Integumentary System (Learn Smart)

Because an entire portion of skin has been lost, and water cannot be retained in the area, a major concern with third degree burns is ___

Dehydration

During out lives, we produce three kinds of hair: ___, ___, & ___ hair.

Lanugo, Vellus & Terminal

Vernix Caseosa

Waterproof protective covering composed of sebum and sloughed off cells.

The main functions of the subcutaneous layer are which of the following? -To provide the skin with melanin to protect it from sunlight -Acts as an energy reservoir -Protects the body -Provides thermal insulation

-Acts as an energy reservoir -Protects the body -Provides thermal insulation

Which is a possible description of the skin's form and function: -Barrier -Indicator of health -Self renewing -Produces Vitamin C

-Barrier -Indicator of health -Self Renewing

The epidermis lacks which of the following? Select all that apply. -Blood vessels -Adipose Tissue -Collagen Fibers -Epithelial Tissue

-Blood vessels -Adipose Tissue -Collagen Fibers

The scalp normally loses between ___ hairs per day

10-100

How many layers of keratinocytes comprise the stratum granulosum?

3-5

Skin repair and regeneration usually takes about ___ weeks in a healthy young person but can often take ___ the time for a person in his or her 70s.

3/twice

Keratinocytes of the epidermis are usually present for about ___ week(s).

4

Body temperature is influences by two structures located in the dermis, ___ and ___.

Blood vessels/sweat glands

The net effect of vasoconstriction of the dermal blood vessels is a shunting of blood ___ from the ___ of the body

Blood, Periphery

The main function of melanin is to protect the ___ of keratinocytes from UV radiation.

DNA

The exposed parts of nails and hair are composed of ___, keratinocytes.

Dead

People most likely to develop skin cancer are those with ___.

Fair Skin

In would healing, if regeneration is not possible, connective tissue ___ occurs.

Fibrosis

Friction ridges are used as forensic tools because they can leave noticeable prints on touched surfaces, commonly called

Fingerprints

Potential complications of a would under repair include ___ loss and ___

Fluid, infection

___ cuts to the lines of cleavage often results in slow healing and increased scaring.

Perpendicular

Each nail plate consists of a pinkish nail ____, a distal whitish free ____, and a proximal part embedded in the skin called the nail ___.

body, edge & root

Vasoconstriction means that the diameter of the vessels ___, so relatively ___ blood can travel through them.

decreases, less

The secretion produced by apocrine sweat glands is viscous, cloudy, and composed of ___ and ___ that are acted upon by bacteria, producing a distinct, noticeable odor.

proteins, lipids

Mammary glands only become functional in _____ and _____.

Lactating females & Pregnant females

The two types of sweat glands in the skin are ___ sweat glands and ___ sweat glands.

Merocrine, apocrine

Mammary

Milk to nourish offsrping

Differences in hair density are due primarily to differences in its ___ and ___

Texture/pigmentation

Friction ridges assume the shapes of complex arches and whorls in ___ skin.

Thick

The stratum lucidum is found only in ___.

Thick Skin

There are three main variations in the epidermis. These variations are ___, colorations, and skin markings.

Thickness

___ skin contains the following accessories: nails, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

Thin

The delivery of drugs through the skin through the use of an adhesive patch is called ___ administration.

Transdermal

The release of water vapor from sweat glands when we are not sweating is a process called ___

Transpiration

In children, ___ is the primary human hair and is found on most of the body.

Vellus

In addition to keratinocytes, the stratum spinosum also contains another epidermal cell type called epidermal ___ cells. These cells are ___ cells that help fight the invasion of microbes.

dendritic, immune

Gray hair results from the gradual reduction of ___ production within the hair follicle, while white hair signifies the lack of ___ entirely.

melanin, melanin

Capillary hemangiomas or "strawberry-colored birthmarks", appear in the skin as bright ___ to deep ___ nodules that usually disappear in childhood.

red, purple

In the third step of wound healing, the cut blood vessels ___ and grow in the wound.

regenerate

In the skin, the largest blood vessels lie along the border between the ___ layer of the dermis and the ___ layer below it. Smaller vessels branch into the dermis to supply the hair follicles, ___ glands, ___ receptors, and other structures located there.

reticular, subcutaneous, sebaceous & tactile

The subcutaneous layer or hypodermis is made up of two types of connective tissue: ____ and ___

Adipose & Areolar

In the nails, the lunula appears whitish because a thickened underlying stratum basale obscures the underlying ____

Blood Vessels

Women often accumulate fat in the ___, ___, hips and thighs.

Breast/Buttocks

Ceruminous glands secrete their waxy substance into the external ear canal. Their secretion is called ___

Cerumen

In the fourth step of would healing, the new stratum basale cells migrate over the wound, moving internally to the now superficial remains of the ___.

Clot

In the first steps of wound healing, blood brings ___ proteins, numerous white blood cells, and antibodies to the site.

Clotting

Stratum Basale

Contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile cells

In the dermis of the skin, ___ fibers impart tensile strength while ___ fibers allow some stretch

Collagen, Elastic

The specific orientation of ___ fiber bundles in the dermis is a result of the direction of applied ___ during routine movements.

Collagen/stress

Chronic exposure to UV rays can damage the ___ in epidermal cells.

DNA

As as result of aging, sweat production _____.

Diminishes

Recall that all epithelia, including the epidermis, are avascular. Therefore, blood vessels within the ___ must supply nutrients to the epidermis.

Dermis

Ceruminous

Ear Wax

Second-degree burns involves the ___ and part of the ___.

