International Politics Final Study Guide

What are the Millennium Development Goals?

Global Issues Chapter 9 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achieve universal primary education 3. Promote gender equality and empower women 4. Reduce child mortality 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combat HIV/ Aids, malaria, and other diseases 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Global partnership for development

IAEA

International Atomic Energy Agency. Seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. It was established in 1957 with its headquarters in Vienna, Austria. There are 162 member states. The agency and the Director General ElBaradei were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2005.

Functionalism

International cooperation in specific areas such as communications, trade, travel, health, or environmental protection activity. Often symbolized by the specialized agencies, such as the World Health Organization, associated with the United Nations.

What is the primary goal of the Law of the Sea Treaty signed in 1994?

It encourages conservation by giving countries full sovereignty to control fishing in the seas near their shores.

Which country is not part of the G-8?

China

3 Basic principles of peacekeeping

Consent of the parties, impartiality, and non-use of force except in self defense and defense of the mandate.

CEDAW

Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against Women

3 types of sanctions

Diplomatic (peer pressure), economic (does not block food or humanitarian aid), military (very rare, involves sending troops to fight).

Group of Eight

The seven economically largest free market countries: Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and the United States, plus Russia (a member on political issues since 1998).

The international system of law...

continues to evolve over time

In order for an LDC to expand and diversify their economies, these states require...

development capital

The European Communities focused on...

economic issues

A supranational organization can best be described as an organization that...

has legal authority over its members.

The liberal idea of interdependence seeks...

the promotion of free markets and cooperation for the economic good of all.

A primary advantage of interaction treaties is...

they are written down

Compliance to international law is largely based on...

voluntary compliance

What are the 6 principle organs of the UN?

1. General Assembly 2. Security Council 3. Economic and Social Council 4. Secretariat 5. International Court of Justice 6. Trusteeship Council.

Group of Seven

The Group of 7 countries of the South that cosponsored the Joint Declaration of Developing Countries in 1963 calling for greater equity in North-South trade. This group has now come to include about 133 members and represents the interests of the less developed countries of the South.

Rome Statute

The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (often referred to as the International Criminal Court Statute or the Rome Statute) is the treaty that established the International Criminal Court (ICC). 1. It was adopted at a diplomatic conference in Rome on 17 July 1998 2. Entered into force on 1 July 2002.[2] As of 1 May 2013 3. 122 states will be party to the statute.[2] Among other things, the statute establishes the court's functions, jurisdiction and structure.

Treaty of Rome

The Treaty of Rome, officially the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (TEEC), is an international agreement that led to the founding of the European Economic Community (EEC) on 1 January 1958. 1. It was signed on 25 March 1957 2 Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany.

Which of the following is not a part of the biosphere?

The earth's core

League of Nations

The first, true general international organization. It existed between the end of World War I and the beginning of World War II and was the immediate predecessor of the United Nations.

Peace enforcement

The restoration of peace or the prevention of a breach of the peace by, if necessary, the assertive use of military force to compel one or more of the sides involved in a conflict to cease their violent actions

UNHCR

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the UN and assists in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country. It was established in 1950 with its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. It has 126 member states and was awarded two Nobel Peace Prizes, once in 1954 and again in 1981.

UNICEF

United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. Provides long-term humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries. It was established in 1946 with its headquarters in New York City. It has 191 member states.

All of the following fit the Western tradition of jus ad bellum:

War as a last resort, self-defense, fighting to bring about peace

The majority of freshwater is used for...

agriculture

Functionalism refers to the idea that the way to global cooperation is through...

bottom-up approach.

The largest number of humans that the Earth can sustain indefinitely at current rates of per capita consumption of natural resources is known as the Earth's...

carrying capacity

The European Union is a current example of what type of IGO structure?

confederal

Peace making

generally includes measures to address conflicts in progress and usually involves diplomatic actions to bring hostile parties to a negotiated agreement.

The newly established International Criminal Court has jurisdiction over...

genocide and other systematic crimes carried out as official policy during wars.

Over the past century the number of permanent international organizations has...

grown simultaneously with the growth of states.

The primary function of the IMF is to...

help maintain exchange-rate stability.

Economic approaches to reducing the birthrate place great emphasis on...

improving the economic status of women.

One negative side effect of industrialization is...

increased amounts of pollution in the world.

