the function of structure B? A) secretion of sweat B) production of defensive chemicals C) detection of pressure stimulus D) storage of fat

A) to lubricate hair and prevent infection

What is the function of the secretion from A? A) to lubricate hair and prevent infection B) to waterproof the epidermis C) to cool the body D) to provide nourishment for the cells in the hair

A) keratinocytes Keratinocytes are the primary cells that form the stratified layers of the epidermis.

What is the most common cell type in the epidermis? A) keratinocytes B) fibroblasts C) dendritic cells D) macrophages

Force sebum out of the hair follicle to the surface of the skin

What is the most important role of the arrector pili muscles in humans?

B) a dermal papilla Dermal papillae are projections of the dermis that form indentations in the overlying epidermis.

What is the structure indicated by label E? A) the stratum corneum B) a dermal papilla C) the hypodermis D)a hair root

E Papillary layer

Where capillary loops are found

Modified apocrine glands

Which glands produce ear wax?

C) sebaceous glands

Which glands secrete an oily product that softens the skin and hair? A) eccrine sweat glands B) apocrine sweat glands C) sebaceous glands D) ceruminous glands

A) Dendritic cells activate the immune system

Which of the following cells and their functions are correctly matched? A) Dendritic cells activate the immune system B) Melanocytes protects cells in the stratum corneum from damaging effects of sun's rays C) Keratinocytes provide sense of touch and pressure D) Tactile cells provide protection

B) Structures A, B, C, and D are located in the dermis.

Which of the following correctly describes a common feature of all structures labeled A through D in the figure? A) Structures A, B, C, and D are composed primarily of smooth muscle. B) Structures A, B, C, and D are located in the dermis. C) Structures A, B, C, and D are all various types of glands. D) All the listed statements correctly describe structures A, B, C, and D.

A) protection from UV radiation It is melanin (not sebum) that protects the skin from the damaging effects of UV radiation. Sebum serves as a lubricant, an antibacterial agent, and protects against water loss in low-humidity conditions.

Which of the following is NOT a function of sebum? A) protection from UV radiation B) prevention of water loss C) protection from bacteria D) lubrication of the skin

B) reticular layer There isn't a stratum reticulum. The epidermis of thick skin consists of 5 layers. From deep to superficial, these layers are stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum. (Study tip: Try the mnemonic BSGLC--Betty's Skin Glows Like Candles.) Thin skin lacks the stratum lucidum; thus, it consists of only the four major layers.

Which of the following is NOT a layer of the epidermis? A) stratum granulosum B) reticular layer C) stratum corneum D) basal layer

D) synthesis of a vitamin D precursor this is a function of the skin carried out by chemical reactions in the skin. When sunlight bombards the skin, modified cholesterol molecules are converted to a vitamin D precursor (called cholecalciferol), which is transported via the blood to the liver and kidneys, where it is converted into a hormone called calcitriol, or active vitamin D.

Which of the following is a metabolic function of skin? A) cutaneous sensation B) elimination of nitrogenous wastes C) body temperature regulation D) synthesis of a vitamin D precursor

A) Gives the body its overall shape, loss of this function can be seen with the drooping of skin with age.

Which of the following is not one of the functions of the skin? A) Gives the body its overall shape, loss of this function can be seen with the drooping of skin with age. B) Delivers important information about our environmental conditions to our brains. C) Conducts endergonic metabolic chemical reactions using the suns energy to initiate vitamin D synthesis. D) Holds a portion of the bloods total volume to be shunted (diverted) to other organs when needed.

A) Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.

Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage? A) Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen. B) Carotene, which accumulates in the stratum corneum and hypodermal adipose tissue, is synthesized in large amounts in the presence of sunlight. C) The skin is protected by the synthesis of three pigments that contribute to the skin's color. D)The skin is protected by increasing the number of epidermal dendritic cells, which help to activate the immune system.

C) Tactile cells anchor the skin to the body. Tactile cells, in conjunction with their sensory nerve endings, function as touch receptors. The hypodermis, not tactile cells, anchors skin to the body.

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? A) Langerhans cells activate the immune system. B) Keratinocytes produce a fibrous protein to protect the epidermis. C) Tactile cells anchor the skin to the body. D) Melanin provides protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

A) asymmetry

Which of the following would be a sign of a melanoma? A) asymmetry B) a size smaller than 6 mm C) uniform coloration D) regular borders

stratum basale

Which of the layer of the epidermis is responsible for cell division and replacement?

A Cell of this layer are dead and do not participate in mitosis.

Which of these epidermal layers would be LEAST likely to develop cancer? A C D E

A; holocrine The gland at A secretes an oily material rich in lipids but does not do it through the use of vesicles and exocytosis.

Which of these glands is properly matched with its mode of secretion? A; holocrine A; merocrine C; apocrine C; holocrine

D) to supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis The hypodermis does not perform this function. Cells to replace those lost in the epidermis are provided by the basal cells of the epidermis itself.

Which of these is NOT a function of the layer at D? A) to store energy B) to insulate the body from heat loss C) to loosely connect the skin to underlying tissue D) to supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis

B) melanocyte Melanocytes within the stratum basale produce the pigment melanin, which is deposited within the deeper layers of the epidermis.

Which skin-color-associated, pigment-producing cell is located in the labeled layer D? A) tactile (Merkel) cell B) melanocyte C) keratinocyte D) fibroblast

C Structure C is an eccrine gland, the most abundant type of sweat (sudoriferous) gland.

