Intercultural Communication Chapter 9 and 10

migrancy and transnationalism

Waters states migrancy and transnationalism are the social process where the constraints of geography and social and cultural arrangements recede and where people become more aware that they are receding. In this process, the boundaries used to define one's identities also recede.

transnationalism

the process where migrants forge and sustain multi-stranded social relations that link together their societies of origin and settlement.

Social Exchange Theory

Exploring how individuals establish and continue social relations on the basis of their expectations that such relations will be mutually beneficial.

political and social environment

- has a major impact on adjustment to new cultural surroundings. Specific outgroups are more or less welcome in a new culture. Negative attitudes towards immigrant and sojourners can demonstrate a rejection of a minority group and establish impermeable social boundaries . Bourhis and Taylor argue the extent to which an immigrant or minority group is supported in the host society (captured by the numerical and political strength of the group, support for its language and culture, and support from institutions in the larger society like the media) is a strong predictor of resilience of the language and culture in the new society and a marker of discrimination as well. The higher the support- which they call ethnolinguistic vitality), the more resilient the ethnic group is and the lower the discrimination will be. Perceived discrimination is associated with acculturative stress and psychological adaptatio

personal vs. public relationships

- overlap between personal and public relationships characterize east asian cultures. Gift giving is common in chinese business culture. Its an attempt to build trust and a good relationship so that smooth and cooperative transactions in the future can be expected. At meetings in asian cultures, they are cautious about bringing up negative comments about managers or leaders, because managers take it as more of a personal attack. They connect the issue with the person Emphasis on privacy, individualism and self-reliance encourages Westerners to keep public and personal relationship separate. Westerners may argue in a meeting, but laugh and chat over drinks after the meeting. They separate the issue from the person. Chinese complain that Westerners in business negotiations are more "money-minded" than people oriented. Westerners tend to be more issue-focused and start business negotiations by going immediately to the business at hand without showing interest or concern in their chinese counterpart's life. Gift giving is not a tradition with Westerners.

Friendship, Romantic relationships, and Family

- though friendships are universal across cultures, our interpretation varies from culture to culture. Thais are likely to view a person as a whole, and a friend is either accepted completely or not at all. Chinese have more of a conservative definition of friends. They expect friends to be involved in all aspects of each other's lives and anticipate one another's needs and provide advice on various matters when needed. Family members of friends know each other Condon says the language people use to describe their friends can reflect underlying cultural values about the meaning attached to the friendship. Casual dating for Americans is not viewed as a serious commitment. In India casual dating relationships for romantic expression is uncommon. In India, conflict between a married couple is an issue for member of the extended family. In Italy marriages were arranged and women brought a dowry to the marriage. Divorce was forbidden until recently. The number of interracial marriage increased by more than 1000% between 1960 and 2002 Cross-cultural scholars argue that individualism-collectivism is a key cultural dimension that influences interpersonal behaviour. It has been argued that there is less need for love and intimacy within couple relationships in collectivistic societies The mutual absorption and disregard of others' views that characterize romantic love in individualistic societies are regarded as dysfunctional in collectivistic societies, in which group needs are prioritized over personal desires In European cultures, family life is primarily confined to interactions between parents and children. Members of extended family rarely live together in the same household or take an active part in the daily lives of nuclear family members In China, family is the primary means through where a person's social life is extended. Chinese children's first friendships are usually through the children of their parent's colleagues or friends. The marital relationship is considered a continuation of the parents' family rather than a separate system. In Australian culture, families are peripheral to the social networks that people establish. Gender roles: in Asian culture men make major decisions, provide for the family and are the head. Women are expected to take care of the household. Arranged marriage is not so common but there is still strong emphasis on no divorce. If divorced, it looks bad upon the whole family. The power of decision making in the family is influenced by cultural values and constraints: - In Japan, Korea, India, and china families play a pivotal role in making decisions for children, including the choice of university, profession, and marital partner. In Chinese culture its not uncommon to see grown-children even after marriage still living in their parents household. In individualistic cultures, children are taught from early years to be independent, make their own decisions, and to plot their own career paths. The role of the parent is to support their children in achieving their goals, although there can be tension if parents don't approve of the child's career choice.

