Intercultural Communication: Exam 3

Benevolent Approach

(Coll-large power distance) Values obligation to others and asymmetrical interaction. Most Latin & South American, Asian, Arab, and African nations. Managers play authoritative parental role.

Communal Approach

(Coll-small power distance) Values authentic connection and genuine equality. Only nation: Costa Rica. Communal decision-making and rotating leadership.

Status-Achievement Approach

(Ind-large power distance) Values personal freedom and earned inequality. France and some U.S. corporations. Employees can voice complaints, but managers have authority and power.

Impartial Approach

(Ind-small power distance) Values personal freedom and equal treatment. Denmark, Sweden, Norway. Employee may ask for justification for manager's decisions.

Becoming Ethical Intercultural Communicators: Questions to Consider

- Are you confident & comfortable defending your action publicly? - Would you want the same action to happen to you or your family? - What harms or benefits would occur if everyone acted that way?

The Lens of Television: Identity Imitation

- Children across the globe watch international programs based on the United States and values of pop culture and consumerism. - Identity negotiation is a complex intersecting web of interacting with our social environment, which includes mass media. - The global child may embrace new customs, challenge traditions. - Television is an identity supplier, provides escape from traditional-based cultural values, and forges sense of communal belonging.

Pop Culture as Fashion

- Fashion implies change: in production, marketing, and purchase. - Trends in fashion may be traced to ethnic groups, sports teams. a. A new identity is created—morphing global & local culture. b. It is a creative combination of three mutually exclusive groups. c. Morphing implies individuals who embrace local values, individual privacy, and expression and also long for global belonging that transcends ethnic—cultural boundaries.

Hip-Hop Music

- Hip-hop music has cross-pollinated popular media and changed the dynamics of identity formation across the globe. - Hip-hop (previously called rap): a. Originated in inner-city ghettos in the U.S. b. African American youth discouraged by racial oppression, inequality. c. Rap expressed problems they faced living on edge of society. d. Top U.S. music sales and has worldwide influence.

Countering Racism & Prejudice: Coping Strategies

- Ignoring/Dismissing - Normalizing - Withdrawing - Educating - Confrontation - Prayer - Humor

Spatial Zone Dialectics: Solitude Pole & Tribal Pole

- Internet provides privacy & anonymity and shared communal space. - At the same time, individuals experience solitude & tribal pole. - Individuals access Internet in private space within solitude pole. - Web community allows individuals to interact without face-to-face contact. - Too much in the tribal pole and one may find themselves addicted

Intercultural/Interracial Relationship Rewards

- Personal enrichment, clarification of beliefs, values, prejudices. - Developing multiple cultural frames of reference. - Lifestyle with greater diversity and emotional vitality. - Stronger, deeper relationship resulting from weathering prejudice. - Raising open-minded, resourceful children.

Global Television Impact

- Shapes the way we see our world, influences how we form our stereotypes of people in different cultures/ethnic groups. - Action, drama, and reality shows are popular worldwide. - Reality shows' common focus: interpersonal relationships.

Collectivists (Face-Negotiation)

- Tend to be more other- or mutual-fact oriented. - Tend to use indirect, high-context style to maintain other or mutual face & to preserve relational harmony. - Tend to use spiral logic and high-context approach.

Individualists (Face-Negotiation)

- Tend to be more self-face oriented - Tend to use direct, low-context style to assert their rights. - Tend to use linear logic and low-context approach.

Outsourced Beats

- Through music, common identity expression & connection with others. - Creates our rhythmic identity and sparks a communal sense of space and time.

Primary Perception Features of Intercultural Conflict

1. Conflict involves intercultural perceptions, filtered through lenses of ethnocentrism and stereotypes. 2. Ethnocentric perceptions add biases and prejudice to conflict attribution process. 3. Attribution process further compounded by different culture-based verbal and nonverbal conflict styles. 3a. Straight talk low-context approach: assertive, emotionally expressive 3b. Face talk high-context approach: indirect, hesitant style with pauses and hedges

Pop Culture Impact

1. Pop culture supporters see the world as constantly changing, interdependent. 2. Opponents view pop culture as negative because of connotation with commercialism, shallow effort, and mass production. - Pop culture can damage culture boundaries & westernizes intact, indigenous cultural groups. - Example: exporting images of U.S. wealth, consumerism worldwide. - Opponents: dilutes culture, language, values, traditions.

