Intermediate 1 Dance Test

what are the four "raw materials of dance" as expressed in Laban's effort/shape theory?

BODY: dancer(s) who are performing TIME: combination of rhythm and pace of the movement SPACE: floor covered during combination and direction the dancer takes EFFORT: the force in a movement that can change the meaning or purpose of a dance

what changes were made by Marie Camargo and Marie Sallé?

CAMARGO: permitted male dancers. raised the skirts so they ended at the ankle SALLÉ: created her own choreography that was more natural and fitting to the characters in the ballet (she wore simpler clothing with her hair down in one performance).

What are the types of social dances?

COURTSHIP DANCES: reels, double circle dances, couple dances. sometimes follow a pattern of display or flirtation. WORK DANCES: folk dances that imitate men and women's daily work. earliest were animal imitation dances. express pride in work WAR DANCES: aka weapons dances. display strength and agility of groups or individuals. keep soldiers fit and prepared to fight, influence seen in modern-day pep rallies COMMUNAL DANCES: cooperation is valued above competitiveness. sometimes done in lines and circles. has group patterns with the opportunity to perform a specialty solo. important way of transmitting culture to the next generation. designed for release and self-expression.

what are the four categories of religious dance , based on purpose?

DANCES OF IMITATION: revolves around acting like worshipped or surrounding animals and depicting battles MEDICINE DANCES: used to please gods into curing people and to prevent sicknesses COMMEMORATIVE DANCES: celebrate holidays of importance and to preserve historical roots DANCES FOR SPIRITUAL CONNECTION: brings the dancers into an alternate state of consciousness using meditation to become closer to gods

know 3 choreographers and their contributions to ballet.

MIKHAIL FOKINE: suggested dances should show emotion rather than boast physical ability. instead of mimes to tell the stories, dancers should convey drama in the movement. all the dances should form one complete performance. VASLAV NIJINSKY: created a performance with a tragic theme and the ballet positions parallel instead of turned out. often called the precursor to modern dance. created Afternoon of a Faun and Rite of Spring GEORGE BALANCHINE: created 10 new dances for Serge Diaghilev. created his own small company in Paris. helped create the School of American Ballet. later initiated New York City Ballet.

what important advances in ballet technique were made in the 19th century during the Romantic Period? during the Classical Period?

ROMANTIC: began to focus dances on ordinary citizens as their characters and had supernatural beings, this incited the first pointe work so the supernatural could look as if they were skimming across the floor (shoes were developed to suit such movement). male dancers became more equal rather than just being there to lift the ballerina. CLASSICAL: aerial work, pointe work, turns, and leg beats advanced and were more common. the tutu was developed so the dancers movement could be more easily seen.

describe the stylistic similarities and differences between ballet and bugaku.

SIMILARITIES: repetition and controlled movements, erect posture. DIFFERENCES: ballerinas only face the audience, bugaku faces four different directions. bugaku may use full faced masks and weapons (swords, lances, shields).

what reforms to 18th century ballet were suggested by Noverre?

ballet should be more emotional to move the audience. ballets should have a plot so all pieces relate to the performance. costumes and music should fit the theme. pantomime needed to be simpler and easier to understand.

what are the important contributions to dance made by Louis XIV?

established the Royal Dance Academy to professionalize ballet. His dance master created the 5 positions of ballet and the use of turnout. moved performances into Italian-style theaters so dances were only seen from the front on a raised stage (allowed French to develop a taste for ballet)

what was the basis for objections to dancing among Christian leaders of the early middle ages?

it was associated with love and freeing the emotions. it was a type of bodily desire that needed to be denied to prepare for Jesus' second coming.

Why is ballet terminology in French used throughout the world today?

it was invented by Pierre Beauchamps in french

What characteristics of dance make it more difficult to study and reconstruct than other arts?

its physical aspects and freeness. dance moves had to be passed down orally. emotional aspect: the dancer's would perform with emotions they possessed and feelings could not be exactly reconstructed

what is the connection between the modern dance movement and religious dance?

praise dancing that first originated in black churches and congregations. spread to parts of primarily white churches in the U.S. (showed worship. ie Revelations from Alvin Ailey)

what might a culture's attitudes toward marriage be if there are no couple dances? name a culture with this attitude.

stricter attitudes towards marriage with limited contact between genders. arranged marriages. some native american and asian cultures exhibit this.

describe the particular genius of Serge Diaghilev.

though he was not a dancer or a choreographer, he reformed ballet with his own company. he hired great choreographers and dancers. moved his company to avoid turmoil in Russia.