4 dimensions of social relationships (ASIO)

1) Association/Dissociation 2)Superordination/ Subordination 3) Intimacy/Formality 4) Overt-Covert

what are 3 relationship dialects as described by Leslie Baxter? (ANO)

1) Autonomy- Connection Where individuals want a sense of separation from others (autonomy) or a feeling of attachment to others (connection) 2) Novelty- predictability: Dynamic tensions between people's desire for change (novelty) and stability (predictability) in their interpersonal relationships 3) Openness- Closeness Where individuals want to share (openess) or withhold (closeness) personal information

Lustig and Koester 3 dimensions of interpersonal relationships (CAA)

1) Control: involves power, the level of control we have over others, ourselves and the environment. (Ex; we have more control over our financial status if we have a good source of income and knowledge of financial planning) in a different form of power a mother may use eye contact to control her children's behavior) we also give control to others by the way we address them (Ex: we address a doctor by their title and last name, but may address a butcher by his first name) 2) Affiliation: the degree of friendliness, liking, social warmth, or immediacy that is communicated between people. Affiliation between speakers is communicated through eye contact, close physical proximity, touching, smiling, tone of voice, etc. people from high context cultures, such as those of the Mediterranean region and Latin America tend to show affection more openly by touching more frequently and standing closer and using more emotional expressions. 3) Activation: the ways people react to the world around them. Some people are energetic, excitable, and quick, while others value and exude calmness, peacefulness, and a sense of inner control. - what is acceptable level of activation in communication varies from culture to culture. (Ex: Germans mostly value order and control. Compare themselves to a symphony orchestra because of its emphasis on rules, punctuality. Italians use opera as a cultural metaphor to define themselves because of its emphasis on emotion, drama, and lyrical use of language. Chinese tend to be more reserved. They don't reveal their feelings through facial expressions and tend to use neutral words. Being neutral is considered a virtue.

what are 5 characteristics of human relationships? (hint: RHUDI sounds like rudy)

1) Dynamic: develop and transformed through communication 2) hierarchical: based on the level of intimacy or closeness, relationships can be arranged in hierarchical order of the relationship 3) Reciprocal- individuals in a relationship network can satisfy each other's social needs. 4) Unique- rule-governed with different rules for different types 5) Interdependent & irreplaceable - individuals network and connect to each other and share emotions with each other. Human relationships are irreplaceable in that one person's place in the relationship network, is not replaceable by another person.

what are 3 stages of human relationship according to Berger and Calabrese? (PEE)

1) Entry phase- communication pattern is structured and the content focuses on demographic information. governed by a set of social norms. Our interactions with strangers we meet for the first time are an example of entry phase 2) Personal phase: communication goes beyond superficial and can include talk about personal problems, attitudes, opinions. Interaction is more intimate, more informal and relaxed. 3) Exit phase: relationship begins to deteriorate and frequency of interaction decreases. People are no longer interested in maintaining the relationship and tend to avoid talking

stages of culture shock (HDRAB)

1) Honeymoon phase- intense excitement associated with being in a new environment that is different and unusual. 2) disintegration: when frustration and stress start to set in owing to the differences experienced in the new culture 3) reorientation: registration of new cues, and an increased ability to function in the new culture 4) adaptation: an evaluation of the old ways vs. the new 5) biculturalism: people are able to cope comfortably in both their home and new cultures

What are William Schutz's 3 basic needs that he says are necessary for interaction with others. (ICA)

1) Inclusion: sense of belonging or being involved with others, as well as including others in our activities 2) Control: our ability to influence others, environment, and ourselves, as well as our desire to be influenced by others (or not). We gain control by giving ideas, supporting others, resolving conflicts, showing disagreement, or giving orders. We ask for control from others through questions and supportive statements. 3) Affection: emotions, to showing love to and being loved by others. We all need affection to a certain extent to share emotions to others. (friends, colleagues, family members). Affection fosters passion, commitment, care, and intimate relationships.