Which structure is a type of sweat gland? A B C D

A) Inflammation causes increased blood flow.

Why does your skin remain red after a bad sunburn? A) Inflammation causes increased blood flow. B) Blisters form, lifting the epidermal layer. C) Loss of sweat glands in the dermal layer D) Damaged epidermis cells are sloughed off.

Why do women need greater amounts of vitamin D?

Women have skin cool averaging about 4% lighter than men, therefore, need greater amounts of vitamin D and folic acid to support pregnancy and lactation

Jaundice

Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes resulting from high levels of bilirubin in the blood. Accumulation of bilirubin may be due to cancer, hepatitis, cirrhosis, and other liver dysfunctions

What is the structure indicated by label E? the hypodermis a hair root the stratum corneum a dermal papilla

a dermal papilla (Dermal papillae are projections of the dermis that form indentations in the overlying epidermis.)

the reason the hypodermic acts as a shock absorber is that:

a major part of its make up is adipose; which serves as an effective shock absorber

The "ABCD" signs are used to assess:

a skin lesion suspected of being a malignant melanoma

Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does?

a. Air bubbles in the hair shaft cause straight hair. b. Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts. c. Perfectly round hair shafts result in wavy hair. d. Gray hair is the result of hormonal action altering the chemical composition of melanin. B

Which of the following is not one of the functions of the skin?

a. Delivers important information about our environmental conditions to our brains. b. Gives the body its overall shape, loss of this function can be seen with the drooping of skin with age. c. Holds a portion of the bloods total volume to be shunted (diverted) to other organs when needed. d. Conducts endergonic metabolic chemical reactions using the suns energy to initiate vitamin D synthesis. B

The friction ridges seen in finger, palm and foot prints are different among various people but very similar between identical twins. This evidence suggests which of the following?

a. That friction ridges change over time. b. That friction ridges aid in griping. c. That friction ridges allow for better tactile sensation. d. That friction ridges are genetically determined. D

Which of the following cells and their functions are correctly matched?

a. dendritic cells activate the immune system b. melanocytes protects cells in the stratum corneum from damaging effects of sun's rays c. tactile cells protection d. keratinocytes provide sense of touch and pressure A

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?

a. granulosum, basale, spinosum, corneum b. basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum c. basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum d. corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale D

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?

a. holocrine and mammary b. sebaceous and merocrine c. eccrine and apocrine d. mammary and ceruminous C

Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ________.

a. hormones in the eyebrow follicle switch the growth off after it has reached a predetermined length b. eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months c. the vascular supply of the eyebrow follicle is one-tenth that of the head hair follicle d. they grow much slower B

Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?

a. in all body regions and buried deep in the dermis b. beneath the flexure lines in the body c. in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet d. in the axillary and anogenital area D

What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?

a. sex and hormones b. nutrition and hormones c. the size and number of hair follicles d. age and glandular products B

A dendritic or Langerhan cell is a specialized ________.

a. squamous epithelial cell b. phagocytic cell c. melanocyte d. nerve cell B

The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated ________.

a. when the air temperature drops b. by hormones, especially androgens c. by high temperatures d. as a protective coating when one is swimming B

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________.

accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ____.

accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ______

accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ______.

accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________.

accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes__________.

accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage because the role of the keratinocytes is to:

accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a pigment that protects DNA fromUV radiation

blockage/infection of sebaceous glands lead to _____

acne

The function of the root hair plexus is to_________.

allow hair to assist in touch sensation

The function of the root hair plexus is to ______.

allow the hair to assist in touch sensation

The function of the root hair plexus is to ________.

allow the hair to assist in touch sensation

The function of the root hair plexus is to ___.

allow the hair to assist in touch sensations

Differences in skin color among human races is due primarily to the:

amount of melanin produced by the melanocytes

In a woman that has hirsutism, ________. A) the keratin filaments in hair undergo cell division to thicken the hair B) androgens stimulate vellus hair to become terminal hair C) the cuticles in the visible portions of hair shafts undergo extensive cell division D) none of the above

androgens stimulate vellus hair to become terminal hair

In a woman that has hirsutism, ________. the keratin filaments in hair undergo cell division to thicken the hair androgens stimulate vellus hair to become terminal hair the cuticles in the visible portions of hair shafts undergo extensive cell division hair will thin and grow slowly

androgens stimulate vellus hair to become terminal hair

In a woman that has hirsutism, ________.

androgens stimulate vellus hair to become terminal hair Correct Androgens are group of chemically-related male sex hormones that induce male-specific body changes. Normally they are produced in females at very low levels. But when their levels rise, they can cause changes like hair growth on the body and face.

The product of this type of sweat gland includes protein and lipid substances that become odoriferous as a result of bacterial action

apocrine gland

Which skin function is NOT correctly matched with the structure that accounts for that function? eccrine glands: excretion tactile corpuscles: cutaneous sensation apocrine gland: thermoregulation keratinocytes: physical barrier

apocrine gland: thermoregulation

melanocytes:

are spidery shaped cells in contact with cells in the stratum basale

Melanocytes ________.

are spidery-shaped cells in contact with cells in the stratum basale

Layer B is composed primarily of (papillary)

areolar connective tissue

The papillary layer of the skin is primarily composed of:

areolar connective tissue -The loose connective tissue within the papillary layer of the dermis is rich in blood vessels and cells that function in the body's defenses.

The ________ are the small muscles located in the dermis that cause goose bumps.

arrector pili

Which muscles attached to the hair follicles cause goose bumps?

arrector pili

Rule of 9's

assessing percentage of body burned anterior head 4.5%, posterior head 4.5%, right upper-limb anterior and posterior 9.0% left upper limb anterior and posterior 9.0%, anterior trunk 18%, posterior trunk 18%, perineum 1.0%, right lower limb anterior and posterior 18%, left lower limb anterior and posterior 18%

The arrector pili muscle's predominant, useful function in humans is to ______.

assisting in the release of sebum from nearby sebaceous glands

The arrector pili muscle's predominante, useful function in humans is to _________.

assisting in the release sebum from nearby sebaceous glands

The arrector pili muscle's predominate, useful function in humans is to__________.

assisting in the release sebum from nearby sebaceous glands

Which of the following is NOT an immediate threat to the system as a result of burns? A) dehydration B) bacterial infection C) electrolyte imbalance D) renal failure

bacterial infection

Which of the following is NOT an immediate threat to the system as a result of burns? renal failure electrolyte imbalance bacterial infection dehydration

bacterial infection While it is true that infection is a long term threat, the fluid balance must be restored first in order to stabilize the burn trauma.

A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot, almost to the papillary region of the dermis. Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured?

basale

The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulared__________.

be hormones, especially androgens

stratum lucidum

between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum

bruises

black and blue marks where blood escaped circulation..hematomas

Nourishment to the cells in the epidermis is provided by:

blood vessels in the terminal papillae

Which of the following would NOT be a correct characteristic of melanoma? A) diameter of 12 mm B) color that is dark black or brown C) border regularity D) asymmetry

border regularity

Which of the following would NOT be a correct characteristic of melanoma? color that is dark black or brown asymmetry diameter of 12 mm border regularity

border regularity Border irregularity would be a sign of melanoma, especially if you were to see rough or notched edges.

The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated ________.

by hormones, especially androgens

The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated ____.

by hormones, especially androgens

The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated ______.

by hormones, especially androgens

The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated ________.

by hormones, especially androgens

The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated _________.

by hormones, especially androgens

Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How would a physician estimate the volume of fluid lost in a severely burned patient:

by using the "rule of nines"

Burns are devastating and debilitating because the loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?

by using the "rule of nines"

Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss

by using the rule of nines

The skin is permeable to organic solvents, such as acetone or paint thinner, because they ________. can dissolve the lipid bilayers of epidermal and dermal cell plasma membranes are small molecules that bypass skin cells and therefore directly enter the blood solubilize the skin's keratin filaments solubilize the skin's collagen fibers

can dissolve the lipid bilayers of epidermal and dermal cell plasma membranes

The skin is permeable to organic solvents, such as acetone or turpentine, because they ______. A) can dissolve the lipid bilayers of epidermal and dermal cell plasma membranes B) are small molecules that bypass skin cells and therefore directly enter the blood C) solubilize the skin's keratin filaments D) solubilize the skin's collagen fibers

can dissolve the lipid bilayers of epidermal and dermal cell plasma membranes

Why does the nail bed appear pink?

capillaries

89) What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn?

catastrophic fluid loss

What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn?

catastrophic fluid loss

Stratum spinosum

cells start to flatten and shrink from one another, a limited amount of cell division occurs in this layer but is still considered a germinating tissue along with basale layer

The ________ gland is a modified sudoriferous gland that secretes wax.

ceruminous

Earwax is made by

ceruminous glands

Earwax is made by __________. A) sebaceous glands B) ceruminous glands C) eccrine glands D) apocrine glands

ceruminous glands

Earwax is made by __________. sebaceous glands eccrine glands ceruminous glands mammary glands

ceruminous glands

Which glands produce ear wax?

ceruminous glands

The most common forms of skin cancer are all caused, at least in part, by:

chronic exposure to sunlight

Stratum lucidum

clear layer above the stratum granulosum that contains keratin found in areas where the skin is thickest

Which of the following would be a correct characteristic of melanoma

color that is dark black or brown asymmetry diameter of 12 mm

Third degree

complete, nerve endings burnt off

Apocrine (holocrine)

compounded coiled sweat glands open onto hair shaft superficial to sebaceous glands, found mainly in axilla and genital regions and around anus release cell fragments also, become active during puberty

cyanosis

condition of blueness

stratum corneum

consists of tightly packed dead cells

nails are hard becomes

contain hard keratin

epidermis

contains 4 to 5 strata

dermis

contains muscle fibers, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, nerves and blood vessels

stratum spinosum

contains prickles cells

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers in which order?

corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?

corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm win which order?

corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

cell remnants of the stratum corneum

cornified keratinocytes

function of Tactile corpuscles

cutaneous sensation

hair consists of mostly

dead keratinized cells or 3 layers; medulla, central area of large cells and air sacs, and soft keratin cortex, layer around medulla of flattened cells cuticle, single layer of cells overlapping each other, most heavily keratinized part. helps give hair stength

stratum basale

deepest layer of epidermal cells

skin secretes natural antibiotics called

defensins

What is the first threat of life from a massive 3rd degree burn:

dehydration

The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superficial surface has structures called:

dermal papillae.