Which legal tradition argues that individuals have certain rights and obligations?

naturalist

The idea that humankind will be able to meet environmental needs and hence be able to continue to prosper is a guiding principle of environmental...

optimism

The League of Nations was intended mainly as a(n)...

peacekeeping organization.

Members of nongovernmental organizations are primarily...

private organizations and/or individuals

The UN Development Programme works to...

provide technical assistance and funds to LDCs.

During the early years of the UN the emphasis of the organization's efforts was on...

security

The UN organ that is based on limited membership is the...

security council

The adjudication of international legal disputes is hindered by...

state sovereignty

The replacement rate refers to...

the fertility rate at which a population is replaced without growth.

FTAA

Free Trade Area of the Americas. The tentative name given by the 34 countries that met in December 1994 at the Summit of the Americas to a proposed Western Hemisphere free trade zone.

What is the difference between the ICC and ICJ?

...

What were the reasons for IGO growth?

...

HRC

Human Rights Council. Responsible for the promotion, implementation and protection of human rights around the world. Established in 2006 with 47 member states.

According to the authors, which country has mounted considerable resistance to the 1986 IWC ban on commercial whaling?

Japan

MNCs often set up waste dumping operations in LDCs because...

LDCs have fewer environmental regulations.

Which country is the most dependent on intra-NAFTA trade?

Mexico

"High politics" refers to what issue?

National security relations

UN efforts to advance human rights have been supplement by all of the following:

Nongovernmental organizations, regional organizations, domestic courts

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement. An economic agreement among Canada, Mexico, and the United States that went into effect on January 1, 1994. It will eliminate most trade barriers by 2009 and will also eliminate or reduce restrictions on foreign investments and other financial transactions among the NAFTA countries.

Unitary government

One in which the central government hash all or most of the power and the subordinate units have little or no functional authority.

Free trade advocates argue that free trade is beneficial to the international economy for all of the following reasons:

Promotes competition thereby ensuring better products and more quality goods, ensures that countries specialize according to their expertise, and promotes global prosperity.

The UN is directly involved in all of the following:

Promoting social welfare, protecting the environment, promoting human rights. NOT trade

Which school of thought on human rights argues that rights are culturally specific?

Relativists

WB

World Bank. Four associated agencies that grant loans to LDC's for economic development and other financial needs. Two of the agencies, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA), are collectively referred to as the World Bank. The other two agencies are the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). It was established in 1944 with its headquarters in Washington DC. It has 188 member states.

WFP

World Food Programme. World's largest humanitarian organization addressing hunger and promoting food security by providing food assistance internationally. It was established in 1961 with its headquarters in Rome, Italy.

WHO

World Health Organization. World's most important health organization that addresses international health issues. It was established in 1946 with its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. It has 61 member states and is known for eradicating the smallpox disease.

Jus ad bellum

The Western concept meaning "just cause of war," which provides a moral and legal basis governing causes for war.

Jus in bello

The Western concept meaning "just conduct of war," which provides a moral and legal basis governing conduct of war.

How many rotating members are on the UN Security Council and how long are they elected for?

10 rotating members, each serves 2 years. Every year 5 non-permanent members go up for election.

League

A governmental arrangement in which the centralized government is mostly symbolic and has little or no functional authority.

Confederation

A group of states that willingly enter into an alliance to form a political unit for a common purpose, such as economic security or defense; it is highly interdependent but has a weak directorate organization, thus allowing the individual states to maintain a fairly high degree of sovereignty.

Ideological/theological school of law

A set of related ideas in secular religious thought, usually founded on identifiable thinkers and their works, that offers more or less comprehensive picture of reality.

Peace building

Aims to reduce the risk of lapsing or relapsing into conflict by strengthening national capacities at all levels for conflict management and to lay the foundation for sustainable peace and development.

Federation

Also called a federal government, a power-sharing governance structure in which the central authority and the member units each have substantial authority.

Who is the current General Secretary/Secretariat?

Ban Ki-Moon

Which of the following is not an LDC criticism of the World Bank?

Bank loans have too often been directed to countries in Africa.

The WTO was previously known as the...

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

GATT

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The world's primary organization promoting the expansion of free trade. Established in 1947, it has grown to a membership of over 100. (replaced by WTO)

What are some of the criticisms of the UN?

