Intercultural

OCULESICS

(EYEmovement): here we have direct eye contact- in many cultures you dont because it's disrecpectful. some people appreciate direct eye contact and others find it disrespectful. many cultures are trained to focus on the neck

chronemics

(time) past- oriented, present- oriented, and future- oriented, monochromic vs polychromic time in many cultures, you want to be fashionably late.

Hidden Histories

-The histories that are hidden from or forgotten by the mainstream representations of past events. Nonmainstream histories sometimes stand alongside the grand narrative, but sometimes they challenge the grand narrative. As we saw earlier, some nonmainstream histories are absent histories, as these histories have been lost or are not recoverable. Sometimes these nonmainstream histories are hidden histories, as they offer different views on the grand narrative and, therefore, have been suppressed or marginalized in our understanding of the past. Let's look at some of these nonmainstream histories and how these views of the past help us better understand different cultural groups.

-In Afrocentric rhetoric, nommo is manifested in 10 important ways

1)Rhythm: In the force of language that brings about harmony. rhythm demonstrates how well a rhetor speaker) regulates her flow of words with correct pauses and intensifications. in aftican american culture, words are often (success of rhetor is not about persuasion its about whether the speaker can affective ly bring about harmony and balance; rhythm is very important. pauses strategic pauses) 2) Lyrical quality: In afrocentric rhetoric, rhetors or speakers often show deep appreciation for the importance of poetry as a vehicle that conveys emotion and imagination. the speakers will use literary flourishes like metaphors, simile, parallelism and vivid images to capture the lyrical qualities of the language 3) Soundin' out (you don't add a g or you are eurocentric) : Creative manipulation of volume and musical quality. it also includes boasting or braggadocio. 4)Repetition: this is also a common feature of Nommo, repeating the key words and phrases for impact. (Afrocentric cant avoid repeating words over to make an impact) 5) Stylin': The communicator's conscious/ unconscious use of language appearance or mannerism to create a favorale influence on the audience (example: dr king- put his right hand on best pocket or unbutton jacket done with finesse that was his stylin- his mannerism. like a "signature" 6)Improvistion: In the afrocentric rhetoric, the speaker often shows her verbal dexterity by free- styling. its very important that the speaker has the ability to invent her. his speech or song while the deliver is in proffress. it implies that the spirit of the word moved the speaker . you never have a scripted delivery its all about improvisation. 7)Historical Perspective: It the way a rhetor or speaker motivates her audience to look to their own culture for motivation, inspiration, wisdom, and strength in order to survive and grow in racist america, oftentimes rappers will speak about freedom or liveration from oppression or will infuse their songs with black pride.. (about being proud of who you are- not a slave anymore 8)ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT: CALL/ response: one of the most enduring and recognizable characteristics of Nommo is call and response. In afrocentric rhetoric, the communicator is not a solitary voice. there is always a high level of synergy and engagement between the speaker and the audience. the audience members typically participate in the speaking or songs by calling and responding to the communicator in different ways. 9) Indirection: Another characteristic of nommo in afrocentric rhetoric is indirection . This Method refers to a way that speakers deal with central issues by :beating around the bush" it is often used in innuendoes, insinuations, implications and suggestions in order to make a point.) (Like beating around the bush- not meet the topic head on- less abrupt) :Example: " I am not a Politician , nor the song of a President. I am not a republican, nor a democreat. Nor an american." - hes trying to say he isn't an american. 10) Mythication: This is another important characteristic of Nommo which shoes the communicator using language that suffuses that her or his message is sanctioned by some supranational force to demonstrate the righteousness of the cause. In African American rhetoric, the speakers often invoke God, truth, history, ancestors or the Bible for impact. (Only they can do it because they have been blessed)

colonialism

1)The system by which groups with diverse languages, cultures, religions and identities were united to form one state, usually by a european power 2)the system by which a country maintains power over other countries or groups of people to exploit them economically, politically, culturally. More:Some of these conflicts are tied to histories of colonialism around the world, whereby European powers lumped diverse groups—differing in language, culture, religion, or identity—together as one state. For example, the division of Pakistan and India was imposed by the British; eventually, East Pakistan declared its independence to become Bangladesh. Nevertheless, ethnic and religious differences in some areas of India and Pakistan continue to cause unrest. And the acquisition of nuclear weapons by both India and Pakistan makes these antagonisms of increasing concern. The tremendous diversity—and accompanying antagonisms—within many former colonies must be understood in the context of histories of colonialism.