The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superficial surface has structures called:

dermal papillae.

chemical protection of Integument

dermcidin, acid mantle, defensins

Layers B and C collectively form the _________. A) epidermis B) hypodermis C) dermis D) subcutaneous layer

dermis

Layers B and C collectively form the __________.

dermis

Layers B and C collectively form the __________. Section of the integument with labeled histological levels. subcutaneous layer hypodermis epidermis dermis

dermis

Sebaceous (epithelial tissue)

dermis produce oily white substance known as sebum, sebum oil skin and hair to prevent drying and protection from some bacteria

Why would a third-degree burn be less painful than a first or second degree burn involving the same body area

destruction of underlying pain receptors

Why would a third-degree burn be less painful than a first- or second-degree burn involving the same body area?

destruction of underlying pain receptors

Why would a third-degree burn be less painful than a first- or second-degree burn involving the same body area? destruction of underlying pain receptors Inflammatory fluids disrupt nerve endings. Intense heat alters sensory nerve fibers. Localized dehydration results in less pain.

destruction of underlying pain receptors

What is the function of structure B (pacinian corpuscle)

detection of pressure stimulus

What is the function of structure B? A) production of defensive chemicals B) storage of fat C) detection of pressure stimulus D) secretion of sweat

detection of pressure stimulus

What is the function of structure B? B is the lamellar corpuscle

detection of pressure stimulus

What is the function of structure B? Section of the integument with labeled accessory structures. detection of pressure stimulus storage of fat production of defensive chemicals secretion of sweat

detection of pressure stimulus (Structure B is a lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscle that responds to cutaneous contacts involving deep pressure)

pallor or blanching

during certain emotions, fear or anger, some peoples skin becomes pale

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?

eccrine and apocrine

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands:

eccrine and apocrine

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?

eccrine and apocrine

Which skin function is correctly matched with the structure that accounts for that function

eccrine glands excretion tactile corpuscles cutaneous sensation keratinocytes physical barrier

The term contact inhibition refers to the:

end of migration of epidermal cells once touching like cells on all sides

third degreee burn

enitre thickness of skin, nerve endings dead. not painful because nerves gone. severe fluid loss and infection. can lead to electrolyte imbalance, renal failure, fluid loss, circulatory shock

second degree burn

epidermis and upper layer of dermis

Structures of integumentary system

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

What is the most common cell type in the epidermis?

eratinocytes

The rule of nines is helpful clinically in

estimating the extent of a burn

hirustism

excesssive hairiness. may be from adrenal or ovarian gland that secrete abnormally large amounts of androgen

function of Eccrine glands

excretion

vitamin D production

exposure of our skin to UV light causes synthesis of vitamin D to occur, vitamin D functions to raise the level of calcium and phosphate in the blood by acting on kidney

Enzymatic activity within melanosomes is increased by:

exposure to UV light

The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except__________.

external root sheath

Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ___?

eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months

Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ________.

eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months

Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than the hairs on your head because__________.

eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months

Cells in the stratum cormeum undergo mitosis to keep the layer thick and protective.

false

Having your hair cut makes it become thicker

false

Sweating and shivering are two ways in which the skin contributes to regulation of body temperature. True False

false

The biggest risk factor for the development of skin cancer is excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight. Exposure to the type of UV light emitted from a tanning bed is far less dangerous. true false

false

The protein found in large amounts in the outermost layer of epidermal cells in collagen.

false

The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in the underlying dermis.

false

The skin is not able to receive stimuli because the cells of the epidermis are not living and therefore there are no sensory receptors in the skin.

false

A surgeon opens her patient by cutting the integument parallel to the cleavage lines of the dermis (tension lines). This will result in__________.

faster healing of the skin and less scaring

A surgeon opens her patient by cutting the integument parallel to the cleavage lines of the dermis (tension lines). This will result in ______.

faster healing of the skin and less scarring

A surgeon opens her patient by cutting the integument parallel to the cleavage lines of the dermis (tension lines). This will result in ________.

faster healing of the skin and less scarring

The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?

fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?

fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

If a large number of whiteheads appear on the skin of the forehead, which of the following would result

fine hairs on the forehead would become brittle, the forehead's skin would become dry bacteria on the forehead's skin would grow and multiply freely

Skin surface markings that reflect points of tight dermal attachment to underlying tissues are called?

flexure lines

Melanocytes

found in basal layers of epidermis release melanin into cells that become keratinized, genetic factors, hormones and exposure to light determine melanin production (everyone regardless of race has about same number of melanocytes in the basal layers, difference lie in the number melanosomes that package the melanin in the superficial layers)

ceruminous glands

found in external ear canal produces earwax, keeps bugs out and foreign substance

The epidermis is responsible for protecting the body against invasion of bacteria and other foreign agents primarily because it is composed of ________.

four different cell shapes found in five distinct layers, each cell shape with a special function

A patient has skin that is slightly blue in color. A likely treatment for this person might be ________.

giving the patient supplemental oxygen by mask

A patient has skin that is slightly blue in color. A likely treatment for this person might be__________.

giving the patient supplemental oxygen by mask

Which of the following is a layer of the epidermis found in thin skin? clear layer papillary layer reticular layer granular layer

granular layer

The layer of the epidermis immediately under the stratum lucidum in thick skin is the stratum ________.

granulosum

if a splinter penetrated the ski into the 3rd epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cells would it damage:

granulosum

All of the following will help the skin to fight infection but one. Which of the following will have little effect on the skin's ability to fight infection?