Global Issues Chapter 1 1. Undemocratic countries wield too much power and subvert ideals. 2. Most of what we depend on the UN for -peace, security, human rights -can be handled better by different organizations 3. It costs too much money 4. money is not spent well 5. New mandates without first assessing whether old mandates are still needed. 6. Pakistan and Middle East peacekeeping missions are still active after 60 years, suggesting that they are not effective. 7. Too much of the money is dependent on a few wealthy countries. 8. some countries on the HRC are the biggest violators, thereby protecting themselves.

What are some of the problems African countries are facing as they develop?

Global Issues Chapter 10 1. Economic dependency on natural resources (Oil, gas, minerals) 2. Poor governance - Corruption 3. Lack of infrastructure 4. Not enough jobs for rapidly growing population

What are the current struggles for women worldwide? What can governments do?

Global Issues Chapter 14 Gender gaps in: 1. political empowerment 2. Economic participation and opportunity 3. educational attainment 4. Health issues Governments can: 1. Quotas on percentage of women in political seats 2. Quotas on percentage of women in managerial roles and on boards of MNCs 3. Maternity leave policies - including leave for fathers

What is the international community doing about human trafficking and slavery?

Global Issues Chapter 15 From presentation by Julia Ormand 1. Clean water, education, infrastructure. 2. Remove subsidies on American goods Immigration reform 3. Enact and enforce international law 4.Legalize prostitution 5. Outlaw child labor??

What are some of the main struggles in the Islamic word?

Global Issues Chapter 2 1. Differences between Sunnis, Shiites, and other fundamentalist factions. Sectarianism 2. Ruling factions do not give political credence to other viewpoints, making citizens feel marginalized and contributing to uprising and tension. 3. Shiite majority in Iran, Iraq, Bahrain and Azerbaijan 4. Shiites only rule in Iran and Iraq 5. Traditionally Sunnis rule over Shiites, even if they are a minority. 6. Syria is the only country where a Shiite minority rules over Sunnis 7. 77% of Arabs believe the US instigated sectarian tensions by toppling Sunni -led gov't of Saddam Hussein.

ICJ

International Court of Justice. The world court, which sits in The Hague, the Netherlands, with 15 judges and is associated with the United Nations.

ICC

International Criminal Court. The permanent criminal court with jurisdiction over genocide and other crimes against humanity. The court, seated in The Hague, the Netherlands, began its operations in 2003.

ILO

International Labor Organization. Deals with labor issues, particularly international labor standards and decent work for all. It was established in 1919 with its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. It has 185 member states and received a 1969 Nobel Peace Prize for improving peace among classes, pursuing justice for workers, and providing technical assistance to other developing nations.

IMF

International Monetary Fund. Primary organization devoted to maintaining monetary stability by helping countries to fund balance-of-payment deficits. It was established in 1947 with its headquarters in Washington DC. It has 188 member states.

Development Capital

Monies and resources needed by less developed countries to increase their economic growth and diversify their economies.

Hague system

Name given to the peace conferences held in the Netherlands in 1899 and 1907. They serve as the first example of an international attempt to improve the condition of humanity.

Most countries...

Participate in at least one regional trade organization

Neofunctionalism

The top-down approach to solving world problems. Starts with creating IGO's and earns trust eventually from people.

Peacekeeping

The use of military means by an international organization such as the United Nations to prevent fighting, usually by acting as a buffer between combatants. The international force is neutral between the combatants and must have been invited to be present by at least one of the combatants.

Positivist school of law

Those who believe that law reflects society and the way that people want the society to operate.

Naturalist school of law

Those who believe that law springs from the rights and obligations that humans have by nature.

Which principle organ of the UN is inactive?

Trusteeship Council - This council was created in 1945 to help countries with self governance. They met their goals and are now inactive.

UNDP

United Nations Development Programme. Provides technical assistance to stimulate economic and social development in LDC's. It was established in 1965 with its headquarters in New York City. It has 48 member states.

UNESCO

United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organization. Strives to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science, and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and human rights. It was established in 1945 with its headquarters in Paris, France. There are 195 member states and 9 associate members.

UNEP

United Nations Environmental Programme. Addresses issues regarding the earth's atmosphere, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, environmental governance and green economy. It was established in 1975 with its headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya.