Interpersonal communication 130

What is schema/ schemata

cognitive structure that helps us process and organize information, a mental guideline that enables us to comprehend and make sense of events

In the context of group project, Susan is concerned with marinating group harmony, and her personal interest takes back seat. This is an example of

collectivism

an individual's level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons

communication apprehension

Locus of control

cultural dimension adresses whether members of a culture feel they can control the world through their own actions

What is a worldview

cultures orientation toward things such as the universe, nature, relation, and other philosophical issues concerned with being

What is naïve realism?

We believe that what we see and remember is a complete accurate representation of the world

What is the dual-process model? How does it work, and how does it impact communication and interaction?

We can engage in both mindless and mindful behavior

What is self-perception theory?

We learn about who we are through self-observation, we observe our external behaviors, helps explain ambiguous emotions Impact: "I must really like the food here, I ate it all"

conceptualizations of self

What Is self as narrative, cognitive schema, behavioral indicators, relational achievement, and internal dialogue

When frank first met Jim, he didn't like Jim. Later when Jim does not say hello to frank in the classroom, Frank thinks "Jim Is such a jerk" Frank's attribution is an example of this attributional bias

anchoring effect

self disclosure

any information that you reveal about yourself that other are unlikely to discover from other sources

Individual different refers to a pattern of interacting with other that developed during infancy but continues to impact out ability to function in relationships over the course of our lives

attachment style

Belief that our own culture is better then any other

ethnocentrism

This information based on your own personal attributes and is necessary for interpersonal communication in the developmental approach to communication

psychological level information

this type of schema indicated expectation about the extent of our connection and tow of connection we have with someone else

relational schema

four different ways that relationships have been defined by scholars

relationships as constellations of behaviors, relationships as cognitive constructs, relationships as mini cultures, and relationships as collections of contradictory forces

What are the five dimensions of cultural difference, according to our textbook? Be sure that you can define/explain both sides of each dimension. Consider examples of each side of each cultural dimension.

1. Locus of control: control vs. constraint, extent to which one believes he/she can control the world through their own actions 2. Activity orientation: Doing (task driven) vs. Being (prioritize relationships) 3. Attitudes toward time: M-Time (schedules monochronic) vs. P-Time (polychronic, rarely start on time) 4. Connections to others: individualistic (focus on self) vs. collectivistic (conform and consensus) 5. Communication styles: low-context vs. high

A) Give an example of a script for going to a restaurant (write out at least 4 lines of dialogue that you may experience). B) How is a script different from an episode?

A) Host: how are you this evening, how many. Jim: We're good thank you, and table for three Host: Okay follow me. Jim:Thank you, have a great day Host: You as well Sir. (Host leaves and waitress enters) Waitress: What drinks can I start you fin folks off with today B) A script is a predictable sequence of behaviors/ events that tells us what should and will happen next, while an episode refers to the situation in which an interaction occurs

What is mindfulness?

Alert and lively awareness of what is going on

What is communication apprehension?

An individual's level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another people

The tendency to believe that what we see and remember is a complete and accurate representation of the world refers to which concept?

Naive Realism

the idea that others act as mirrors who reflect back at us who we are and how we are doing, it refers to the sense of self that comes to us from others

looking glass self

a culture in which meaning is contained in words and ideas must be explicit stated to be understood

low context

What is prejudice? How does this concept impact communication?

Negative social attitude held by the members of one group toward members of another, can lead to discrimination, negative interpretation, discounting, attribution error, exaggeration, polarizing

Be familiar with the accepted definitions of "communication" discussed in your book and in class.

-A verbal or nonverbal interacting with another person using symbols or phrases - The process whereby humans collectively create and regulate social reality -"One cannot communicate" -"Communication is the transformation of information, ideas, emotions, skills, etc. by the use of symbols- words, pictures, figures graphs, etc." -There are many definitions a single definition is not right or wrong, It is simply more or less useful depending on your central research question -Level of observation -Broad vs. narrow -Does it define everything or a limited set of behaviors -What do we what broad or narrow Intentionality -On part of sender, receiver, both Reception -Did the intended receiver get the message -Effectiveness Judgment of success or accuracy -Areas of agreement: Communication is transactional (give and take), Not linear or interactive Communication is a process, and Not a static thing...like a river (changes flow) Areas of disagreement: Communication as a social activity, Communication and intention, andCommunication as uniquely human

What is "self-disclosure"? What role does this concept play in relationships and relational development?