greater production of melanin

In alopecia, new hair growth stops because cell division is inhibited in the_________. A) epithelial root sheath B) cuticle C) hair matrix D) hair follicle receptor

hair matrix

In alopecia, new hair growth stops because cell division is inhibited in the_________. epithelial root sheath cuticle hair matrix hair follicle receptor

hair matrix

alopecia

hair thining due to hair follicles falling out faster than they are replaced

In people with lighter skin, respiratory failure can lead to a change in the color of the skin. Which pigmentation factor is affecting this change

hemoglobin

In people with lighter skin, respiratory failure can lead to a change in the color of the skin. Which pigmentation factor is affecting this change? A) carotene B) hemoglobin C) folic acid D) melanin

hemoglobin

In people with lighter skin, respiratory failure can lead to a change in the color of the skin. Which pigmentation factor is affecting this change?

hemoglobin -As the blood becomes hypoxic, hemoglobin is carrying less oxygen. This deoxygenated state leads to the condition known as cyanosis.

Apocrine glands which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body

in the axillary and anogenital area

Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?

in the axillary and anogenital area

Surface skin cells regenerate from stem cells found in which specific region? A) in the stratum basal B) in the stratum corner C) in the deepest layer of the skin D) in the papillary layer of the dermis

in the stratum basal

What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn?

infection

Why does your skin remain red after a bad sunburn

inflammation causes increased blood flow

Cyanosis is indicative of:

insufficient oxygen in blood

Dermis

is made of dense irregular connective tissue with fibroblasts, collagen and some elastin present, has an underlying reticular layer that has more fibers and is more organized (cleavage lines for doctors) cleavage in reticular layer is important for scarring after surgery, overlying papillary extends up to epidermis to supply blood and remove waste which are where fingerprints and palm prints are made

In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin:

it converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor necessary in calcium metabolism

Which is not a true statement about the papillary layer of the dermis?

it is most responsible for the toughness of the skin

The epidermis provides a physical barrier due largely to the presence of

keratin

The protein found in the epidermis that is responsible for toughening the skin.

keratin

Which epidermal cell type is most numerous?

keratinocyte

most abundant cells of the epidermis

keratinocytes

What is the most common cell type in the epidermis?

keratinocytes -Keratinocytes are the primary cells that form the stratified layers of the epidermis.

Cell types of the epidermis

keratinocytes melanocytes dendritic cells merkel cells

epidermal cells

keratinocytes; in stratum basale, most popular cells melanocytes spider chaped cells synthesize melanin dendritic cells are activators of immune system, ingest foreign substances tactile cells function as sensory receptor

Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does?

kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts

Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does?

kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts.

What causes Cyanosis?

lack of oxygen

Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin:

lamellate granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces

stratum granulosum

layer in which cells begin to die

stratum spinosum

layer where protein keratin is synthesized

substances that penetrate skin in limited amounts

lipid soluble substances- oxygen, fat soluble vitamins.. k, a. and steroids oleorosins- like poinson ivy organic solvents- acetone, paint thinner salts of heavy metals - like mercury, lead

Which of the following correctly describes a common feature of all structures labeled A through D in the figure (sebaceous glands arrector pili sweat gland pacinian corpuscle)

located in the dermis

Layer D (hypodermis) mainly does what

loosely connects the skin to underlying tissue to store energy to insulate the body from heat loss

If a splinter penetrated the skin into the second epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cells would be damaged?

lucidum

The only place you will find stratum ________ is in the skin that covers the palms, fingertips, and soles of the feet.

lucidum

The white crescent portion of the nail is called the ________.

lunula

The integumentary system is protected by our immune system through the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which of the following cells serve this immune function:

macrophages called Langerhans' cells

The integumentary system is protected by the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which of the following cells serve this function?

macrophages called dendritic cells (Langerhans Cell)

The integumentary system is protected by the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which of the following cells serve this function?

macrophages called epidermal dendritic cells

epidermis

made of stratified squamous epithelium

Male pattern baldness has a genetic switch that turns on in response to ________.

male hormones

Male pattern baldness has genetic switch the on in response to:

male hormones

what causes cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure:

meissner's corpuscles

Which skin pigment is made in the skin as a natural defense against UV radiation?

melanin

Which skin color associated pigment producing cell is located in the labeled layer D (epidermis) (stratum basale)

melanocyte

Which skin-color-associated, pigment-producing cell is located in the labeled layer D? A) fibroblast B) tactile (Merkel) cell C) keratinocyte D) melanocyte

melanocyte

Which skin-color-associated, pigment-producing cell is located in the labeled layer D? Section of the epidermis indicating epithelial layers and cell types. Merkel cell melanocyte keratinocyte fibroblast

melanocyte

The most dangerous type of skin cancer is _______. A) melanoma B) basal cell carcinoma C) squamous cell carcinoma D) All of these skin cancers are equally dangerous.

melanoma

The most dangerous type of skin cancer is __________. basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma melanoma All of these skin cancers are equally dangerous.

melanoma

the most correct statement concerning skin cancer:

melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing

Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer.

melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.

The skin is not a __________ barrier. biological metabolic chemical physical

metabolic

The skin is NOT a __________ barrier.

metabolic -The skin constitutes at least three types of barriers, but it is not a metabolic barrier.

melanoma

most dangerous, can occur anywhere where there is pigment and can metastasize quickly invade important organs like lymph nodes

keratinocytes

most of cells in epidermis

stratum corneum

most superficial layer of the epidermis; keratinized cells

physical protection of Integument

multi-layered keratinized cells & glycolipid water-resistance

A dendritic or Langerham cell is a specialized___________.

nerve cell

Hypodermis

not part of skin, loose connective tissue (or superficial fascia or subcutaneous tissue) and adipose which supplies overlying skin with blood vessels and nerves, anchors skin to underlying muscles and or bone, 1/2 of body fat is stored in hypodermis, padding and insulation

The most important factors influencing hair growth are__.

nutrition and hormones

What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?

nutrition and hormones

addisons disease

occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone

sebaceous glands

oil glands that are branched alveolar glands .secrete sebum on hair follicle, occasionally on pore. lubricates hair and skin and slows water loss when humidity is low

The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________

overexposure to UV radiation

The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________.

overexposure to UV radiation

The single most important risk for skin cancer is__________.

overexposure to UV radiation

Which type of cell is NOT found in the epidermis? A) dendritic cells B) keratinocytes C) melanocytes D) pain receptors

pain receptors

Which type of cell is NOT found in the epidermis?

pain receptors pain receptors are found deeper in the papillary layer of the dermis

pallor (n)

paleness

eccrine/ merocrine sweat glands

palms, soles of feet, forehead. secretory part lie in dermis. prevents body from overheating contains vitamin c, salts, water, microbe killing peptide dermicidin, and metabolic waste

The dermis is composed of the reticular and ________ layers.

papillary

dermis layers

papillary- with aeolar connective tissue of elastic fibers allows cells to search and clean out bacteria - contain dermal papillae with touch receptors recticular- coarse dense irregular tissue. contain blood vessels, adipose tissues, collagen fibers. give skin strength and resiliency

Dendritic cells

parts of immune system, start immune response

A dendritic or Langerhan cell is a specialized ___?

phagocytic cell

A dendritic or Langerhan cell is a specialized ________.

phagocytic cell

A dendritic or Langerhans cell is a specialized

phagocytic cell

A dendritic or Langerhans cell is a specialized ________.

phagocytic cell

An epidermal dendritic cell is a specialized ________.

phagocytic cell

______ is an inherited condition that affects the heme pathway; it leaves the skin scarred and gums degenerated, and may have led to the folklore about vampires:

porphyria

jaundice

prejudice; bias; a yellowish discoloration of the skin

Cells of the stratum spinosum have many interlocking desmosomes that will remain between the cells as they migrate to the stratum corneum. These cell junction serve the body by__________.

preventing mechanical stress or trauma damaging the epidermis

Cells of the stratum spinosum have many interlocking desmosomes that will remain between the cells as they migrate to the stratum corneum. These cell junctions serve the body by ______.

preventing mechanical stress or trauma from damaging the epidermis

What are 3 functions of sebum?

prevention of water loss, protection from bacteria, lubrication of the skin

Keratinocytes are an important epidermal cell because they ________.

produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties

melanocytes of dark skin people

produce more and darker melansomes and retain keratinocytes longer

In the negative feedback loop involving the integumentary system that helps maintain homeostasis by reducing elevated body temperature, the effectors achieve a reduction in body temperature by:

producing sweat, which evaporates, thus taking heat from the skin surface

Which of the following statements indicated the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage:

prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen

Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage?

prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turns acts as a natural sunscreen.

Which of the following is NOT a function of sebum? protection from UV radiation protection from bacteria lubrication of the skin prevention of water loss

protection from UV radiation

functions of integumentary system

protection, temperature regulation, sensation, excretion, vitamin D production

A skin condition in which abnormal keratin is produced and keratinocytes are shed prematurely is:

psoriasis

treating severe burns

put on iv to replenish fluids and food calories. need thousands of calories to replace lost tissue and protein loss. skin graft quickly needed to avoid infection

The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?

recticular layer

erethyma

redness or blushing of skin,

Which of the following is an immediate threat to the system as a result of burns

renal failure dehydration electrolyte imbalance

Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, and some of its functions include ________.

resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system

Dense irregular connective tissue

reticular layer

In general skin cancer is least likely to develop in which of the following locations

scalp

In general, skin cancer is least likely to develop in which of the following locations? A) scalp B) forehead C) nose D) the back of the hand

scalp

In general, skin cancer is least likely to develop in which of the following locations? scalp forehead nose the back of the hand

scalp

In general, skin cancer is least likely to develop in which of the following locations?

scalp The skin of scalp has hair, which gives it added protection from the damaging ultraviolet rays of the sun.

Acne is a disorder associated with ________.

sebaceous glands

Which glands secrete an oily product that softens the skin and hair?

sebaceous glands

Which glands secrete an oily product that softens the skin and hair? apocrine sweat glands sebaceous glands ceruminous glands eccrine sweat glands

sebaceous glands

Glands

sebaceous, sweat (eccrine 'merocrine' apocrine 'holocrine')

Cradle cap in infants is called ________.

seborrhea

Overactive sebaceous glands can cause... fine hairs on the forehead to become brittle. the forehead's skin to become dry. bacteria on the forehead's skin to grow and multiply freely. seborrhea, a disease characterized by red, itchy lesions on the scalp.

seborrhea, a disease characterized by red, itchy lesions on the scalp.