What is white identity

1)majority 2) status - we are dominant, powerful have status 3)lacking in racial features- neutral color 4)nationality: american 5)european ancestry- because their roots go back to europe Global Nomads

variable-

A concept that varies by existing in different types or different amounts and that can be operationalized and measured. Social science researchers assume that culture is a variable that can be measured. ex: How might social science researchers understand the communication issues of those involved in Katrina's aftermath? They might measure differences in perception among various cultural groups to try to understand how different cultures experienced Katrina and what they view as appropriate and inappropriate responses by the government. In this type of study, social scientists would be using culture as a variable

Direct vs indirect

A direct communication style is one in which verbal messages reveal the speaker's true intentions, needs, wants, and desires. An indirect style is one in which the verbal message is often designed to camouflage the speaker's true intentions, needs, wants, and desires

Ethnography: (interpretive approach)

A discipline that examines the patterned interactions and significant symbols of specific cultural groups to identify the cultural norms that guide their behaviors, usually based on field studies.

Diaspora

A massive migration often caused by war, famine, or persecution that results in the dispersal of a unified group.

Melting pot:

A metaphor that assumes that immigrants and cultural minorities will be assimilated into the U.S majority culture, losing their original cultures.

Apartheid

A policy that segregated people racially in South Africa.

Participant observation

A research method where investigators interact extensively with the cultural group being studied. the researcher is intimately involved in the research and may become good friends with members of the communities he or she is studying -qualitative method -goal to understand and describe human behavior

High context

A style of communication in which much of the information is contained in the contexts and nonverbal cues rather than expressed explicitly in words. A high-context communication style is one in which "most of the information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message" (Hall, 1976, p. 79). This style of communication emphasizes understanding messages without direct verbal communication. People in long-term relationships often communicate in this style. For example, one person may send a meaningful glance across the room at a party, and his or her partner will know from the nonverbal clue that it is time to go home.

Low context

A style of communication in which much of the information is conveyed in words rather than in nonverbal cues and contexts. the majority of meaning and information is in the verbal code. This style of communication, which emphasizes explicit verbal messages, is highly valued in many settings in the United States. Interpersonal communication textbooks often stress that we should not rely on nonverbal, contextual information. It is better, they say, to be explicit and to the point, and not to leave things ambiguous. However, many cultural groups around the world value high-context communication. They encourage children and adolescents to pay close attention to contextual cues (body language, environmental cues), and not simply the words spoken in a conversation

Code switching:

A technical term in communication that refers to the phenomenon of changing languages, dialects, or even accents.

Ethnocentrism

A tendency to think that our own culture is superior to other cultures Your culture becomes the center and everyone else is wrong. ex: silverware is better than chopsticks. When we think this way our cultural framework becomes the center. People hate this. But it is how we are raised..we just think our culture is better but you can learn to reduce and manage it. IMP: Culture is ethnocentric - will not be able to accept other culture easy because you are trained to its ok to use silverware its not ok to wear certain things or wedding others are wrong we are right. All ethnocentric biases

Global village:

A term coined by Marshall McLuhan in the 60s that refers to a world in which communication technology unites people in remote parts of the world. (a communication technology that links us to events from the most remote parts of the world and connects us to persons we may never meet face-to-face from around the world. - The tech imperative -Media expert Mashall Mcluhan (1967) predicted that explosion of computers and other media technologies will create a "global village." His vision has indeed come true. Our world, metaphorically speaking, has shrunk and we now live in the global villages envisioned by McLuhan. *on one hand its great, but on the other hand, we are losing the human touch. Many people don't know how to have a conversation

Grand Narrative

A unified history and view of humankind. IMP there is no grand narrative where nation try to make us believe that there is a unified history of its people. The historians always say we are all unified but can see that history is disjointed and not unified

Performative Power

Acting or presenting oneself in a specific way so as to accomplish some goal. A related approach from cultural communication studies sees culture as performative. If we accept this metaphor, then we are not studying any external (cultural) reality. Rather, we are examining how persons enact and represent their culture's worldviews.

Afrocentricity (interpretive)

Africa at the center) challenges notion of eurocentric notion 1)Africa at the center. it focuses on the customs traditions and traits of the people of aftica 2) Afrocentricity liberates the african by establishing agency as the key concept for freedom 3)It emphasizes the presence of Nommo, the generative and productive power of the spoken word (African culture is not written its oral, story telling fables) Nommo is the spotter of the word that moves the people. the life-force of the language. Everything makes sense through language. 4) Everything in the universe is interrelated: God nature, flora and fauna and humans (all about peaceful coexistence; animals people etc) 5)Emphazises humanness and harmony with nature and humans (Very important being humane- living in hrmony) 6) An orientation toward communalism Communal- everybody has their own unique ways to live. very different from America Afrocentricity emcompasses all facets of african americans life: social political cultural economic and psychological (these all come in to play because they came from Africa) afrocentric rhetoric is different from western- western is to persuade- Afrocentric notion of rhetoric: drastically different: it is the productive thrust of language into the unknown in an attempt to create harmony and balance in the midst of disharmony and chaos. (the person who speaks and sings if they don't do that they are not being afrocentric) and afrocentric person must embrace afrocentricity. Just because someone is black they are not necessarily afrocentric

Dialectic-

An approach to Intercultural communication that integrates three approaches—functionalist (or social science), interpretive, and critical in understanding culture and communication. It recognizes and accepts that the three approaches are interconnected and sometimes contradictory. *this textbook advocates a dialectical approach that combines these three approaches. ■ A dialectical approach emphasizes a processual, relational, and holistic view of intercultural communication, and it requires a balance of contradictory views.

Prejudice-Negative/ dark side of identity

An attitude (usually negative) toward a cultural group based on little or no evidence. Irrational fear of the cultural other. Can also be harmless/ innocuous. Arms length prejudice: Cant prove that someone is racist because they are polite, but will not include the other race in their activities.

Hybrid identity (critical)

An identity that is consciously a mixture of different cultural identities and cultural traditions. He concludes that, because of their colonialist legacy, they gravitate toward Western shows in addition to the Arabic shows, and this media consumption ultimately contributes to their having a hybrid identity —an identity comprised of both Western and Arabic elements.

Equivalency

An issue in translation, the condition of being equal in meaning, value, and so on.

Absent History

Any part of history that was not recorded or that is missing. Not everything that happened in the past is accessible to us today because only some voices were documented and only some perspectives were recorded.

Kluckhohn and Strodbeck;s value orientations 5) Social Relationships (Authoitarian, group, individualism)

Authoritarian: dictator - must follow the leader and if you don't you will be punished. Group: some cultures are collective "we" - difference between collectivistic cultures like japan and korea many times don't say "I did this" but say "we did this" it shows arrogance when we say I. Individualism: American all about "me and I" egotistical

Functionalist approach book

Book Definition: functionalist approach A study of intercultural communication, also called the social science approach, based on the assumptions that (1) there is a describable, external reality, (2) human behaviors are predictable, and (3) culture is a variable that can be measured. This approach aims to identify and explain cultural variations in communication and to predict

Kluckhohn and Strodbeck;s value orientations 2- Person/ nature orientation

Can be 3 kinds of orientation. 1- ancient civilizations view nature as being supreme, the god you worship. if nature reaks havoc thats meaningful....2- cultures that manipulate harness control nature (global warming/ the western way) to make lives more comfortable 3- to have a balance between nature and human beings (one culture Japan: a buddhist garden tucked away in tokyo)

Kluckhohn and Strodbeck;s value orientations 1) Human Nature ( Good/ evil mixture of good and evil)

Can have a viewpoint that people are basically evil . some cultures perceive humans as a mix between good and bad. some say all humans are basically good. in america- humans are mix of good and evil. Islamic countries think humans are evil- follow sharia law if you steal they will chop off your arms etc part of the culture. stoned to death for affairs...steal cut your rms. Buddhism: everyone is inherently good.

Definition of Communication

Communication is a symbolic (everything stands for something else. ) process where reality is produced, maintained, repaired and transformed." -problem :different cultures have different symbols. (ex french: Chaise, english: Chair)

Silence

Cultural groups may vary in the degree of emphasis placed on silence, which can be as meaningful as language

Embodied Ethnocentrism

Culture is not only experienced as perceptions and values, and contextual, but the concept of culture also involves emotions. When we are in our own cultural surroundings we feel a sense of familiarity and a certain level of comfort in the space, behavior, and actions of others. We might characterize this feeling as a kind of embodied ethnocentrism, which is normal —Feeling comfortable and familiar in the spaces, behaviors, and actions of others in our own cultural surroundings.

Jargon Argot Dialect

Dialects: versions of a language with distinctive vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation that are spoken by a particular group of people or with particular regions. In india there is over 500 dialects Jargons: Specialized language or terms that are shared by those in the same profession or experience journalist will use journalist japgon/ PROFESSION AND JARGONS ARGOT: it refers to a specialized language that is used by a large group within a culture to define the boundaries of their group from others who are in a more powerful position in society a unique word by a co culture to separate themselves from the dominant For example: prisons were often described as school as in the contemporary College of Corrections, brothels were convents or nunneries while prostitutes who worked in them were nuns and the madam was an abbess. ARGOT: when the sub group unifies and uses certain expressions that only they understand to challenge the language system of the dominant culture

Kluckhohn and Strodbeck;s value orientations 4) activity orientation (Doing, Being, Growing)

Doing culture, being culture, growing culture....America is a "doing" culture. Planner "do this do that' "What do you do?" America is a doing culture. ///being- self actualizing. being in the moment like people from spain and greeece and southern italy and apreciating- there is a movement called SLOW DOWN movement (long lunches) reduced work days. 3)Growing culture- buddhist cultures, pursuing spirituality because they know money fame will all go away. what you have inside no one can take it away. enhancing and enriching spiritual realm. Once you fill your soul with the happiness it needs

relativity versus universality:

Ethical imperative: Principles of conduct that help govern behaviors of individuals and groups. ethical issues often involve the following a)cultural universalism b)cultural relativism Cultural relativism: is a problematic area. Because you don't take any position at all..Ex: lynching is ok because another culture...or when people are stoned to death...child labor (its happening not in america but if its in thailand its alright) You cant be universalistic about it (cant impose) but also cant let them do whatever they want because I'm ok.