Any information you reveal about yourself that others are unlikely to discover from another source, a lonely person can overdo it. Must have a careful balance between conforming to social rules and breaking the rules in a creative way to reveal SELF

What does "attribution theory" address? What are personality attributes? What are situational attributes? When/how do we use each? What is the fundamental attribution error? What is the anchoring effect?

Attribution theory: Concerned with how we infer the causes of social behavior. Personality: deciding cause of behavior due to personality Situational: cause of behavior due to something in situation Anchoring effect: the fact that a person's final judgement about the cause of anothers behavior is almost away biases in the direction of his or her initial point of view.

How do we use schema (of all types) to understand and navigate social interaction?

Being able to categorize and describe people is necessary for effective communication

What is ethnocentrism? How does this concept impact communication? How can we, as competent communicators, combat ethnocentrism?

Belief culture is better than another. Competent communicators recognize powerful effects of culture on every aspect of their lives

What are the characteristics of communication?

Communication is a process, communication is uniquely human, communication is a collective activity, communication is a creative endeavor (humans creativity), communication is regulatory (to create the world around us but to take possession of it as well),

What is a relationship? Be able to identify, define, and discuss the five ways of conceptualizing/defining relationships as discussed in your textbook.

Definition: Begin with awareness and develop through coordinated interaction, participants analyze and evaluate, and are influenced by outside sources. Constellation of behaviors: relationship is equivalent to the interdependent actions of two people Cognitive construct: a way we think about our behavior Mini-culture: relationships are shared understandings Collections of contradictory forces: dialectical approach, opposing forces

Three factors that impact perception

Emotions, motivation, and cognitive structures

What schema do we apply to situations and events? Be able to recognize, define, and differentiate between a "script" and an "episode."

Event schemata: register our beliefs and expectations about different kinds of social situations (a fraternity and a dinner party) script: mental representation that tell us what comes next in a sequence episode: internal cognitive representations about common recurring interaction routines within a defined cultural milieu

What is the situational perspective on interpersonal communication? What are the characteristics of communication that relate to this approach? What are the levels of communication, and how can you tell them apart? What is considered interpersonal communication from this perspective?

External characteristics, number of people, physical proximity, nature of feedback, level of formality, adaption of message, structure of goals, performative Levels: intrapersonal: you are sender/receiver, daydreaming dyadic: spontaneous, two people, flexible roles small group (3 to 15): group projects, sports teams organizational: business, strong hierarchy, formal roles face-to-face public: passive receiver role, public comm mediated (mass): Radio, TV broadcast

What are the five types of competence discussed in your textbook (note: NOT performative or process)? How do they relate to each other? How do these competencies relate to process and performative competence?

Interpretive: perceiving; knowing to interpret what goes on around you Role: adapting; knowing how to meet or violate social expectations Self: self-presentation; knowing who you are and how to present yourself to others Goal: planning; knowing how to achieve communication goals Message: coding and decoding; knowing how to send and receive messages effectively

What is "interpersonal communication"?

It depends on the approach you take! Situational vs. Developmental situational: in terms of its external characteristics developmental: in terms of content

What does "attachment style" refer to? What are the four styles? Be able to discuss communication patterns and behavior related to each attachment style.

Level of connection we feel towards others 1. secure style: image of self & others is positive (intimate) 2. fearful: image of both are negative (trust issues) 3. pre-occupied: image of self is negative, others positive (dependent) 4. dismissing: opposite of pre-occupied (anti-social)

What is rhetorical sensitivity? Be able to identify and define the three types of self associated with this (noble self, rhetorical reflector, rhetorical sensitive).

Noble self: consistency above all else, any variation in personality is hypocritical, says what they think Rhetorical reflector: have no self to call their own,concerned about being appropriate, says what she thinks you want to hear Rhetorical sensitive: always unsure, guessing, philosophical predisposition of others, can monitor situations, determine which self would be most appropriate in a situation

Your textbook talks about three specific things that can interfere with the perception process. Choose one and briefly explain how your choice interferes with perception.

Not considering others peoples views of perception, can interfere with the perception process because, you are not validating others views and ideas. Perception includes being able to understand that there are other views, not just your view of the specific topic.

What are self-schema? How does this idea relate to the self-concept?

Organizing what we believe is important and helps us determine who we are and what we value

What is the looking-glass self? How does it impact identity?

Others reflecting back at us who we are and how we're doing; self that comes from others. Impacts: No matter how strong-willed, if someone treats you incompetent, you will second guess yourself

What is social comparison theory? How does it impact identity?