Fats, cholesterol and pheromones are important components of:

sebum

Susan sat out in the sun watching a baseball game. She developed small blisters on her unprotected shoulders and neck. What type of burn is represented by the formation of the blisters? A) first-degree burn B) second-degree burn C) third-degree burn D) full-thickness burn

second-degree burn

Susan sat out in the sun watching a baseball game. She developed small blisters on her unprotected shoulders and neck. What type of burn is represented by the formation of the blisters? first-degree burn second-degree burn third-degree burn full-thickness burn

second-degree burn (Second-degree burns injure the epidermis and the superficial region of the dermis. Symptoms mimic those of first-degree burns, but blisters also appear.)

epidermis/stratum corneum

serves as the outermost protective layer of the skin

During cold weather, blood vessels located in the dermis undergo vasoconstriction restricting blood flow into the skin. This produces additional body heat by routing blood to what effector organ?

skeletal muscle

During cold weather, blood vessels located in the dermis undergo vasoconstriction restricting blood flow into the skin. This produces additional body heat by routing blood to what effector organ? A) cardiac muscle B) smooth muscle C) brain D) skeletal muscle

skeletal muscle

A Langerhans' cell is a ________.

specialized phagocytic cell

Epidermis

stratified squamous epithelium and is separated from the dermis by a basement membrane and is not as thick as the dermis and contains no blood vessels of its own. Capillaries from the papillary layer of the dermis nourish it, 4-5 layers of stratified squamous epithelium

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for the cell division and replacement?

stratum basale

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with the distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?

stratum basale

Which layer of the epidermis will be supplied with the highest levels of oxygen from the blood?

stratum basale

Which stratum of the epidermis contains the stem cells responsible for regenerating the more superficial layers?

stratum basale

Which stratum of the epidermis contains the stem cells responsible for regenerating the more superficial layers? A) stratum spinosum B) stratum corner C) stratum granulosum D) stratum basale

stratum basale

Which stratum of the epidermis contains the stem cells responsible for regenerating the more superficial layers? stratum spinosum stratum corneum stratum granulosum stratum basale

stratum basale

which layer of the epidermis will be supplied with the highest levels of oxygen from the blood?

stratum basale

Pigment can be found in several layers of the epidermis. In which layers would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin?

stratum basale -Between 10 and 25% of the cells in the stratum basale are melanocytes that produce the melanin.

layers of epidermis

stratum basale- deepest cell layer, continuously renews cell population stratum spinosum- prickly cells, use desmosomes to hold cells tight statum granulosum- layers of flattened cells, contan granules that release lipids and form keratin stratum licidum- consists of dead keratinocytes stratum corneum- 30 layers, keratin, dead cells, glycolipids in extrcellular space

Which layer of skin is LEAST protected by melanin?

stratum corneum

Which layer of skin is LEAST protected by the melanin?

stratum corneum

Which layer of cells in the epidermis would be least likely to develop cancer

stratum corneum (are all dead)

Label the epidermis (top to bottom)

stratum corneum stratum granulosum stratum spinous stratum basale

Which of the following layers is found only on the palms of the hands or the soles of the feet? A) stratum lucid B) stratum basale C) stratum corner D) stratum granulosum

stratum lucid

Which of the following terms describes layer D? A) epidermal B) subcutaneous C) papillary D) reticular

subcutaneous

Part complete Which of the following terms describes layer D? Section of the integument with labeled histological levels. epidermal papillary reticular subcutaneous

subcutaneous (The hypodermis ("under the skin") layer is also referred to as the subcutaneous region.)

hypodermis also known as and comprised as

subcutaneous gland, made up dense connective tissue vascularized; nutrients diffuse through epidermis in dermis

Excretion

sweat also removes water salt waste such as urea uric acid and ammonia

Which of the following is a metabolic function of skin? cutaneous sensation elimination of nitrogenous wastes body temperature regulation synthesis of a vitamin D precursor

synthesis of a vitamin D precursor

Which of the following is a metabolic function of skin? body temperature regulation synthesis of a vitamin D precursor elimination of nitrogenous wastes cutaneous sensation

synthesis of a vitamin D precursor -Yes, this is a function of the skin carried out by chemical reactions in the skin. When sunlight bombards the skin, modified cholesterol molecules are converted to a vitamin D precursor (called cholecalciferol), which is transported via the blood to the liver and kidneys, where it is converted into a hormone called calcitriol, or active vitamin D

Cells plus a disc-like sensory nerve ending that functions as a sensory receptor for touch.

tactile (merkel) discs

Which epidermal cells act as sensory touch receptors? A) melanocytes B) dendritic cells C) tactile cells D) keratinocytes

tactile cells

Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?

tactile corpuscle

The coarse hair of the eyebrows and scalp is called ________ hair

terminal

Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched and/or torn:

the appearance of visible, silvery-white scars in an indication of stretching the dermis

Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn?

the appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis

A light skinned person may appear pink when they become over heated. The best explanation for this is ______.

the blood bessels of the dermis have undergone vasodilation, bringing a greater volume of blood to the skin

A light skinned person may appear pink when they become over heated. The best explanation for this is ________.

the blood vessels of the dermis have undergone vasodilation, bringing a greater volume of blood to the skin

Which of the following best explains the fact that eyebrows do NOT grow as long as the hair on the head

the hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive

The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of loosely packed areolar connective tissue with numerous peg-like projections that provide a great deal of surface area connecting the dermis to the epidermis. These statements represent benefits provided by the papillary layer's anatomy

the looseness allows for phagocytes to roam though the tissue and search for infection the high surface area allows for a stronger connection of dermis to epidermis the spaces in the connective tissue allow many small blood vessels to deliver nutrients and pickup waste diffusing from the superficial epidermal layers

Which of the following does protect skin from bacteria

the low pH of the skin defensins cathelicidins dermcidin

The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that

the major part of its makeup is adipose which serves as an effective shock absorber

The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.

the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber

The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that__________.

the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber

The reason the hypodermic acts as a shock absorber is that ___.

the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber.