Nativistic

Extremely patriotic to the point of being anti immigrant

high in power distance

Hofstede- although he wants to play chess, he cant go out he must please the boss- all about status power hierarchy- Tom has a problem because

all the stages of minority and majority identity development

Identity development process (minority) 1-unexamined identity: they just want to conform and be an american, they don't question their identity 2-confority 3-resistance and separation Something happens (racism, predjucice) and they don't want anything to do with whites anymore. because of anguish and pain and fact that they have gone through hell they will separate themselves from the majority. 4-integration After a long journey they realize there are bad whites and good- must re integrate and have a perspective that mostly people are good and I want to come back and be a part of america. Sometimes people are so angry that they never make it to the last stage.

Hofstede's Value Orientations: 1)Individualism/Collectivism

Individualistic-the tendency to emphasize individual identities, beliefs, needs, goals, and views rather than those of the group. Collectivistic-the tendency to focus on the goals, needs, and views of the ingroup rather than individuals own goals, needs, and views.

Culture brokers

Individuals who act as bridges between cultures, facilitating cross-cultural interaction and conflict.

Avowal VS Ascription-

Interpretive: Avowal- how we perceive ourselves vs Ascription - how others perceive us Book: Avowal-The process by which an individual portrays himself or herself. Ascription-The process by which others attribute identities to an individual.

Kluckhohn and Strodbeck's value orientations:

Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck suggested that members of all cultural groups must answer the following important questions: ■ What is human nature? ■ What is the relationship between humans and nature? ■ What is the relationship between humans? ■ What is the preferred personality? ■ What is the orientation toward time?

Majority identity

Majority: 1)Unexamined identity 2) Acceptance 3)Resistance 4)Redefinition 5)integration

Co cultural group

Nondominant cultural groups that exist in a national culture, such as African American or Chinese American.

modernist identity

Once texts are written, they are available for teaching and learning about the past. But the seeming unity of the past, the linear nature of history, is merely the reflection of a modernist identity, grounded in the Western tradition. The identity that is grounded in the Western tradition of scientific and political beliefs and assumptions-for example, the belief in external reality, democratic representation, liberation, and independent subjects.

Ethnography of Communication

One of the most common examples of interpretive scholarship. A specialized area of study within communication. Taking an interpretive perspective, scholars analyze verbal and nonverbal activities that have symbolic significance for the members of cultural groups to understand the rules and patterns followed by the groups. these scholars look for symbolic meaning of verbal and nonverbal activities in an attempt to understand patterns and rules of communication. This area of study defines cultural groups rather broadly—for example, as talk show participants or Vietnam War veterans.

Functionalist Approach ROy

PREDICT Social scientific research: quantitative/ surveys (can predict with some accuracy about findings- -can you tell a lot by surveys? cant go in depth -A- social science assumptions *Relies on statistical measures and quantitative methods *goal is to predict behavior (once you have a sample you can predict behavior- can generalize if you draw sample at random can generalize on population) *uses surveys and questionnaires as methods *Seeks to identify cultural differences often without taking into account the context (major flaw) they don't look at the context which may be causing the cultural differences 5- underlying assumption is that com is influenced by cultures. (since you are a product of ur culture, the way u communicate is a product of your culture you grew up in)

Perception

People understand and learn about the world through filtering lenses; they select, evaluate, and organize information (stimuli) from the external environment through perception For example, most U.S. Americans perceive human beings as separate from nature and believe that there is a fundamental difference between, say, a human and a rock.

Postmodern Cultural Space:

Places that are defined by cultural practices- languages spoken, identities enacted, rituals performed- and the often change as new people move in and out of these spaces. Postmodern cultural spaces are places that are defined by cultural practices—languages spoken, identities enacted, rituals performed—and they often change as new people move in and out of these spaces. Imagine being in a small restaurant when a large group of people arrives, all of whom are speaking another language. How has this space changed? Whose space is it? As different people move in and out of this space, how does the cultural character change?

Qingmian He Guanxi:

Qingmian (human feelings), which involves respect for the feelings of others He(harmony) which emphasizes the smooth functioning of a group or society Guanxi: (relationship or connection), which underscores the importance of relationships in chinese business

Specifically in china 3 concepts are crucial:

Qingmian (human feelings), which involves respect for the feelings of others He(harmony) which emphasizes the smooth functioning of a group or society Guanxi: (relationship or connection), which underscores the importance of relationships in chinese business

Communication accommodation theory the result of another social science program-

Researchers attempted to identify how and when individuals accommodate their speech and non verbal behaviors to others during an interaction — Definition: The view that individuals adjust their verbal communication to facilitate understanding. ***Different from AUM: because this focuses on adaptation during intercultural interaction.

Conceptual equivalence more help

Researchers can establish conceptual equivalence by ensuring that the notions they are investigating are similar at various levels. For example, problem solving is one aspect of intelligence that may be conceptually equivalent in many cultures. Once this equivalence is established, researchers can identify culturespecific ways in which problem solving is achieved. In the United States and western Europe, good problem solving might mean quick cognitive reasoning; in other cultures, it might involve slow and careful thought (Serpell, 1982). Establishing these equivalencies allows researchers to isolate and describe what distinguishes one culture from another.

Paradigm

Researchers perspective that they bring to the table- influences how they do their research/ what are the values of the researcher/ DEF: A framework that serves as the worldview of researchers. Different paradigms assume different interpretations of reality, human behavior, culture, and communication.

Roots of the study of IC

Started in america after ww2/ started intercultural training in 1946 Started in 1946 then US establihed the FSI (foreign services institute) who hired Edward T hall

Strengths and limitations of social science approach

Strengths of social sci: useful to identify variation in com from group to group and in ident weaknesses- not culturally sensitive researchers are too far removed because they must be objective Many of these social science studies have been useful in identifying variations in communication from group to group and specifying psychological and sociological variables in the communication process. limited. Many scholars now realize that human communication is often more creative than predictable and that reality is not just external but also internally constructed. We cannot identify all of the variables that affect our communication. Nor can we predict exactly Alicia: 1)We cannot identify all of the variables that affect communication, because (communication is more creative than predictable and that reality is not just external but also internally constructed). 2) Nor can we predict exactly why one intercultural interaction seems to succeed and another does not. 3) Not all the methods of this approach are culturally sensitive and research may be to distant from the phenomena or people they are researching. In other words, Researcher may not really understand the cultural group they are studying. Example: conducting a study on self-disclosure in the United States and Algeria using social science perspective. We may distribute Jourard self disclosure measure to students in both cultures. Although we might not realize the concept of self disclosure does not translate exactly between United States and Algeria and that they both have very different notions of this concept.

Hofstede's Value Orientations:

Surveyed 52 countries and saw that each and every culture has these 5 same manifestations 1)Individualism/Collectivism 2) Uncertainty avoidance (high vs low) 3)Power distance (High vs low) 4) Masculinity/ Femininity 5. Long term vs short term

FOUR Distance zones:

The area, defined by physical space, within which people interact, according to Edward Hall's theory of proxemics. The four distance zones for individuals are intimate, personal, social, and public.

Sapir Whorf Hypothesis

The assumption that language shapes our ideas and guides our view of social reality. This hypothesis was proposed by Edward Sapir, a linguist, and his student, Benjamin Whorf, and represents the relativist view of language and perception. EX:For example, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, developed by linguists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, explores phenomena such as the use of formal and informal pronouns. French and Spanish, for instance, have both formal and informal forms of the pronoun you. (In French, the formal is vous and the informal is tu; in Spanish, the formal is usted and the informal is tu.) In contrast, English makes no distinction between formal and informal usage; one word, you, suffices in both situations. Such language distinctions affect our culture's notion of formality.

Interpellation (just definition)

The communication process by which one is pulled into the social forces that place people into a specific identity.

elaborate versus understated styles

The elaborate style involves the use of rich, expressive language in everyday talk. For example, the Arabic language has many metaphorical expressions used in everyday speech. In this style, a simple assertive statement means little; the listener will believe the opposite. In contrast, the understated style values succinct, simple assertions, and silence. Amish people often use this style of communication. A common refrain is, "If you don't have anything nice to say, don't say anything at all." Free selfexpression is not encouraged. Silence is especially appropriate in ambiguous situations; if one is unsure of what is going on, it is better to remain silent.

Etic vs Emic

The etic inquiry searches for universal generalizations across cultures from a distance. emic A term stemming from phonemic. The emic way of inquiry focuses on understanding communication patterns from inside a particular cultural community or context.

Core Symbols

The fundamental beliefs that are shared by the members of a cultural group. Labels, a category of core symbols, are names or markers used to classify individual, social, or cultural groups. Central to the interpretive perspective is the idea that our identities are expressed communicatively—in core symbols, labels, and norms. Core symbols (or cultural values) tell us about the fundamental beliefs and the central concepts that define a particular identity. Communication scholar Michael Hecht and his colleagues (Hecht, 1998; Hecht, Jackson, & Ribeau, 2003) have identified the contrasting core symbols associated with various ethnic identities. For example, core symbols of African American identity may be positivity, sharing, uniqueness, realism, and assertiveness. Individualism is often cited as a core symbol of European American identity. Core symbols are not only expressed but also created and shaped through communication.

National Histroy

The history of any nation is important to the people of that nation. We typically learn national history in school. A body of knowledge based on past events that influenced a country's development.

Symbolic Significance

The importance or meaning that most members of a cultural group attach to a communication activity. y(evokes feeling that extends beyond itself). - Patterns that are deeply felt are sensed collectively by members of the cultural group. Gathering around the coffee machine at work every morning, for example, could be a cultural pattern, but only if the activity holds symbolic significance or evokes feelings that extend beyond itself.