People have a basic need to know how they're doing, how their abilities and opinions stack up, turn to people for feedback. People similar to us provide the most successful comparisons. Impacts: May lead to conformity pressures, efforts to reestablish similarities in relationships.

What is performative competence? What is process competence? How are these ideas related?

Performative: the part of communication competence that can be seen, the actual performance of day to day behavior. Process: the cognitive activity and knowledge that allows individuals to generate performative competence, everything we know in order to communicate properly. These ideas are related by Both are needed to translate knowledge into action.

What schema do we apply to people?

Personal constructs- unique character, way to decide how things are similar or different (physical, role, interaction, psychological) Person Prototype- classify/label person based on what group they fit into Stereotype- mental structure that allows us to group membership to make predictions about behavior Event

What are the four constructs we use to judge other people in interactions? What is implicit personality theory? What are central traits? How are these three ideas related?

Physical: tall/short Role: teacher/student Interaction: polite-rude Psychological: motivated/lazy Implicit: belief that certain traits cluster together with other traits Central: some traits may carry more weight than others in forming impressions. Changes the way we perceive whole cluster of traits. We organize all our individual perceptions into a more complete picture by filling in the blanks with these

What is a "position"? What is a "role"? What are the characteristics of a role? What is meant by the terms role repertoire, role rigidity, and role conflict?

Position: social label that tells people who we are, what our duties and rights are, and where we stand in comparison to others Role: sets of expectations that govern how persons holding given position Role repertoire: number of roles individual can successfully play Rigidity: when a role takes over one's identity (bringing occupation behavior home with you) role conflict: this occurs when two or more roles conflict (for example a work at home parent)

What are the characteristics of private relationships? What are the characteristics of public relationships? Be able to differentiate between public and private, and provide an example of each.

Private: (acquaintances, classmates, family, best friends, etc) Irreplaceable members Interdependent members Particular way of knowing Individualistic rituals Sentimental tone Intrinsic rewards Public: Public (Strangers) Substitutable members Autonomous members Universal way of knowing Normative rules Practical tone Extrinsic rewards

What is the developmental perspective on interpersonal communication? What are the three levels of data? What is considered interpersonal communication from this perspective?

Process, content, kind of information people exchange and how well they know one another (not as common), quality and content over interaction Public: waiter at a restaurant Private: unique close relationships

What is a prototype? What is an exemplar? How are these concepts different?

Prototype: Mental category to classify/label, helps understand person based on what group they best fit into, abstract Exemplar: images of actual objects, people, events we have encountered in the past ^Match ourselves with these preexisting schemas

Why are relationships important?

Relationships bring rewards-and-costs, Need-to-Belong theory (it's human nature) Help us create reality Shape understanding of world around us Sense of belonging Emotional and social support

What schema do we apply to roles and relationships?

Role schema: cognitive structure that describes the typical behavior associated with a role and idea about how the typical person should act (How a father should act) relation schema: cognitive representation of typical interaction patterns, interpersonal expectations as opposed to expectations based on exclusively on one person's role or personality

characteristics of roles

Roles are learned, roles are generalized guidelines for behavior, roles affect beliefs about self, people have multiple roles to play

What are the five conceptualizations of self? Be able to identify each and distinguish between them.

SELF AS... 1.Narrative: began in childhood experiences, knowing ourselves through myth and story 2. Cognitive schema: cognitive structures that help process self related info (independence as central principle of self-schema) 3. A set of behavioral indicators: reflective; self-understanding we bring to a situation shapes way we communicate and, as a result, the way we view ourselves) 4. Relational achievement: how we think we appear to other person, how person judges appearance, and how we feel about ourselves as a result of their analyzation 5. Internal dialogue: some personal narratives we construct about ourselves internally (self-talk, meditation)

Chapter 8 discusses five different ways to conceptualize the "self." Select one of these and briefly explain the idea.

Self as internal dialogue is our subconscious mind. It is the thought that we have inside our heads that we do not say out loud. It can come in many different forms but this concept of self is strictly in the mind and early said out loud for others to hear.

What is the "self-concept"? What is "personality"? How are these similar and different?

Self-concept: how we see ourselves, constructed as we mature, private view Personality: how psychologists see us (Myer-Briggs), behavorial

What is "culture"? Be able to provide an example of how a group meets the criteria in the definition of culture.

Set of (1) values and beliefs, (2) norms and customs, (3) rules and codes that socially define groups of people, giving a sense of commodity

What are the characteristics of a healthy relationship?

Shared vision of where relationship is and where it is going, clear rules that have been mutually negotiated and that work to the benefit the relationship itself, share work ethic, metacommunication (comm about comm) is valued

In the _____ approach, interpersonal communication is defined using external factors (such as physical proximity); whereas in the _____ approach, the definition focuses on the content (such as the kind of information discussed).

Situational: developmental

What is "social comparison theory"? How does this concept impact communication and self-identity?

Social comparison theory discusses that we all have opinions, and we need to recognize whether our opinions are correct and how our own abilities compare to those of our peers, and that we depend on other people for knowledge about self. This impacts communication because people need to be aware of the opinions and knowledge of other people. And us as people need to have a basic understanding of other people's opinions to measure beliefs. It impacts identity because the people we interact with shape our identity.

What Is face

Socially approved identity we present to others

What is meant by "communication as storytelling"? What is a narrative from this perspective?

Storytelling: humans are the storytellers, narrative theorists believe that we make sense of our world by making up and sharing stories about it (legends, stories, jokes, myths) Goffman: No core self extreme theory/always playing a role

What is the "looking-glass self"? How does this concept impact communication and self-identity?

The "looking-glass self is the idea that we know who we are through the reactions of other people. This impacts communication because as humans we are social beings and we interact with many different people on a daily basis and each person you interact with has a different opinion about you. This impacts self-identity because our character and self is being 'judged'y others and their opinions about us, effects the way we may think about that particular person.

What is a communicator style?

The way one verbally, nonverbally, and paraverbally interacts to signal how literal meaning should be taken interpreted, filtered, or understand

What is the idea behind the Village of 100? How does this activity relate to the idea of culture and cultural misunderstandings?

The world is a diverse place and we don't get to experience all of it, gives a realistic idea of how may culture is and that intercultural communication is difficult

What is meant by "communication as performance"? What is face-work? What is meant by backstage and front stage behavior?

When we take on a role, it's almost like we are handed a script which maps our social performance. Face-work: effort spent in presenting face to others Backstage behavior: Private area where social actors can relax and be themselves

What are intrinsic rewards? What are extrinsic rewards? Be able to provide an example of each.

Why we do what we do (rewards) Intrinsic: internal (running marathon for self-achievement) Extrinsic: external (running marathon for a character)

________ communication can be defined as dyadic communication in which two individuals, sharing the roles of sender and receiver, become connected through the mutual activity of creating meaning.

interpersonal

According to the textbook, one characteristics of interaction has the largest impact on distinguishing levels of communication because when this variable changes, it "leads to all other changes." Which characteristic of interaction has the largest impact?

interpersonal communication

Name ONE of the five types of competence from Trenholm and Jensen's model of communication competence (discussed in class).

message competence

What are the three major factors that influence perception? Be able to recognize, define, and provide examples of each.

motions: what and how we pay attention, mood congruity (memories are easily retrieved when there is an emotional match between it being formed and retrieved) ex. comments taken as insults when you're angry Motivation: automotives (outside of our awareness, habitual), conscious motives, ex. Interior designer having intuitive feel for good design as a child Cognitive structure (schema): principles of least effort or using preexisting notions, frame how we decode messages, social cognitions guide our actions and affect how we interpret the meaning of messages, ex. stereotyping

tendency for people to believe that what we see and remember is complete and an accurate representation of the world

naive realism

This is the person who has a self-schema that emphasizes consistency above all else

noble self

When people enter a situation without an preconceived plan or with a very general one, they are involved in a(n) _____ episode.

open

Sally just had a fight with her best friend Rhonda. When they pass each other in the hallway, Rhonda doesn't look at Sally. Sally thinks, "Rhonda is so mean - she won't even look me in the eye!" What kind of attribution is this?

personality

The term _____ refers to a social label that tells us who we are; the set of behavioral guidelines associated with the first term is called a _____.

position; role

"Members are interdependent" is a characteristic of which type of relationship (public or private)?

private

this idea holds that one way we learn about who we are is through self- observation

self perception theory

role rigidity

single roles takes over ones total identity

group size is one of the most important distinguishing factor between types of communication in the ______ approach to communication

situational

What is a public relationship

substitutable, autonomous, universal, normative

What is communication competence

the ability to communicate in a personally effective and socially appropriate manner

What is "communication competence"? What are the characteristics of a competent communicator?

the ability to communicate in a personally effective and socially appropriate manner. Characteristics include Large variety of skills are adaptable, perform skillfully, understand perspective of others, and can self monitor

role competence

the ability to take on social roles and know what is appraise behavior given those roles

"Self-disclosure" refers to:

the process of revealing personal information about yourself to another person that they are unlikely to learn from another source.