A light skinned person who is very cold may have a pale appearance. Which of the following is the best explanation for why this might be so

the person's blood vessels in the dermis have undergone vasoconstriction (narrowing)

The source of the fluid that accumulates in a blister is

the plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels

The source of the fluid that accumulates in a blister is ________. water that is absorbed from the environment into the skin water that is squeezed out of the overlying epidermal cells the plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels none of the above

the plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels

The source of the fluid that accumulates in a blister is________. A) water that is absorbed from the environment into the skin B) water that is squeezed out of the overlying epidermal cells C) the plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels D) none of the above

the plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels

The source of the fluid that accumulates in a blister is________.

the plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels -The epidermis is avascular but highly innervated; the underlying dermis lacks the number of nerve endings but is rich in blood vessels.

keratin

the protein found in the epidermis that is responsible for toughening the skin

The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?

the reticular layer

The dermis has two major layers; which of the following constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?

the reticular layer

Which dermal layer is responsible for the dermal properties of skin that are evident as cleavage lines

the reticular layer

William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information you would predict that the cut has penetrated to ________.

the stratum basale but not the dermal layers

William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information you would protect the cut has penetrated to__________.

the stratum basale but not the dermal layers

Which of the following does NOT protect the skin from bacteria?

the temperature of the skin

Which of the following does NOT protect the skin from bacteria? A) the low pH of the skin B) the temperature of the skin C) defense's D) cathelicidins E) dermcidin

the temperature of the skin

Which of the following does NOT protect the skin from bacteria? the low pH of the skin the temperature of the skin dermcidin defensins cathelicidins

the temperature of the skin

What feature of the prickle cells in layer C causes them to have pointy projections after tissue preparation? A) the rigidity of the cell membrane B) their desmosome attachments C) glycolipids that make the layer waterproof D) pulling by shrunken keratin fibers between the cells

their desmosome attachments

What feature of the prickle cells in layer C causes them to have pointy projections after tissue preparation? Section of the epidermis indicating epithelial layers and cell types. pulling by shrunken keratin fibers between the cells the rigidity of the cell membrane glycolipids that make the layer waterproof their desmosome attachments

their desmosome attachments (Cells typically shrink during tissue preparation, and since these cells are attached by desmosomes, the membranes are pulled slightly outward at the points of cellular attachment.)

What is the function of the secretion from A? A) to lubricate hair and prevent infection B) to waterproof the epidermis C) to cool the body D) to provide nourishment for the cells in the hair

to lubricate hair and prevent infection

What is the function of the structure at A? Section of the integument with labeled accessory structures. to lubricate hair and prevent infection to detect touch to cool the body to provide nourishment for the cells in the hair

to lubricate hair and prevent infection (Structure A produces sebum, an oily secretion that coats the hairs and prevents infectious agents from penetrating the hair shaft.)

Which of these is NOT a function of the layer at D?

to supply cells to replace those lost from epidermis

Which of these is NOT a function of the layer at D? A) to insulate the body from heat loss B) to supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis C) to loosely connect the skin to underlying tissue D) to store energy

to supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis

Which of these is NOT a function of the layer at D? Section of the integument with labeled histological levels. to supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis to loosely connect the skin to underlying tissue to store energy to insulate the body from heat loss

to supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis (the hypodermis does not perform this function. Cells to replace those lost in the epidermis are provided by the basal cells of the epidermis itself.)

Which of these is NOT a function of the layer at D? (Not a function of the hypodermis)

to supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis. Because the hypodermis does 1. store energy 2. to insulate the body from heat loss 3. to loosely connect the skin to underlying tissue

sensation

touch receptors are found in the basal epidermis and dermal papillae, pain, cold, heat, pressure receptors found in dermis, well developed sensory receptors around the base of hair follicles sensitive to meovement

During the regressive phase of hair growth, the matrix dies and the follicle atrophies.

true

For a doctor, simply looking at a patient's skin can help in making a diagnosis.

true

In the presence of sunlight Vitamin D precursors are produced. This is important for the transport of calcium in the gut.

true

New nail is produced at the nail matrix

true

Regardless of race, all human beings have about the same number of melanocytes

true

Regardless of race, all human beings have about the same number of melanocytes.

true

The action of the arrector pili muscle is very similar in humans as it is in other mammals but its beneficial functions differ.

true

The dense fibrous connective tissue portion of the skin is located in the reticular region of the dermis.

true

The pinkish hue of individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated hemoglobin (contained in red blood cells) circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting through the epidermis

true

The skin cancer most likely to metastasize is cancer of the melanocytes.

true

the apocrine sweat glands are not the primary gland involved in thermoregulation.

true

Despite it's apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched and/or torn?

true appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.

melanon made of

tyrosine amino acids

Stratum granulosum

usually 2-5 layers and the cells become more superficial the main cellular organelles die, some cells are filled with keratin others expel waterproofing glycolipids into extracellular space

Which of the following would you expect to happen if the external temperature is 39"C

vasodilation of blood vessels in the skin

What causes redness (erythemia)?

warm, irritation, inflammation, hormonal, cooling off

Vernix caseosa is a ________.

whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands