Intercultural Communication - Test 2

Manifestations

"If one understands a culture's worldview and cosmology, reasonable accuracy can be attained in predicting behaviors and motivations in other dimensions." This association can be manifested as worldview determines how people see their place in the world.

Characteristics of Ethnocentrism

*Levels - positive, negative, and extremely negative *Universal - learned at the unconscious level

The Globe Study Cultural Dimensions

*Uncertainty Avoidance *Power Distance *Collectivism - Societal *Collectivism - In-Group *Gender Egalitarianism *Assertiveness *Future Orientation *Performance Orientation *Humane Orientation Page 204

Selecting Cultural Patterns

*Values Americans Live By *Value Dimensions *Monumentalism versus Flexhumility *Value Orientations *GLOBE Study *High-Context and Low-Context Orientations *Face and Facework

The Analects

*a record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples

Islamic Gender

*hostile to women *Korean offers a variety of interpretations on the subject of women.

Confucius the Man

*teachings on the proper relationships and conduct among people.

Buddhism

----Core Assumptions:---- *Buddha is man not god *All individuals have the potential to seek the truth on their own. *The Four Noble Truths: -Life is suffering -Concerns the roots of suffering -Extension of the first two truths -The remedy *The Eight-fold Path: -Wisdom -Ethical Conduct -Mental Discipline ----Cultural Expressions:---- *The Use of Silence *Impermanency * Karma ----Notions about death:---- *Keep fighting to stay alive

Confucianism

----Core Assumptions:---- *supposition that people are basically good and only have to learn what constitutes correct behavior *taught that by education even a common man could become superior *Stressed a deep commitment to social harmony *rigid hierarchy for all relations, he put forth five specific relationships where lower members had "the duty to honor and obey the upper members" ----Cultural Expressions:---- *Jen (Humanism) *Li (Rituals, rites, proprieties, conventions) *Te (Power) *Wen (The arts) ----Notions about death:---- *Not interested in death and an afterlife - live best life possible while alive

Judaism

----Core assumptions: ---- *Jews "believe in one universal and eternal God, the creator and sovereign of all that exists." *There is no belief in original sin - can sin by breaking the commandments *Humans are inherently pure and good and are given free will -----Cultural expressions: ---- *Oppression and Persecution - history of genocide *Learning - educated about history and commandments *Justice - individual's responsibility and moral commitment to God and other people is detailed in writings. *Family and Community ----Notions about death---- *Worry about life on earth and not the world to come. *View death as natural process *Identity is presented to community when dead

Christianity

----Core assumptions: ---- *There is a single god who created the universe and also gave the word his only son. *Gravest problem in human life is sin *Worldview is secular and religious dimensions of life *God is personal ----Cultural expressions: ---- *Christianity and community *Christianity and individualism *Christianity and "doing" *Christianity and the future *Christianity and courage ----Notions about death: ---- *Notion of heaven that religious scholars have found the words heaven and eternal life mentioned over six hundred times in the New testament. *While heaven awaits those who have lived virtuous and righteous lives, "those who are wicked will endure in hell."

Hinduism

----Core assumptions:---- *Divine in Everything: the essence of this worldview is a belief that God is within each being and object in the universe, and that the spirit of each soul is divine. *Ultimate Reality: based on the fundamental assumption that the material world, the one we can touch and see, is not the only reality. *Braham: becomes an all-inclusive, transcendental activity that sustains and supports everything. *Multiple Paths: various paths to those asking the external questions about life and death. ----Cultural Expressions:---- *Complete Way of Life: complete way of life that shows itself in a multiplicity of ways. *Dharma: influences on how people live and treat each other, represents an important concept of Hinduism. *Karma: refers to the idea that every action has an equivalent reaction that can either be immediate or at some future time. *Four Stages of Life: -Studying Vedas at age 8-12 -Householder - step as a man -Forest Dweller - met obligations as husband and society now can study meditation -Ascetic - optional state - completely independent from all people and possessions and unites with Brahman. ----Notions about death:---- *learn not to fear death or even grieve over death of loved ones.

Islam

----Core assumptions:---- *One God: Allah *Belief in angels *The Korean: Word of God, expressing God's will for all humankind: final, perfect, and complete. *Submission: submitted themselves to God *Predestination: Allah is aware of everything that happens and that events in life are predestined by his will. Four Principles- aware of everything, creator of everything, documented all that has happened, whatever god wills to happen, happens ----Cultural expressions:---- *The message and response to Jihad *A complete way of life. ----Notions about death:---- *Judgment - all people will be resurrected for God's judgment according to their beliefs and deeds.

Judaism Branches

----Orthodox: most traditional and oldest / retains as much as possible from the traditional religious teachings found in classical and ancient writings. ----Reform: modernize many of the long-established Jewish practices so that Jews worldwide could assimilate into non-Jewish communities without losing their Jewish identity. ----Conservative: intended to find a middle ground between holding changes associated with the Reform movement. Conservatives believe many of the rules, rituals, and traditions of Orthodox practice are necessary if Jewish identity is to be maintained.

Hinduism

----Sacred texts:---- *The Vedas: the oldest and most fundamental scriptures / thousands of years, wisdom was transmitted orally. *The Upanishads: 800 to 400 BCE / written in both prose and verse-- instrumental in shaping many of the philosophical beliefs *The Bhagavad-Gita: 540 to 300 BCE / lengthy poem of dialouge between a warrior, Prince Arjuna, and the god Lord Krishna. Teaches how to become "Supreme Reality" (pursuit of knowledge, devotion, altruistic behavior, and contemplation)

Expressions of Prejudice

-Antilocution -Avoidance -Discrimination -Physical Attacks -Extermination

Avoiding Racism

-Avoid Ethnocentrism

Avoiding Prejudice

-Multicultural education -Cultural diversity training

Causes of Prejudice

-Societal Sources -Maintaining Social Identity -Scapegoating

Prejudice Functions

-ego defensive -utilitarian -value-expressive -Knowledge

Avoiding Ethnocentrism

-try to avoid dogmatism -learn to be open to new views

Expressions of Racism

personal and institutional

Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions

power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, indulgence/restraint

Identity

Abstract Complex Dynamic Socially Constructed

Avoiding Sterotypes

Ask questions -Who is the target of my sterotype? -What is the content of my sterotype? -What is the source of my sterotype? -Why do I believe the sterotype? -How much actual contact do I have with the target of the sterotype?

Religion - The Scared

Attempted to explain the workings of the world and in some cases the next world for thousands of years. Need to look outside self and seek help when addressing questions about morality and immorality, suffering, and the origins of the universe.

Biracial Development Model

rotate three phases: -become conscious of differences in general and the potential for discord -gain awareness of their personal differences from other children -begin to sense they are not part of the norm

Values

Cultural Patterns: *Integrated: patterns do not operate in isolation; they are interrelated and integrated *Dynamic: even after recognizing the dynamic nature of culture and value systems, you need to remember that the deep cultural structures always resist change and evolve very slowly. *Contradictory: one culture thinks differently about touchy subjects --- racism

Face and Facework

Face: self-image you want to project to other people; face is your public identity. Facework: "a set of coordinated practices in which communicators build, maintain, protect, or threaten personal dignity, honor, and respect.

Islamic Origins ???

Five Pillars: -statement of belief -prayer -alms -fasting -pilgrimage

Hall's High-Context and Low-Context Orientations

High Context: most of the meaning exchanged during an encounter is often not communicated through words. Low Context: typically have considerable population diversity and tend to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts.

Turner's Taxonomy

Human Social Personal

Ascribed Identities

Identities that are placed on us by others.

Constructs - Secularism

Meaning of life and explanations about death. Miracles - own aspirations and yearnings Set of Ethical Standards - values are grounded in earthly concerns rather than heavenly rewards Finality of Death - death is the end of this life and there is no other life after it.

Spirituality continued

Modern spirituality - can observe that it is a personal search for finding the answers to life's essential questions. Self discovery Practice mindfulness Learn to value silence Engage is creative self-expression Seek simplicity in your lifestyle

Minkovs Monumentalism / Flexhumility

Mon.: reflect pride in a person, event, or thing, and once erected, are relatively unchangeable. Flex.: combination of the words self-flexible and humility. PAGE 194

Ethics

Moral and immoral conduct. The person raising the question uses religion in seeking guidance regarding what is moral and immoral conduct.

Constructs - Religion

Most religions there is a universal spirit, God, or deity that is sacred and looked to for guidance and salvation. Set morals and instructions for how to live.

Buddhism

Origins: belief in the influence of a single individual who lived among the people. Buddha is the person who has epitomized the human situation. Buddhism was founded by an Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama.

Hinduism

Origins: created before people were maintaining written records. Lack of a single founder and text makes it difficult to isolate a specific chronology. Aryan Indo-European tribes invaded what is now northern India.

Kohls' "the values Americans live by"

Page 177

The Global Study - Geographical groups

Page 204

Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Value Orientations

Patterned principles which give order and direction to the ever-flowing stream of human acts and thoughts as these relate to the solution of common human problems. -Human Nature Orientation -Person-nature orientation -Time Orientation -Activity orientation -Relational orientation

Acquiring and Developing Identities

Phinney's Three Stage Model -Unexamined ethnic identity -Ethnic identity search -Ethnic achievement

Examples of Social Identities

Racial Ethnic Gender National Rational Organizational Personal Cyber and fantasy

Religious Rituals

Rituals are actions that are repetitive, prescribed, and ceremonial. Passed down from one generation to the next. Mark key stages in the human cycle of life.

Perception

Selective: too many stimuli competing for the attention of senses at the same time, you focus on selected information and filter the rest. Learned: life's experiences Culturally Determined: teaches meaning of most of your experiences. Consistent: once you perceive something in a particular manner that interpretation does not usually change. Inaccurate: view the world through a subjective lens influenced by culture, values, and personal experiences, which tend to make you see what you want to see.

Elements

Speculation Sacred Writings Religious rituals Ethics

Elements of Religion

Speculation Sacred Writings Religious rituals Ethics

Religion - Personal Conduct

This role is fulfilled by establishing notions of right and wrong, transferring part of the burden of decision making from individuals to supernatural powers, and reducing "stress and frustration that often lead to social conflict"

Spirituality

View 1: Stresses the idea that a person does not need formal religion to live a life of faith. View 2: The notion of religion wherein each person can turn to themselves to discover "inner peace", combines this value of individualism with the value of free choice. - Individual gets into heaven and very religions.

Sacred Writings

Wisdom that must be transmitted from generation to generation. Religion's essential principles and teachings. Scriptures, Messages, Scriptural books, Buddha, poetry/myth/legends/prophecy

Majority Identity Development

a sense of belonging to a dominant group

Avowed Identities

an identity you assign to yourself and portray

Sterotyping

categorizing events, objects, and people without regard to different characteristics and qualities

Racism defined

humans are subdivided into distinct hereditary groups that are diff. in social behavior, mental capacities & can be ranked either superior or inferior

Minority Development Model

individuals are unconcerned with identity issues

Hall's Categories

intimate, personal, social, public