Five-Phase Ethical Decision-Making Model

1. Problem Recognition Phase 2. Information Search Phase 3. Construction Of Alternatives Phase 4. Decision-Making Phase 5. Implementation Phase

Interracial Intimate Relationship Development Stages

1. Racial Awareness Stage 2. Coping Stage 3. Identity Emergence Stage 4. Relationship Maintenance Stage

Paraphrasing Skills

1. Summarizing the content meaning of the others' message in your own words. 2. Non-verbally echoing you interpretation of the emotional meaning of the others' message.

E.Netizen

A new generation of individuals, wired to the Internet via intersecting space, have a "hybrid" identity—both local and global.

Independent-Self Conflict Lens

A person views conflict from: - A content conflict goal lens (tangible issues above relationship issues). - A clear win-lose conflict approach (one wins, one loses). - A "doing" angle (something broken needs fixing). - An outcome-driven (clear action plan or resolution needed).

Interdependent-Self Conflict Lens

A person views conflict from: - A relational process lens (emphasis on relationship and feeling issues). - A win-win relational approach (feelings, "faces" both saved). - A "being" angle (relational trust is repaired) - A long-term compromising negotiation mode (no clear winner or loser).

Ethics

A set of principles of conduct that governs behavior of individuals an groups; a set of standards that uphold the community's expectations concerning "right" and "wrong" conduct.

Cultural Empathy

Ability to accurately understand the self-experiences of others from diverse cultures to convey understanding responsively and effectively to reach "cultural ears" or different others. (Includes: check self- for biases, prejudices; suspend rigid stereotypes; do not assume understanding—ask for clarification; time for silence and reflection; capture core elements of other and echo back.)

Synthesizers

Acknowledge both influences, synthesize both.

Differentiation

Acknowledge different cultural perspectives in conflict, divide up the large puzzle to different pieces.

Expansion

Active search for alternative paths or creative solutions to enlarge the amount, type, or use of resources.

Global Identity

Adopt and embrace international practices and values over local. Keep up with latest trends, technological advances, etc.

Intercultural-Intimate Conflict

An antagonistic friction or disagreement between two romantic partners caused by cultural or ethnic group membership differences.

Explorers

As consumer-based identity, in search of next big thing.

Self-Oriented Face-Saving Behaviors

Attempts to regain or defend one's image after threats to face or face loss.

Other-Oriented Face-Giving Behaviors

Attempts to support others' face claims and work with them to prevent further face loss or help them regain face constructively.

Autonomy-Connection Issues

Autonomy: need for privacy and personal space in a relationship. Connection: need for merging of personal and psychological space. 1. Independent-self intimate partners balance autonomy-connection theme as "me-we" dialectical forces. 2. Interdependent-self individuals view autonomy-connection as quadrangular contest, a "me-we-they-they" juggling act between two partners and both family networks.

Solitude Pole

Being alone.

Tribal Pole

Being with others.

Universalism

Believe a set of consistent rules should apply to all individuals, regardless of relationship types or circumstances.

Energized

Bored easily, so constant sensory stimulation is needed.

E.Netizen Identity

Composite identity shaped by technology, popular culture, & mass consumption.

Five-Style Conflict Grid

Conceptualizes five conflict style tendencies, including: dominating, avoiding, obliging, compromising, integrating

Perceived Scarce Resources

Conflict Resources, Tangible Resources, Intangible Resources

Dispositional Approach

Conflict style tendencies depend on the dispositional or personality traits (e.g., extrovert or introvert).

Dialectical Tensions

Conflicts that come from two opposing forces that exist at the same time.

Intercultural Conflict Goal Issues

Content Goals, Relational Conflict Goals, Identity-Based Goals

Relationship Maintenance Stage

Continuous hard work as couple faces new challenges (children, moving, meeting new people).

Construction of Alternatives Phase

Craft culturally inclusive creative alternatives.

Decision-Making Phase

Create intercultural decision-making committee drawn from both involved cultures and an uninvolved culture.

Culture-Based Conflict Lenses

Cultural lenses serve as the first set of factors that contributes to initial intercultural irritations.

Three Techniques in Negotiating Scarce Resources

Differentiation, Expansion, Compensation

Avoiding Style

Dodging conflict topic, party, or situation altogether. Includes denying conflict exists, glossing over the topic leaving scene.

Implementation Phase

Emphasis on deciding implementation plans (e.g., top-down or other way, including feedback cycles.

Collectivism (Cultural-Ethnic Membership)

Emphasize family & ingroup network connection issues.

Individualism (Cultural-Ethnic Membership)

Emphasize personal and relationship privacy issues.

Derived Ethical-Universalism

Emphasizes importance of deriving universal ethical guidelines by placing ethical judgments within proper cultural context.

Ethical Absolutism

Emphasizes principles of right and wrong (good and bad behavior) in accordance with a set of universally fixed standards regardless of cultural differences.

Ethical Relativism

Emphasizes the importance of understanding cultural context in judging conduct

Corporate Responsibility & Local Customary Practice

Ethical algorithm formula for local cultural hiring practicing. a. Two conflict types: moral reasoning related to and not related to economic development in country. b. Two questions: (1) Is it possible to conduct business successfully without undertaking practice? and (2) Is practice a violation of fundamental international human rights?

Meta-Ethics

Ethical way of thinking that transcends particular ideologies; the application of ethics is understood only through systematic analysis of the multiple layers of the ethical dilemma (case-by-case analysis, person-by-person consideration, situation-by-situation probes, etc.).

Wired Communication

Ethnicity (identity) is a subjective experience, and as complex Internet layer is added, we global citizens are at a crossroads of redefining, exploring and reinventing our identities.

E.Netizen Characteristics

Exclusive, Evolved, Explorers, Emoticons, Entertained, Engaged, Energized

Identity-Based Goals

Face-saving and face-honoring issues in conflict episode. Can involve cultural, social, personal identities.

Bicultural Identity Struggles

Four identity forms of bicultural children. 1. Majority-Group Identifiers 2. Minority-Group Identifiers 3. Synthesizers 4. Disaffiliates

Problem Recognition Phase

Frame from both lenses (our own/Western and local).

Information Search Phase

Gather multiple facts from different sectors of our own and local cultures.

Compromising Style

Give-and-take concession approach to reach midpoint agreement. Includes fairness appeals, trade-off suggestions, other short-term solutions.

Racial Awareness Stage

Gradual awakening to each other's & societal views on intimate racial relationship matters.

Engaged

Group effort at decision making (shared opinions).

Integrating (Collaborative) Style

High concern for both self-interest and also other person's interest to find mutual-interest solution.

Obliging (Accommodating) Style

High concern for others' interest above one's own conflict position. Includes smoothing over conflict or giving in to partner's wishes.

Relational Conflict Goals

How individuals define relationship (intimate vs. nonintimate, formal vs. informal) or would like to define it.

Facework Management

How individuals protect and maintain self-face needs and, at the same time, how they learn to honor the face needs of the other conflict party.

Perceived Similarity

How much people think others are similar or dissimilar to themselves.

Minority-Group Identifiers

Identify with minority parent.

Disaffiliates

Identify with neither parent's culture background.

Majority-Group Identifiers

Identify with parent from dominant culture/religion.

Local Identity

Identity made up of ethnic values, practices, traditions of the local identity communal group.

Structural Commitment

Individual takes into consideration external social and family reactions in deciding to continue or terminate.

Personal Commitment

Individual's desire or intent to continue relationship based on their subjective emotional feelings and experiences.

Being-In-Doing E.Net Philosophy

Individuals fuse "being" with "doing mode" value dimensions: being with friends on Facebook while doing tasks.

Open Panel

Information known to self and also information known to generalized others or a specific person.

Hidden Panel

Information known to self, but not known to others.

Unknown Panel

Information not known to self or to others.

Blind Panel

Information not known to self, but known to others.

Entertained

Insatiable appetite for entertainment.

Systems Approach

Integrates dispositional and situational approaches, recognizes individuals modify their predominant conflict styles based on situation and partners' reactions to their behaviors.

Conflict

Intercultural perceptions, filtered through lenses of ethnocentrism and stereotypes.

Dynamic or Integrative Code-Switching

Internal & external synchronized dance in which dialectical tensions of value dimensions are resolved or harmonized.

Temporal Dialectics

Internet has contracted and expanded space and time, allowing individuals to move between monochronic and polychromic time. (Monotrack Focus & Multitrack Focus)

Social Penetration Theory

Interpersonal information progresses from superficial, nonintimate self-disclosure to more deep-layered, intimate self-disclosure.

Exclusive

Loyal to the Internet community, their main connection to the world.

Intangible Resources

May include deeply felt desires or emotional needs (security, inclusion, connection, respect, etc.).

Tangible Resources

May include spending decisions, choice of vacation location, etc. may be scarce, limited, or perceived to be scarce.

Mindful Reframing

Mindful process of using language to change way person defines or thinks about experiences and views the conflict situation. (A highly creative, mutual-face-honoring skill.)

Interfaced E.Netizen Identity

Moderately strong ties to Internet. Global Internet and local community ties. Connected to Internet for news, trends, selective buying. (midsection)

Evolved

Multifaceted & network-based social group identities, comfortable borrowing identities.

Particularism

Nature of relationship or situation guides decision.

Giving Face

Not humiliating others, especially one's conflict opponents, in public.

Identity Emergence Stage

Occurs as they announce their relationship to families & ingroups.

Compensation

Offer exchanges or concessions for conflict issues each values differently.

Johari Window

Open Panel, Blind Panel, Hidden Panel, Unknown Panel

Cultural-Ethnic Membership Values

Our cultural values that influence our behaviors and our needs when we are in a close relationship. Values: Individualism or Collectivism Needs: Autonomy or Connection

Conflict Communication Style

Patterned verbal and nonverbal responses to conflict in a variety of frustrating conflict situations.

Content Goals

Practical issues external to the individuals involved.

Adaptive Code-Switching

Purposefully modifying one's behavior in interaction in a foreign setting to accommodate different cultural norms for appropriate behavior. (Includes: Behavioral or functional code-switching, Dynamic or integrative code-switching)

Breadth

Refers to the number of topics we are comfortable and willing to disclose to reveal our dynamic self during the self-disclosure.

Colonial Ethnocentrism

Rights and privileges of groups in dominant power position in a society; these groups can impose their ethical standards on other nondominant groups or powerless individuals.

Face

Socially approved self-image and other-image consideration issues.

Situational Approach

Stresses conflict topic and conflict situations in shaping what conflict styles used in what types of relationships and contexts.

Coping Stage

Struggles & strategies to gain approval from others.

Parallel Thinking

Substituting any global or local event with people in your connected ingroup or intimate network and then cross-checking whether you would still arrive at a similar attribution process or a similar emotional reaction.

Behavioral or Functional Code-Switching

Surface-level verbal and/or nonverbal code-switching, especially in workplace.

Dominating (Competitive/Controlling) Style

Tactics that push for one's own position above and beyond other's interest. Includes aggressive, defensive, and controlling tactics.

Conflict Resources

Tangible rewards that people want in a dispute.

Multitrack Focus

Tending to multiple e.net tasks or activities.

Dynamic Flexibility

The ability to remain nimble and agile, able to travel across boards and handle chaos with a level of comfort.

Fixated E.Netizen Identity

The deep-layer. Strong attachment and solidarity to e.netizen identity. Continuously connected to Internet, living their daily reality via virtual reality. (deep layer)

Intercultural Conflict

The implicit or explicit emotional struggle or frustration between persons of different cultures over perceived incompatible values, norms, face orientations, goals, scarce resources, processes, and/or outcomes in a communication situation.

Self-Disclosure

The intentional process of revealing exclusive information about ourselves to others that the other individuals do not know.

Depth

The intimate layers that reveal our emotionally vulnerable self during the self disclosure process.

Romeo & Juliet Effect

The more the families against relationship, the more the couple wants to rebel against parents, thus finding each other more attractive.

Gliding E.Netizen Identity

The surface level. Weaker attachment with wired community. Stronger ties with local culture and Internet viewed as hobby & way to gather information. (widest part, at the top)

Face-Negotiation Theory

Theory help explain how individualism-collectivism value patterns influence use of diverse conflict styles in different situations.

Private Self

Those facets of the person that are potentially communicable but are not usually shared with the generalized others.

Public Self

Those facets of the person that are readily available and are easily shared with others.

Mindful Listening

To listen with focused attentiveness to the cultural and personal assumptions that are being expressed in an interaction. (A face-validation and power sharing skill.)

Cultural Value Clash & Communication Preference

Universal Value Orientation or Particularistic Value Orientation

Emoticons

Used in instant, text, and e-mail messaging.

Perception-Checking

Used to ensure that we are interpreting the speaker's nonverbal and verbal behaviors accurately during an escalating conflict episode.

Intercultural Workplace Conflict Grid

Uses two value dimensions (individualism-collectivism and power distance) to form grid with four approaches: 1. Impartial approach 2. Status-achievement approach 3. Benevolent approach 4. Communal approach

Facework

Verbal and nonverbal strategies used to maintain, defend, or upgrade our social self-image and attack or defend ("save") social images of others.

An Inverted Pyramid

Widest Part At Top Represents: "Gliding E.Netizen Identity" Midsection—"Interfaced E.Netizen Identity" Deep Layer—"Fixated E.Netizen Identity"

Monotrack Focus

Working on one project at a time.