4 stages of relationship development (OEAS)

1) Orientation: superficial information exchanged 2) Exploratory affective exchange: exchange information about yourself, how you evaluate yourself, and who you are. 3) Affective change: people feel more comfortable stating opinions and attitudes such as "I think Shawn is too bossy and arrogant". 4) Stable exchange: intimate relationship is built and people freely express their true feelings

Which of the following is NOT true of bicultural identity integration?

A. Bicultural individuals combine their two cultures in different ways. B. Bicultural identity integration is a continuum. C. Bicultural identity integration measures distance versus overlap between two cultural identities. D. Bicultural identity integration does not apply to those who see their two cultures as compatible. Answer is D

Which of the following is NOT true of Diasporas?

A. Diasporas refer only to traditional immigration groups, such as Jews. B. Diasporas are not temporary, but lasting communities. C. They differentiate themselves from their new environment. D. They identify with other members of Diasporas by forming an 'imagined community'. Answer is A

Studies have shown that host country nationals living in low immigration areas tend to define race relations in the terms used by the mass media more than those living in high immigration areas. Which of the following contributors to cross-cultural adaptation does this statement illustrate?

A. Effect of mainstream media. B. Effect of ethnic media. C. Political and social environment. D. Intergroup contact. Answer is D

Some people argue that multiculturalism appeals more to low status groups than to high status groups. Which of the following theoretical perspectives does this view best represent?

A. Hierarchy hypothesis. B. Low status benefit theory. C. Ideological asymmetry hypothesis. D. Advantage-threat theory. Answer is C

Individuals who attach low significance to their ethnic values and at the same time view themselves as members of the host society are an example of which acculturation orientation?

A. Integration. B. Assimilation. C. Marginalization. D. Separation\ Answer is B

Group differences in values, beliefs, morals, and attitudes may lead to prejudice against members of outgroups. Which of the following domains in integrated threat theory does this statement best characterize?

A. Realistic threat. B. Symbolic threat. C. Intergroup anxiety. D. Negative stereotypes. Answer is B

When immigrants interact with people from host cultures, they not only switch between languages but also between cultures. Which aspect of identity does this statement illustrate?

A. The absence of identity. B. Immigrants faking their identity. C. The fluidity of identity. D. The fixed nature of identity. Answer is C

According to John Berry's model of acculturation, immigrants are confronted with two basic issues. Which of the following best summarizes these issues?

A. The maintenance of their cultural heritage and maintenance of relationships with the host countries. B. Adjustment to new friends and adjustment to the host culture. C. Learning how to overcome culture shock and the difficulties of adopting a new culture. D. Learning how to reconstruct their identity and minimizing their home cultural impact when communicating with host country nationals. Answer is A

The perspective that a multitude of ethnic cultures can coexist within a given environment, retaining their original heritage while functioning in the mainstream culture is known as:

A. The melting pot. B. The salad bowl. C. Global swarming. D. Cultural incorporation. Answer is B

Immigrants who develop and maintain multiple relationships - familial, economic, social, organizational, religious, and political - that span borders are referred to as:

A. Transnationals. B. Transmigrants. C. Diasporas. D. Cosmopolitans. Answer is B

Reverse culture shock:

Culture shock can also be experienced by people who return to their home country after an extended stay in a foreign culture. W-Curve: reverse culture shock. Could be even greater distress and confusion than the original shock experienced. The home culture is compared adversely to the admired aspects of the new culture. Re-entry process often results in suffering in silence. There is a feeling of a need to search for identity.

Intimacy-Formality dimension of social relationships

Intimate behaviors: can be seen in a person's self-disclosure like revealing personal attitudes and feelings, touching, and expressing emotions Formality: behaviors are sending written invitations or other formal communication behavior

Similarity Attraction Paradigm

It argues that if we perceive our attitudes as being similar to those of some people, we are attracted to them, because the similarity in attitudes validates our view of the world.

effects of mainstream media

Mass media influence the consciousness of the public through the symbolic environment they create and sustain - symbolic social reality When a ethnic group is shown in the mass media, that particular symbolic social reality becomes a common category utilized by others to identify members of that ethnic group. Mass media can serve as a contributor to perpetrating and diminishing racial stereotypes. It's significant when the audience has either little direct experience of the group or lacks other sources of verification An ethnic group's perception of how they are portrayed in the mass media will affect their attitudes to the host culture and, subsequently their desire to integrate into the host society.

Overt-Covert dimension of social relationships

Overt behaviors are visible to others like touching Covert behaviors are not visible (evaluating behaviors of others) The overt-covert dimension as Triandis suggests, relates to the level of tightness or looseness in a culture. Cultures toward the tight end of the continuum are characterized by more role-bonded relationships and more collectivistic. Loose cultures tend to be more individualistic and low context.

challenges faced by host nationalist and immigrants

Sayegh and Lasry say it is difficult to imagine a host society which would not be transformed after immigrants have been accepted as full participants into the social and institutional networks of that society. Both immigrants and host culture go through a psychological and sociocultural adjustment as a result of the presence of culturally distinctive others Immigrants in may cases are aware of the need to adjust before the step foot in the host country People in the majority group are not likely to be so well-prepared to accept or adjust to the changes in their lives brought by the immigrant population. When discussing multiculturalism it's important to take into consideration both minorities and majorities groups because the lack of accomodating attitudes in either group can hinder the realization of a positively diverse and equal society In some countries immigrants are seen as disturbances and economic burdens Some European countries like Germany see immigrants mainly as temporary labour, where traditional countries like the U.S. and Canada see immigrants as permanent settlers. The presence of visible multicultural symbols, such as ethnic shops and clothing, is not an indicator of a truly multicultural society unless there is both mutual acceptance and equal societal participation by all groups

effects of ethnic media

Such as newspapers printed in their native language published by in their host countries. As an intragroup function, ethnic media promote ethnic group cohesion not only through their news stories but also via the ethnic language they use. Helps immigrants maintain their cultural identity Helps immigrants broaden their knowledge about the unfamiliar host culture via their familiar language. Past studies say ethnic minorities may avoid interpersonal encounters when they can instead use less personal mass media, such as newspapers printed in their native language, as alternative and less stressful sources of learning about the host environment

Superordination/ Subordination dimension of social relationships

Superordination: Supervisor giving orders to workers Subordination behaviors involve employees obeying orders from above can be linked to Hofstede's power distance dimension. (in high power distance cultures like Japan and Arab countries, subordination and superordination are viewed as natural and acceptable. In low power-distance cultures like Austria, Denmark, Sweden, where equality between people is treasured, superordination and subordination are seen as a function of the differentiated social roles of individuals.

intergroup contact

The amount of personal contact between immigrants and host nationals can influence the process of cross-cultural adaptation Pettigrew examined the responses of over 3,800 majority group members from France, Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Germany, and found that intergroup contact played a critical role in reducing bias. Intergroup contact can strengthen ingroup identification by creating positive feelings about it.

Third Culture

This refers to creating 'cultural synergy' or common ground where people from different cultures can converge and negotiate their cultural differences.

Social Penetration Theory

This states that, as an interpersonal relations evolves, the interpersonal exchange of information reflects one of four stages of relationship development - orientation, exploratory affective exchange, affective exchange, or stable exchange.

Chen and Starosta emphasized the importance of developing cultural synergy or a third culture whereby people from different cultures negotiate their cultural differences and build common ground for communication. True or False?

True

To survive in a competitive market in the host country, ethnic businesses have to expand their target customers to the mainstream group. Those who do well in both cultural contexts can reap financial benefits from drawing upon a wider clientele. True or False?

True

acculturation

a process where immigrants are integrated between host cultural environments Acculturation is essential when shifting to another country because of the demands of situations and circumstances

what does berry and kalin say regarding groups?

argue that groups are in more favour of multiculturalism when they see advantages for themselves.

Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor (social penetration theory)

as an interpersonal relationship develops, interpersonal through exchange of info moves from superficial to intimate and personal.

migrants

aspire to a higher quality of life, good education for themselves or their children, their freedom to be an entrepreneur, freedom of choice of work, and prosperity

Association/ Dissociation dimension of social relationships

association behaviors include helping friends, cooperating with co-workers, supporting other's ideas or actions Dissociation is illustrated in verbal or nonverbal behaviours such as fighting or avoiding the other person Associative behaviors are more important in cultures that consider human beings as inherently good Dissociative behaviors are more important in cultures where human beings are viewed inherently evil.

multicultural hypothesis

confidence in one's cultural identity involves a sense of security, which is a psychological precondition for the acceptance of those who are culturally different.

pull factors

economic prosperity, education, appropriate employment and higher income.

push factors

economic stagnation, decline in living standards, reduction of national resources, low personal income, unemployment, political discrimination, alienation, and natural disasters.

Ideological asymmetry hypothesis.

hierarchy attenuating ideologies such as multiculturalism appeal more to low-status groups than to high-status groups because the existing status hierarchy tends to be more beneficial for members of high than low-status groups

migrancy

highlights movement so greater attention is paid to movement in both space and time in transnational practices.

John Berry Model

immigrants are faced with two issues: maintenance of their heritage culture and maintenance of relationships with the host society. One shortcoming of this model is that it places an emphasis in acculturation on minority or immigrant groups, on the assumption that immigrants have the freedom to pursue the acculturation strategy they prefer in the host society. In reality, the host-culture attitudes can give a strong influence on how immigrants experience the acculturation process. To overcome the limitations of the original model, Berry proposed a 3-dimensional model, including cultural maintenance, contact and participation and the power to decide on how to acculturate. Marginalization: individuals devaluing Their cultural heritage but not having significant psychological contact with the host society either. (feel as though they don't belong anywhere or may reject ethnic identity altogether as a valid source of self-esteem. Assimilation: rejecting one culture and living exclusively in the other. Integration gives immigrants the chance to keep their ethnic cultural practice while maintaining a positive relationship with the host society. It gives them a chance to raise their lower social status, To maintain a positive self-concept derived from a satisfying social identity, people who belong to a group of subordinate status may either strive for a higher status by leaving their low-status group or try to upgrade the status position of their group as whole. Efforts to achieve a positive social identity are therefore often focused on integrating into the host group rather than remaining as a member of the foreign outgroup.

transmigrants

immigrants who develop and maintain many relationships across borders: familial, economic, social, organizational, religious, and political

what is an important contributor to cultural diversity?

immigration

in the 1980s what was the most important factor of global change?

migration

Diaspora

migration and colonization. "Speiro" means to sow and "dia" means over. In hebrew the term meant the settling of scattered colonies of Jews outside Palestine after the Babylonian exile and now has a more general connotation of people settled away from their ancestral homeland. Diaspora now refers to much wider communities composed of voluntary migrants living in more than one culture.

short term relationships

more characteristic of North Americans interpersonal relationships. Commitment to long term relationship isn't considered. People consider freedom and independence as important. (Ex: North Americans split the bill. Its easier to say no)

informal relationships

north american cultures.

universalistic relationships

people establish interpersonal relationships based on rules of fairness and equality. (practiced by North Americans. Employees in Austria may address their bosses by first name, whereas the practice is not common in Malaysia.

particularistic relationships

people maximize differences in sex, status, and encourage mutuality and interdependence between cultural members. Culture tends to be more hierarchically structured and relationships are established in accordance with levels of hierarchy accepted by the society. Cultural rules concerning who to talk to, what to say, and when and how to talk about it in specific social contexts. (practiced more in east Asian countries. Singapore people tend to develop friendships with people of similar social status. )

long term relationships

preferred in east asian cultures, where social reciprocity is viewed as centrally important. People feel indebted to others. Maintain the existing relationship over a long period of time or permanently. (Ex: one person pays the bill for the whole table, knowing that in the friendship others will do the same in future events)

formal relationships

similarity, trust, affinity, leading to development of close interpersonal relationships.

ingroup relationship

similarity, trust, affinity, leading to development of close interpersonal relationships.

When immigrants interact with people from host cultures, they move not only between languages but also between cultures. true or false?

true