Contact Hypothesis

The notion that better communication between groups is facilitated simply by putting people together in the same place and allowing them to interact.

Source text

The original language text of translation.

Social Reproduction (critical)

The process of perpetuating cultural patterns.

Recap six imperatives from chapter 1

The self-awareness imperative involves increasing understanding of our own location in larger social, political, and historical contexts. ■ The demographic imperative includes the changing domestic and international migration—raising questions of class and religious diversity. ■ The economic imperative highlights issues of globalization and the challenges for increased cultural understanding needed to reach the global market. ■ The technological imperative gives us increasing information and increased contact with people who are similar and different from us. Increased use of communication technology also raises questions about identity and access to these technologies. ■ The peace imperative involves working through issues of colonialism, economic disparities, and racial, ethnic, and religious differences. ■ The ethical imperative calls for an understanding of the universalist, relativist, and dialogic approach to ethical issues.

Proxemics

The study of how people use personal space to communicate

Paralinguistics

The study of vocal behaviors include voice qualities and vocalization. Paralinguistics refers to the study of paralanguage—vocal behaviors that indicate how something is said, including speaking rate, volume, pitch, and stress. Saying something very quickly in a loud tone of voice will be interpreted differently from the same words said in a quieter tone of voice at a slower rate. There are two types of vocal behavior—voice qualities and vocalizations

Assimilation accommodation separation strategies

The three assimilation accommodaten and separation strategies are: nonassertive, assertive, and aggressive.

Diffusion of Innovation

The view that communication and relationships play important roles in how new ideas are adopted (or not) by individuals and groups./ explains how cultural practices can be changed largely due to communication. explains why some innovations like computer technology or the internet are accepted by some people and rejected by others.

Nominalist Position:

The view that perception is not shaped by the particular language one speaks. ccording to the nominalist position, perception is not shaped by the particular language we speak. Language is simply an arbitrary "outer form of thought." Thus, we all have the same range of thoughts, which we express in different ways with different languages. This means that any thought can be expressed in any language, although some may take more or fewer words. The existence of different languages does not mean that people have different thought processes or inhabit different perceptual worlds. After all, a tree may be an arbre in French and an arbol in Spanish, but we all perceive the tree in the same way.

nominalist vs RELATIVIST

The view that the particular language individuals speak, especially the structure of the language, shapes their perception of reality and cultural patterns. the particular language we speak, especially the structure of that language, determines our thought patterns, our perceptions of reality, and, ultimately, important cultural components (see Figure 6-1). This position is best represented by the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

Applications of social science approach: Anxiety uncertainty management theory:

The view that the reduction of anxiety and uncertainty plays an important role in successful intercultural communication, particularly when experiencing new cultures.

Identity management:

The way individuals make sense of their multiple images concerning the sense of self in different social contexts. - Advances in com tech lead up to think differently about ourselves and our identity management. ex: com technologies gives us more choices in how we express our identities than we typically have in face to face interaction. when you send an email message or post a message, you can choose whether to reveal certain aspect of your idenetity. the recipient wont know if you are male female young old etc unless you tell them- you can choose which aspects of your identity you want to reveal. can even give false info about your identity.

Worldviews:

Underlying assumptions about the nature of reality and human behavior. "The current study of intercultural communication is influenced in part by how it developed in the United States and in part by the worldviews, or research philosophies, of the scholars who pursue it. The roots of the study of intercultural communication can be traced to the post-World War II era, when the United States increasingly came to dominate the world stage. Started in america after ww2/ started intercultural training in 1946

Anglocentrism

Using white cultural standards as the criteria for interpretations and judgments of behaviors and attitudes

Interpellation

We might resist the position they put us in, and we might try to ascribe other identities to ourselves. Nevertheless, we must begin from that position in carving out a new identity. French philosopher Louis Althusser (1971) uses the term interpellation to refer to this process. Interpellation: The communication process by which one is pulled into the social forces that places people into a specific identity. This hailing process that Althusser describes operates in intercultural communication interactions. It establishes the foundation from which the interaction occurs. For example, occasionally someone will ask Tom if he is Japanese, a question that puts him in an awkward position. He does not hold Japanese citizenship, nor has he ever lived in Japan. Yet the question probably doesn't mean to address these issues. Rather, the person is asking what it means to be "Japanese." How can Tom reconfigure his position in relation to this question?

Stereotypes- Negative/ dark side of identity

Widely held beliefs about a group of people. Stereotying is a complex form of categorization that mentaly organizes your experiences with and guides your behavior toward a particular group of people (stereptypes do a huge disservice to people if you dont see their unique qualities ex: all japanese act in a certain way; white people cant dance; polish people are stupid; asians are all bad drivers asians are good at science..) . Stereotypes: "me/us" vs "other"/ positive and negative stereotypes. Positive stereotypes are also negative. Irish: alcoholics; asians: bad drivers etc.. where do we get stereotypes: Education/ mass media/ family/ religion

Social Histories

Written histories that focus on every day life experiences of various groups in the past

Political histories:

Written histories that focus on political events.

Intellectual Histories

Written histories that focus on the development of ideas.

Translation Equivalence

a strategy to overcome problems of social scientific research-to establish translation equivalence, research materials should be translated several times using different translators. :

Edward Hall's High vs Low Context:Said every culture will either be high context or low context

a)Implicit embeds meaning at different level of the socio- cultural context b-Values collectivism c-Emphasizes Spiral logic (ex growing up in india- will bring personal examples, anecdotes to the main topic) d- Tends to give ambiguous messages- (you dont know whats going on) ALL over asia, middle easter countries , korea brazil -high context cultures are collectivistic -give a gift prepare food for someone its all about "actions" never say I love you or I miss you no public display of emotions no kissing in public etc in asian cultures they dont say I love you..but sometimes you want to hear folks sau these things (for movie) never say you are proud....its hr culture 2) LOW context - 1-overly displays meanings through direct communication Ex: I want a ride to the airport , I love you etc what ever is on your mind you say this -values individualism 2-Emphasizes linear logic (western culture is linear in todays talk I will talk about 3 things/ how cigarette smoke causes cancer. Point 1 2 and 3...and conclusion) 3-Tends to emphasize highly structured messages , give details and place great stress on words England, america, canada. germany - low context cultures are individualistic America is LOW CONTEXT High-context cultures are those that communicate in ways that are implicit and rely heavily on context. These cultures are collectivist, value interpersonal relationships, and have members that form stable, close relationships. Low-context cultures rely on explicit verbal communication. This type of describes a communication style that relies heavily on explicit and direct language.

Post colonialism (critical)

an important recent critical perspective. postcolonialism is An intellectual, political, and cultural movement that calls for the independence of colonialized states and also liberation from colonialist ways of thinking. not just the study of colonialism, but the study of how we might deal with that past and its aftermath which may include ongoing use of the colonial language culture religion.

Conceptual equivalence:

another strategy to overcome problems of social sci research and to achieve equivalency of measures. The similarity of linguistic terms and meanings across cultures - research can establish this by ensuring that the notions they are investigaing are similar at various levels.

Contact vs Noncontact cultures

contact cultures Cultural groups in which people tend to stand close together and touch frequently when they interact—for example, cultural groups in South America, the Middle East, and southern Europe. Non contact cultures Cultural groups in which people tend to maintain more space and touch less often than people do in contact cultures. For instance, Great Britain and Japan tend to have noncontact cultures.

Macrocontexts

critical researchers focus on macro contexts: The political, social, and historical situations, backgrounds, and environments that influence communication. (critical scholars unlike others, are interested in the historical context of communication)

Dialogical approach:

ethical imperative=Focuses on the importance of dialogue in developing and maintaining relationships between individuals and communities.

Semantics Syntactics Pragmatics Phonetics

four components of language TEST 1)semantics (the study of meaning of language) 2)syntactics (the study of structure/ grammar) "I you miss vs i miss you) 3) pragmatics (the study of meaning in particular contexts) —-ex: you look so nice it can be a compliment or sarcasm....taking int accocunt nonverbals. thats "sick" not literal meaning 4)Phonetics (the study of the sound system of language)

Hofstede's Value Orientations: 3)Power distance (High vs low)

high in power- higherarchical (chinese japan indian english germany korea culture) rigid hierarchies- you cant call professors by first name. must use honorifics. America is more egalitarian- we go out for drinks with our boss it doesn't happen in other cultures

Conversational Constraints Theory: a social science research program

in-Sun Kim (2005), attempts to explain how and why people make particular conversational choices. It suggests five universal conversational constraints, or concerns: (1) clarity, (2) minimizing imposition, (3) consideration for the other's feelings, (4) risking negative evaluation by the hearer, and (5) effectiveness. Definition: *The view that cultural groups vary in their fundamental concerns regarding how conversational messages should be constructed.

KINESICS HAS 5 DIMENSIONS test

it is also called body language it is the study of body movements and activities (postures gestures facial expressions and so on) in human communication. Kinesics can be classified into 5 categories (test: the physical body movements are called: kinesis) 1)emblems 2)illustrators 3)regulators 4) affect displays 5) adaptors

Intercultural Competence:

learning a second or third language can enhance our intercultural competence= The ability to behave effectively and appropriately in interacting across cultures.

Textual Analysis

method proferred by critical scholars. Examination of cultural texts such as media—television, movies, journalistic essays, and so on.

