intercultural communication

the value that concerns immediate or different gratification. societies that subscribe to long term orientation are rooted in religions such as Confucianism, Hinduism and Buddhism, where perserverance and other virtues are practiced and there is no desire to fulfill personal needs and wants. western religions such as Christianity, Judaism and Islam influence a short term orientation that requires more instant results and there is pressure to conform.

explain long term orientation

are individualistic cultures where less time is spent becoming aquainted. communication requires detailed verbal explanations and transactions need to be clearly stated.

explain low context culture

refers to the degree of tolerance that people in a society hold for situations that may be uncertain or ambiguous. in some cultures this is done by avoiding them. they tend to prefer structure and be guided by rules and regulations, to achieve democraticness and to ahceive consensus. contries that don't shun ambigious situations are said to have low uncertainty avoidance . they are less grounded in rules and regulations and not avoid conflict and they take risks

explain uncertainty avoidance

universalism refers to the extent to which cultural values influence decision making, especially in business. the basis of this theory is that for economic systems to be efficient there must be universal rules that inform decision making. relies on the application of rules nd standards to regulate economical activity. everyone is subject to and values the rule of law business is formal and there is transparency and accountability in business transcations. in particularistic societies, rules exist but they can be flexible, especially where family and friends are concerned. particularism refers to the belief that circumstances should determine what procedures should be followed in a given situation.

explain universalism vs particularism

prejudice, unwillingness to appreciate and be receptive to other cultures ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination

from where do barriers of intercultural communication arise what are the 4 categories

cross cultural communication it is an attempt to understand how people from different cultures and geographic regions communicate and view the world that they co-inhabit. to develoup a framework to foster communication across culture, to understand the verbals and non verbals, the values, work ethic, how conflict is handled and all the factors involved in cultural communication

give another word for intercultural communicaiton define it what is its main aim ( 6 )

this is because countries are losing their uniqueness and are becoming integrated into one homogenized world culture. individual countried need to devloup cultural policies that focus on retaining and preserving their traditions, culture and linguistic heritage while at the same time appreciating the richness of diversity

give some backing to the claim " communication technologies are rendering the world less culturally diverse" how can these countries combat this

assimilation deviance alienation assimilation adaptation temporary result of a deviant communication process between host and immigrants people should try to avoid holding prejudiced perceptions of the othes culure

list the 5 things that are not permanent outcomes of the adaptation process. what are they what should be done to overcome this

- it promotes the culture of the west and English language 1. created oppurtunities by removing geographical barriers and allowing businesses to grow 2.virtual offices allow people from different backgrounds to work collaboratively 3. free from the complexities of face to face interaction the challenge is to create their own intellectual property so that they are more than merely consumers and use the internet to promote their own culture so that they are less subject to cultural domination

provide backing to the claim that "internet is a tool of cultural imperialism" list some advantages of the internet what are the challenges for smaller lesser known cultures

1. knowledge - the requisite information that helps people to interact in appropriate and effective ways 2. motivation - possessing empathy or having positive, receptive attitudes to other cultures 3. skills - possessing and exhibiting the skills that faciliatate appropriate and effective interaction

what are 3 premises for intercultural competence

high context vs low context ascription vs achievement orientation universalism vs particularism degree of face concern or face negotiation theory

what are 4 OTHER cultural variables

power distance individualistic as opposed to collectivist societies masculine as opposed to feminine societies uncertainty avoidance lnog term orientation

what are the 5 different cultural variables

interracial - persons of different races interact interethnic - persons of different ethnic background communicate intracultural - when verbal and non verbal communication takes place among members of the same racial, ethnic, dominant or subcultural groups

what are the different perspectives intercultural communication has been viewed

shapes us into who we are shapes our perspective values and world view influences and choices we make

what does culture shape

helps to break down barriers and remove misunderstandings

what does sensitivity to other cultures allow for

in the context of a relatively closed social system where communication among members is unrestricted the social system will eventually converge facilitating cultural uniformity.

what does the cultural convergence theory suggest

cultural, racial, ethnic, religious and linguistic differences education, job, natural disasters, political reasons

what makes communication more complex for migrants what are some reasons for migrating

when they share a common geography, history, language, social class, religious values our thoughts on the world, the feelings we express and the decisions we maek

when is It that people share a common culture and world view? what does our world view regarding moral, ethical and philosophical issue impacts?

when migrant groups separate, remaining as a distinct cultural identity, holding onto their original culture - the amish

when will intercultural communication be limited. give an example

where the dominant culture deliberately seperates groups through its institutions and policies. can occur because of religion, gender, socioeconomic backgrounds and other factors and is often part of racial or ethnic discrimination.

when would segregation take place why would it occur

the many differnces between the communicating parties will create barriers cultural diversity, diverse social attributes, differing religious perspectives, difference in socialization, customs, beleifs, values and world views

why is intercultural communication even more complex what are some of the factors that intercultural communication has to contend

a type of cultural adaptation whereby an individual, usually an immigrant, gives up his or her own cultural heritage, and identifies with the new mainstream culture migrants assimilate when they place greater value on the host culture than their own. in this way they begin to adopt some of the ways of the new culture and lose some of their own culture, known as culture erasure separation occurs when migrant groups place geater value on their own culture integration occurs when value is placed on both cultures and marginlasiatoin occurs when there is an indifference to either culture

define assimilations when do migrants group assimilate - what is another name for losing ones culture why does separation occur when does integration occur, when does marginalization occur

it is the ever changing values, traditions, social and political relationships and worldview created and shared by a group of people bound together by a combination of factors

define culture

refers to the physocoligical effect of a drastic change in the cultural environment of an individual. person may exhibit feelings of helpnessnes, discomfort and disorientation, in an attempt to adapt to a different cultural group with dissimilar practices

define culture shock

this refers to the extent to which people whohave less status and power in an organization or a social context accept this social inequality in organisations and among cultures. it can be observed in schools and in business

explain power distance

this theory focuses on how status is achieved in different societies. in ascription orieneted societies, success is attained through things such as family background, education, wealth, age and gender. collectivists cultures place value on status in achievement oriented societites, status is attained through individual success. individualistic cultures place value on acheivements.

explain ascription versus achievement orientation

this is the belief that ones values, beleifs and cultures are superiors to others. the extent to which we are ethnocentric influences how we communicate with others in terms of how culturally sensitive we are. this is the sociological or psychological characterization of an indivudal or group or culture based on traits such as religion, race, ethnicity, gender, sex, age, profession. it is an attempt to standardize or simplify a group of individuals, thereby overlooking distinctive uniqueness . stereotyping is often reinforced by contextual evidence.

explain ethnocentricism stereotyping

prejudice is a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience and leads to stereotyping discrimination goes beyond prejudice as it is not only a distorted perception but Is the deliberate actual to alienate and exclude an individual or group. these can be a subtle glaring, avoiding conversations or engaging in harmful conversations.

explain prejudice and discrimination

1. learn the other persons language 2. get to know something about the person as an individual. this will help to cut stereotyping and discover likes and dislikes 3. appreciate the pesons diverse culture. help to dispel stereotypes or myths about an unfamiliar culture 4. refrain from making jokes about culture, race, religion, beleifs, and gender 5. listen with appreciation and try to understand before replying. shows that you are genuine 6. exercise caution with non verbal communication as in different cultures interpret gestures and signs differently.

explain 6 ways to improve intercultural communication

it is regarded as cultural dilemma and is concerned with how different cultures communicate and handle conflict. when in a situation of conflict where the face is threatened, in a collectivist culture, it is more important to manage the face of the group than that of the individual. in individualistic cultures which foster independence of individuals it is more important to manage the face of the individual. this theory is also linked to power distance as in small power distance culture, authority is earned meaning power is evenly distributed, and opinions are valued. in large power distance culures authority is inherited and the persons decision is not to be questioned ,the groups outward appearance takes precedence over the indivduals faces are the public image of the group or individuals shown to society and determined by cultural norms and values

explain face negotiation theory - what is it concerned with - what happens in 2 types of cultures in conflict - what does it also linked to and explain what does the word faces mean

it has to do with the verbal and non verbal communication style of a culture. high context cultures are regarded as collectivists cultures. value is placed on personal relationships and time is spent becoming aquainted interpersonally and socially. verbal communication is not detailed because communication is based on the assumption that people know each other and communication is often understood through non verbal gestures ex Asian cultures

explain high context culture

based on roles that are determined by the assumptions of the majority masculine cultures: value success because of this the socialization factor emphaises being strong, outspoken and aggressive as a pathway to material success. feminine cultures: are concernd with tenderness in both males and female genders, relationship, quality of life, service to persons in need and modesty occupation, Masculine: breadwinner, engineers, and manager feminine: teaching, and nursing feminine: emjploy strategies such as communication and strategies to resolve conflict, to recognize equality between males and females, and to promote a good standard of living masculine: confronting situations of conflicts with a win / lose outcome

how are cutlures categorized as masculine and feminine explain masculine versus feminine cultures what are gender specific roles also ascribed to? give 3 examples of each what are some things encouraged by each culture

when both parties can encode an decode meanings in similar ways correspondence in verbal and non verbal behaviours ascribing names to things values attitudes in work religious practices the way groups handle conflict way health and sickness is viewed

how can intercultural communication be achieved, give 7 examples

socialization from birth home, school, religion, politics, the media, social groups that we belong to

how is it that we learn the culture of our society where does it occur (7)

refers to the extent to which individuals are integrated within groups. cultures where identity is closely aligned to being part of a group are called collectivists cultures. individuals are integrated into groups from birth which remains as a support system throughout the life. identity is based on groups. here individuals are less vocal, less assertive, avoid conflict and rely on intermediaries to intervene on their behaviour where individualistic culture is prevelant, ties between individuals are loose; children are socialized into being independent and self reliant; individuals value their own opinions, tend to be outspoken, and assertive and prefer confrontational approaches to tackle issues and conflicts.

individualistic versus collectivist cultures