Epidermis & Dermis

Merocrine

Function in thermoregulation and excretion

Which protein provides the epidermis with its water resistance?

Keratin

Stratum Granulosum

Keratinization begins in this layer

Stratum Spinosum

Keratinocytes attached to neighbors by desmosomes

Sebaceous

Lipid material called sebum

Stratum Corneum

Most superficial layer of epidermis

Scattered among the cells of the stratum basale are cells that are sensitive to touch. These sensory cells are called ___ cells.

Tactile

True or false: Skin cancer can develop in people of any age.

True

In the first step of wound healing, the blood brings which of the following? Select all that apply. -Clotting proteins -Antibodies -Collagen and elastin proteins -White blood cells

-Clotting proteins -Antibodies -White blood cells

Walking barefoot can cause stem cells in the stratum ___ to divide rapidly resulting in a thickening in the soles of the feet, thus providing more protection for the underlying tissues.

Basale

The cell of a hair follicle's walls are organized into two principal concentric layers; and outer ___ tissue root sheath, which originates from the dermis, and and inner ___ tissue root sheath, which originates from the epidermis.

Connective, epithelial

As skin ages, collagen fibers in the dermis ___ in number and organization, and elastic fibers ___ their elasticity.

Decrease/lose

The skin is made up of two distinct layers, the ___ and the ___

Epidermis & Dermis

First-degree burns involve only the ___ and are characterized by ___, pain, and slight edema (swelling).

Epidermis/redness

Apocrine and merocrine sweat glands release their secretory products by the process of ____

Exocytosis

The amount of melanin in the skin is determined by both ___ and ___ exposure.

Genetics, UV

The vascular connective tissue that initially forms in a healing wound is called:

Granulation Tissue

In the layers of the epidermis called the stratum ___, the process of keratinization begins.

Granulosum

In thin and think skin, the layers that contain living cells are the ____, ____, and _____

Granulosum, Spinosum & Basale

Skin cancer occurs most frequently on the ___ regions of the human body.

Head and neck

Periderm

Layer of cells covering the developing embryonic epithelium

Mesenchyme

Layer of embryonic cells that develop into the dermis

To reduce the likelihood of skin cancer, people should use sunscreen regularly and avoid ___

Prolonged exposure to the sun

Hair is found almost everywhere on the body except the sides and ___ of the hands and fingers, the sides and ___ of the feet and toes, the lips, and portions of the external genitalia.

Palms & Soles

Two major functions of hair are ___.

Protection/ heat retention

Hemoglobin is an oxygen-binding protein present within ___ blood cells. Upon binding oxygen, hemoglobin exhibits a bright ___ color, giving blood vessels in the dermis a reddish tint that is most easily observed in the skin of lightly pigmented individuals.

Red, Red

In the fourth step of wound healing, ___ of the epidermis occurs.

Regeneration

Damaged tissues are normally repaired in one of two ways: ____ and ____ formation

Regeneration & Fibrosis

Terminal hair is the type of hair that grows on the ___, and is also the hair of ___ and eyebrows, the axilla, and the pubic region In men it grows on the face.

Scalp, eyelashes

When part of the skin is too severely damaged or its cells lack the capacity to divide, the body fills in the gap with ___ tissue. This is know as ___.

Scar, fibrosis

The sebaceous glands of the skin secrete an oily material called ___

Sebum

The secretions of sebaceous glands, called ___ is usually deposited into a ___.

Sebum, hair follicle

Apocrine

Secretion influenced by hormones

Tactile cells are described best by which of the following? -Can be stimulated by light pressure -Can be stimulated by light touch -Also called Merkel Cells -Can be stimulated by heat -Large epithelial cells -Can be stimulated by deep pressure

-Can be stimulated by light pressure -Can be stimulated by light touch -Also called Merkel Cells -Large epithelial cells

Many cells in the epidermis produce ___ when exposed to UV radiation? -Cholecalciferol -Keratin -Phosphate -Calcium -Vitamin D3

-Cholecalciferol -Vitamin D3

The major functions of merocrine sweat glands are ___. -Protection -Thermoregulation -Secretion -Vitamin Production

-Protection -Thermoregulation -Secretion

Migration of a keratinocyte from the stratum corneum takes about ___ weeks. The dead, keratinized cells usually remain in the exposed stratum corneum for an additional ___ weeks. Overall, keratinocytes are present for about ___ month following their formation.

2,2,1

Stratum Lucidum

Seen only in thick skin

As an individual ages, the skin repair process takes longer to complete because of the reduced number and activity of ___ cells.

Stem

As a result of the aging process, hair follicles can actually ___ production of hairs.

Stop

Skin is classified as wither thick or thin based on two parameters: The number or epidermal ___ in the epidermis and the relative ___ of the epidermis, rather than the thickness of the entire integument.

Strata, thickness

The layer of the skin from which most new epidermal cells are derived from is the ___

Stratum Basale

The ___ of the integument has immune cells.

Stratum spinosum/dermis

The skin houses two types of general exocrine glands: ___ glands and ___ glands

Sweat & Sebaceous

In the second step of wound healing, a ____ forms.

Blood clot

The nail plate is composed of the nail ___, the nail root, and the free edge.

Body

The skin is water resistant. Thus it helps prevent:

Both water gain and loss

The reason the cells of the stratum spinosum have a spint appearance when viewed under a microscope is due to the shrinkage of the ___ during slide preparation while the intercellular attachments called ___ and cytoskeleton elements remain intact.

Cytoplasm, desmosomes