Monochronic vs polychromic time

monochronic An orientation to time that assumes it is linear and is a commodity that can be lost or gained. polychronic An orientation to time that sees it as circular and more holistic. People who have a monochronic concept of time regard it as a commodity: time can be gained, lost, spent, wasted, or saved. In this orientation, time is linear, with one event happening at a time. In general, monochronic cultures value being punctual, completing tasks, and keeping to schedules. Most university staff and faculty in the United States maintain a monochronic orientation to time. In contrast, in a polychronic orientation, time is more holistic, and perhaps more circular: Several events can happen at once. Many international business negotiations and technical assistance projects falter and even fail because of differences in time orientation. For example, U.S. businesspeople often complain that meetings in the Middle East do not start "on time," that people socialize during meetings, and that meetings may be canceled because of personal obligations. Tasks often are accomplished because of personal relationships, not in spite of them. International students and business personnel observe that U.S. Americans seem too tied to their schedules; they suggest that U.S. Americans do not care enough about relationships and often sacrifice time with friends and family to complete tasks and keep appointments.

Functions of nonverbal communication

nonverbal: 1 repetition: when we explain to someone to go straight we use language and also point to that direction 2 substitution: sometimes we dont use language and nonverbbal cues substitutes for our thoughts ex: shh 3 emphasis: one can emphasize or reinforce a message by using nonverbal means 4 contradiction: sometimes verbal messages and nonverbal messages contradict 5 regulations: nods facial expression eye contact and paralinguistic cus help us to regulate conversations. (stern eye contact or hand clapping can demand the attention of naughty children in a classroom)-

proxemics

proxemics- space (edward halls intimate (0-18, personal 1-4 feet, social 4-12 feet and public 12 and more (four dimensions intomate, personal, social, public...) in america when ur conducting biusiness which space will u be using: Social= answer.

Semiotics:

science of signs (signifier, Signified ) Signs is made up of TWO ELEMENTS the signifier (sound or the letters c-a-r (sound or letters..) and the signified (the mental image you get. you dont think of a dog)

Hofstede's Value Orientations: 2) Uncertainty avoidance (high vs low

some cultures are hood at handling situations that are unpredictable- many of us don't like these and want to control. some cultures are quite alright in handling high uncertainty. (Greece, Hong Kong, China- don't want to deal with uncertainties) (Handling- great britain, america- because its pluralistic, multicultural. we've been trained to handle uncertainty better than other cultures.)

Hofstede's Value Orientations: 5. Long term vs short term

some cultures are more into long term planning and some cultures are living in the moment.

Hofstede's Value Orientations: 4) Masculinity/ Femininity

some cultures are very masculine/ some are feminine: feminine are scandanavian countries- more holidays take care of health free insurance nurturing caring cultures, Masculinity: Mexico, china rough and toughh world. you have to prove yourself, being aggressive assertive material success competitive.

Kluckhohn and Strodbeck;s value orientations Time orientation (past present future)

some cultures live in the past (China Korea Japan... but the past guides their actions and influences them in a huge way. they have something called "ancestral worship" its a holiday past plays a huge part in many asian cultures / some the present (carpe diem) going with the flow being in the moment with friends over food / some plan for the future (ex in america asking for your 1. 5 and 10 year goals) planning and plotting.

John from NYC what value orientations was he using to form perceptions: looking at productivity separation between work an family... religion thai- buddhist; philosophy they look at life go with the flow life is about spiritual things, find harmony and peace and inner joy. not about whether a stapler is missing. long run everything will be alright. time for them is there forever.

the answer would be - he comes from a doing culture and they are from a growing culture- how u can enhance and enrich your spiritual being. buddhism- how u can be a better person and attain enlightenment. most of us get carried away with mundane things in life.. Maybe what he needs to do is talk about his cultural values with thai people and try to find a common ground. his job to learn about the host culture you are a guest so its your job to find out values beliefs from piers.

Target text

the text into which it is translated is the target text

EdwardT Hall and the Silent Language and the Hidden Dimension:

to develop "predeparture" courses for overseas workers. E. T. Hall pioneered this systematic study of culture and communication with The Silent Language (1959) and The Hidden Dimension (1966), which influenced the new discipline. In The Silent Language, for example, Hall introduced the notion of proxemics, the study of how people use personal space to communicate. In The Hidden Dimension, in elaborating on the concept of proxemics, he identified four distance zones —intimate, personal, social, and public—at which people interact and suggested that people know which distance to use depending on the situation. He noted that each cultural group has its own set of rules for personal space and that respecting cultural differences is critical to smooth communication

haptics

touch- some cultures no touch- china japan korea.

Translation versus interpretation

translation The process of producing a written text that refers to something said or written in another language. interpretation The process of verbally expressing what is said or written in another language.

paralanguage

volUME pitch rate of speed loudness, accent. etc...) ex; fast speakers are perceived as intelligent.

foreign service institute (FSI)

was established in 1946 in virginia to train government overseas workers in IC . the famous anthropologist edward hall, who is the author of the hidden dimension and the silent language headed is in the formative years. hall studied nonverbal com across cultures In response, the U.S. government in 1946 passed the Foreign Service Act and established the Foreign Service Institute (FSI). The FSI, in turn, hired Edward T. Hall and other prominent anthropologists to develop "predeparture" courses for overseas workers.