internal medicine 2

anchoring filament

attach lymphatic endothelial cells to surrounding tissues excess interstitial fluid will cause swelling which will cause the anchoring filaments to spread apart which will case the space between the cells to increase which will allow the fluid to flow into lymphatic capillaries toward a lymphangion

retinopathy

blindness due to occluded blood vessels

anterior pituitary communicates via

blood flow

lymph watershed

boundaries of territories which drain to specific lymph nodes

tumor suppressor

brake pedals of cell growth and division, stop cancer cells from growing

Charcot mononeuropathy

broke foot and continues walking on it since they can't feel the pain and continues damage foot

regional drainage

clusters that receive lymph from a particular organ/region of the body (axillary, inguinal, cervical)

hyper parathyroidism degree 2

compensatory for hypocalcemia

adrenal gland hyper

cushings

malignant nucleus

enlarged

malignant location

envasive

N cancer staging

extent of lymph node involvement

FSH

follicle growth, secrete estrogen, spermatogenesis

anterior pituitary gland - hyper

gigantism (kids) acromegaly (adults)

hyper parathyroidism degree 1

gland enlargement, so increased PTH secretion

nephropathy

glomerulus damage, so decreased filtration, albumin in urine as an early sign

pancreases produces

glucagon (alpha cells), insulin (beta cells)

if blood sugar levels are low

glucagon released

lymphatic vessels distal to proximal

initial lymphatics (lymphatic capillary and lymphangion), pre collector, collector, lymph node, lymphatic trunk, right lymphatic duct, thoracic duct

type 1 hypothyroidism

insufficient production of TSH

type I dysfunction of pancreas

insufficient production or insulin

type II dysfunction of pancreas

insufficient use of insulin

if blood sugar levels are high

insulin release

stage 3 lymphatics

irreversible, elephantitis

stage 2 lymphatics

irreversible, no change in size and symptoms with elevation of limb

stage 0 lymphatics

limb heaviness, but no increase in volume

lipidema

negative stemmers sign, symmetrical swelling of other legs

posterior pituitary communicates via

nerves

benign mestastisize?

no

adrenal gland produces medulla

norepinephrine and epinephrine

benign nucleus

normal

LH

ovulation, secretion of progesterone and estrogen

posterior pituitary gland (2)

oxytocin and ADH

ADH

retain water

pancreas issues later

retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, silent MI

stage 1 lymphatics

reversible, signs and symptoms decrease with limb elevation

lymphatic territories

root areas of skin which compromise regional drainage of select node groups

pitting edema 4+

swelling 1-2x normal size

posterior pituitary gland - hyper

syndrome of inappropriate ADH

stemmers

thickened skin fold at base of second toe, (+) when the tissue can't be lifted, but can only be grasped as a lump of tissue

dynamic insufficiency

transport capacity is lower than lymph load due to overwhelmed lymphatic system --- NOT true lymphedema ex: ankle sprain

mechanical insufficiency

transport capacity is lower than normal amount of lymph load due to diseased lymphatic system ex: surgery

P53

triggers apoptosis

oxytocin

uterine contractions

grade 4 cancer

very poorly differentiated

benign level of differentiation

well differentiated

grade 1 cancer

well differentiated

thyroid cancer follicular

10-15%

thyroid cancer papillary

70-80%

lymphangitis

infection in lymphatic vessels, compliant of lymphedema

anterior pituitary gland (6)

ACTH, , TSH, LH, FSH, growth hormone, prolactin

hypothyroidism

Hashimoto

parathyroid gland produces

PTH

thyroid gland produces

T3, T4, calcitonin

oncogene

accelerate cell growth and division

adrenal gland hypo

addisons

P53 when inactive

cancer cells escape and are able to grow and divide

lymphedema

decreased transport capacity of lymph and insufficiency to carry lymph load

pitting edema 3+

deep indentation for 5-30 seconds

posterior pituitary gland - hypo

diabetes insipidus

hyperthyroidism

graves

proto oncogene

help with regulation of cell grown and division

long stretch

high pressure at rest, low pressure at movement

type 2 hypothyroidism

hormone resistance

pancreas issues acute

hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis

hypo parathyoidism

iatrogenic - acquired from complications of other medications idiopathic - autoimmune

combination insufficiency

increased lymph load and decreased transport apiary due to increase load and diseased lymphatic system ex: infection in limb that had lymph nodes removed

pitting edema 2+

indentation from finger pressure

polyneuropathy

malfunction of many nerves in peripheral area

stage 4 cancer

metastasized

adrenal gland produces cortex

mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid, androgen

grade 2 cancer

moderately differentiated

neuropathy

mono (charot), poly, autonomic

benign location

localized

stage 1 cancer

localized in primary organ

stage 3 cancer

locally advanced

stage 2 cancer

locally advanced, increased risk of regional spread

short stretch

low pressure at rest, high pressure at movement

oncology top 3 causes of death

lung, prostate/breast, colon/rectum

anterior pituitary gland - hypo

pituitary dwarfism

four pressures that determine lymphatic flow

plasma hydrostatic pressure, tissue hydrostatic pressure, plasma colloid osmotic pressure, tissue cooled osmotic pressure

grade 3 cancer

poorly - very poorly differentiated

malignant level of differentiation

poorly differentiated

M cancer staging

presence/absence of metastasis

plasma colloidal osmotic pressure

pressure caused by plasma proteins in a capillary that creates a siphon effect to pull back fluid into capillaries

tissue colloidal osmotic pressure

pressure caused by plasma proteins in the interstitial tissues that causes movement o fluid into tissues

plasma hydrostatic pressure

pressure inside capillaries that decreases as fluid passes from arterial to venous side

tissue hydrostatic pressure

pressure of fluid in interstitial space

oncology top 3 most prevalent

prostate/breast, lung, colon/rectum

anastamoses

shared connection that allows drainage between two adjacent territories

which stretch for lymphedema

short stretch

hyper parathyroidism degree 3

side effects of dialysis

autoimmune neuropathy

silent MI

mononeuropathy

single nerve outside of brain and spinal cord diseased

T cancer staging

size of primary tumor

complete decongestive therapy

skin care, manual lymph drainage, compression bandage, exercise

pitting edema 1+

slight

la place law

small diameter - more tension, large diameter - less tension

TSH

stimulate thyroid to make T3 and T4

malignant metastasize?

yes