Interpersonal Communication
Definition of family
A family is a group with shared history and a common goal the shares genetic ties, legal obligations,
Regarding the relationship between jealousy and envy, which of the following is true?
Envy involves wanting something that another person has.
Why do people tend to believe nonverbal messages even when they contradict verbal messages?
It is harder for most people to control their nonverbal communication than their verbal communication.
And according to Schultze and Badzinski, what is the problem with practicing only conflict management in our relationships?
It sets the bar too low. God calls us to love, not avoid hate.
Define self disclosure in terms of he social penetration model.
Onion Model: Breadth (# of topics) & Depth (Level of intimacy) ** Need both to develop intimacy
Face
a persons desired public image
Perceptual set
a predisposition to perceive only what we want or expect to perceive
Norm of reciprocity
a social expectation that resources and favors provided to one person in a relationship should be reciprocated by that person
I-statement
a statement that claims ownership of the communicator's feelings or thoughts
you-statement
a statement that shifts responsibility for the communicator's feelings or thoughts to the other party in the communication
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
reward-cost theory (social exchange)
a theory predicting that people seek to form and maintain relationships in which the benefits outweigh the costs
predicted outcome value theory
a theory predicting that we form relationships when we think the effort will be worth it
Uncertainty Reduction Theory
a theory suggesting that people are motivated to reduce their uncertainty about others
__________ is the emotion we experience when we feel we have been wronged in some way.
anger
This form of listening occurs when you are trying to experience what another person is thinking or feeling:
empathic
Self disclosure
the act of giving others information about oneself that one believes they do not already have
emotion
the feeling that is produced in response to life experiences
denotative meaning
the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
connotative meaning
the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase
Self concept
the set of stable ideas a person has about who he or she is; also known as identity
haptics
the study of the communicative function of touch
olfactics
the study of the sense of smell
covenantal talk
?
Competing
A strategy for managing conflict in which one's goal is to win while the other party loses.
According to your text, which of the following statements correctly represents the two parts of interpretation?
Pay attention to all of the speaker's verbal and nonverbal messages and signal your interpretation back to the speaker.
R.E.A.C.H
Recall the hurt Empathize Altruistically forgive Commit Hold on to Forgiveness
Tim Muelhoff's biblical approach for having difficult conversations
What does this person believe (listen, be open minded), why does this person believe this, where do we agree, based on this knowledge how should i proceed. its about person centered communication.
Interpersonal communication
communication that occurs between two people within the context of their relationship and that evolves, helios them to negotiate and define their relationship
Forming relationships with people unlike ourselves is more interesting and enjoyable.
comparison level
_______________ is the force that draws people together.
interpersonal attraction
Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the attitude of someone from a low-power-distance culture?
it is someone's individual right to question authority
The study of how people use movement is called what?
kinesics
The claim that "4 out of 5 doctors prefer" a certain medication for a headache is an example of what kind of statement?
weasel words
Regarding sex differences in verbal behavior, which of the following is true, according to your text?
women are not more talkative than men
When considering a potential spouse, someone from an individualistic culture such as the United States would likely ask:
"How does my heart feel?"
According to your text, this could qualify as noise:
(all of the above) - loud - music - feeling hungry - being too hot - all of the above
A study conducted by communication researchers Kathryn Dindia and Bonnie Kennedy concluded that college students
(all of these are true) - spend as much time listening as they do engaging in all other communication activities combined - spend about 20% of their time speaking - spend about 13% of their time reading - all of these are true
Our text identifies six important functions of nonverbal communication. Select three and make an argument for the importance of nonverbal communication in fulfilling each of the functions (ch. 6)
- expressing emotions - maintaining relationships - managing conversations
According to Amy Cuddy, what is body posing? What research has she conducted that supports her thesis that your body shapes who you are? (class notes).
- make yourself big to exude confidence - Posing before job interview - looking at classes - outspoken ones sit and stand "big" -research shows it can change people's perceptions and perhaps our own body chemistry
According to Floyd, what are some common barriers to effective listening?
- noise -information overload - pseudolistening and selective attention
identify and define each of the four types of language rules articulated in your text (ch. 5)
- phonological rules: deal with correct pronunciation of a word, vary from language to language- syntactic rules: govern the ordering of words within phrases- semantic rules: have to do with the meanings of individual words- pragmatic rules: deal with the implications or interpretations of statements
Brian Johnsons 5 big ideas for Emmons book:
-25% - happiness boosted by sharing what they are grateful for vs. those who did not -sleeping pills - count your blessings rather than counting sheep -5:1 - ratio positive to negative interactions -incompatibility - emotions incompatible w/ one another can't coexist -challenges - important to be grateful during challenge to prevent spiral
According to Schultze and Badzinski (ch. 5), what are four scriptural patterns for encouragement?
-Affirming: build each other up -Exhorting: live faithfully -Modeling Action: show hope -Accompany Others: walk alongside through difficult times
According to the TedTalk by Julian Treasure, why is listening so hard- why are we losing listening? What are five ways to be better listeners?
-We invented ways of recording, The world is very noisy, We are impatient, Conversation is being replaced by 'personal broadcasting', We are becoming desensitized to information. -SILENCE: spending three minutes a day in absolute silence in order to recalibrate the mind. • THE MIXER: paying attention to the different sounds you can hear in any situation. • SAVORING: enjoying mundane sounds, such as the tumble dryer. • LISTENING POSITIONS: consciously listening through different 'filters'. • RASA: receive, appreciate, summarize, ask
The covenantal perspective, the six principles and the definitions:
-covenantal communication recognizes us as person in community more than as individual selves -covenantal communication is motivated by our steadfast love for the benefit of the other -covenantal communication requires responsible symbolic expression, what you say does impact people -covenantal communication results in redemptive pacts as to how we will live together -covenantal communication changes us together -covenantal communication exercises long term commitment for maximum benefit
Describe cognitive valance theory. How does this differ from expectancy violation theory?
-helps explain why people respond to increases in immediacy positively in some cases and negatively in others -Expectancy Violation Theory: Highly arousing immediacy okay if it's from a high-rewarding individual. CVT: Must be moderate arousal and pass through six cognitive schemata
What are some health benefits of positive emotion?
-helps recover from harmful affects of stress -upbeat mental state -lower blood pressure -reduced risk for heart disease -healthier weight
According to Floyd, emotions are multi-dimensional because every emotion has several components. Briefly describe the four components.
-physiological: blood pressure, hormones -cognitive: identify particular emotional state -behavioral: emotions urging to behave in a particular way -social and cultural: messages and practices we have learned
Describe the difference between situational, developmental and covenantal perspective to communication:
-situational: # of communicators, degree of proximity, immediacy of feedback -developmental: impersonal (sociological/social), interpersonal (psychological/intimacy) -covenantal: people in community more than individual, motivated by love for benefit of others
In class, we discussed several studies showing the power of emotional contagion. Describe two of those studies.
-students watching a movie became sad and influenced others to be sad via im -rainfall in a city impacts facebook status'
Constructive I-statements consist of four parts. What are those four steps? Give an example (pg. 171).
1. "I feel ____" 2. "when you _____" 3. "because _______" 4. "and I would appreciate it if you would ___"
How can we use language to comfort others (know the steps and give an example, pg. 157)?
1. Acknowledge 2. Express sympathy 3. Offer a positive reflection 4. Offer assistance "I'm so sorry for the loss of your sister. Words cannot express how sorry I am. I will always remember her wonderful sense of humor. Please remember I am here for you."
According to Cody and Canary, what are the six criteria for competence (describe each)?
1. Adaptability: ability to change behaviors and goals to meet the needs of interaction 2. Conversational Involvement: cognitive involvement demonstrated through interaction behaviors 3. Conversational Management: adaption and control of social situations 4. Empathy: ablity to demonstrate understanding and share emotional reactions to situation 5. Effectiveness: acheiveing the objectives of the conversation 6. Appropriateness: upholding the expectations for a given situation
According to Floyd, what are the five elements of competence (define each)?
1. Self-awareness: awareness of how your behavior is affecting others 2. Adaptability: ability to modify your behaviors as the situation demands 3. Empathy: skill at identifying and feeling what others around you are feeling 4. Cognitive Complexity: ability to understand a given situation in multiple ways 5. Ethics: tendency to behave in morally correct ways
Schultze and Badzinski state (chapter 5) that "followers of Jesus Christ are called to speak the truth in love. When we do so, "we can expect our relationships to flourish beyond imagination" (p. 67). According to our text authors, why is truth-telling so important?
1. Speaking truth creates trust 2. speaking truth shows our faith in others 3. Speaking truth demonstrates maturity 4. speaking truth promotes unity 5. speaking truth allows accountability 6. Speaking truth establishes an authentic platform for sharing gospel w/ others
According to Floyd, what are three myths about listening?
1. hearing is the same as listening 2. listening is natural and effortless 3. all listeners hear the same message
On average, we are able to remember about ________ of what we hear.
25%
Research indicates that the average person can detect deception approximately what percentage of the time?
55%
Gottman has discovered that satisfied couples maintain this ratio of positive to negative communication:
5:1
Contemporary research suggests that approximately this percentage of meaning is transmitted nonverbally:
65-70%
From S&B what are two essentials from the eight given in the book are the most important? (include evidence from the book and a scriptural source).
?
Which of the following best defines a stigma?
A characteristic that discredits a person because he or she is seen as abnormal or undesirable.
the need to belong theory
A hypothesis that says each of us is born with a fundamental drive to seek, form, maintain, and protect strong social relationships.
What of the following could be an example of the Othello error?
A listener is so suspicious that he or she doubts someone else's truthful statement.
comparison level
A person's realistic expectation of what the person wants and thinks he or she deserves from a relationship.
Compromising
A strategy for managing conflict in which both parties give up something they want so that both can receive something they want.
Accommodating
A strategy for managing conflict that involves giving in to the other party's needs and desires while subordinating one's own.
Avoiding
A strategy for managing conflict that involves ignoring or failing to deal with the conflict.
Collaborating
A strategy for managing conflict that involves working toward a solution that meets both parties' needs.
Euphenism
A vague, mild expression that symbolizes something more blunt or harsh
After a lengthy meeting with the boss and several of his coworkers, Alex asked his friend Jeff if he was concerned about the number of layoffs that his boss said were coming. Jeff looked puzzled for a moment before telling Alex that he wasn't sure when exactly their boss had said to expect layoffs. That exchange reflects which of the following myths of listening?
All listeners hear the same thing.
According to Cari Jackson (notes), why is listening so hard? According to the TedTalk by Julian Treasure, why is listening so hard--why are we losing listening? What are five ways to be better listeners?
Cari Jackson - we learn to listen by what is modeled for us; we assume people will not listen to us; our spiritual and emotional condition affects how we listen Listening is hard because we are often self-focussed and because there is so much noise going on around us. Listening is tiring. We are losing listening because of we invented ways of recording, the world is so noisy, we're impatient, personal broadcasting > conversation, desensitized. 1. Silence 2. The Mixer 3. Savoring 4. Listening positions 5. RASA - receive, appreciate, summarize, ask
Which of the following is not one of the criticisms that have been levied against the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
Children who grow up in a bilingual family experience a great deal of cognitive dissonance because of the conflicting languages.
According to Schultze and Badzinski (chapter 4), what are the two identity-forming tendencies in human nature? Define each.
Cocooning - willfully avoiding people either because we fear having to relate to them or because we want to make them feel bad (Adam and Eve towards God) Ex: Silent Treament Criticizing - blaming others for something that we perceive as unacceptable, often to make ourselves feel superior
What are the three elements found in most conceptualizations of CC?
Cognitive: knowledge and understanding Behavioral: specific behavioral skills Affective: attitudes and feelings about the knowledge and behaviors
Collectivistic-individualistic:
Collective - primary responsibility to their family/communities, harmony and loyalty. Individual - "I" concerned with needs and goals of individual
What are the five different conflict modes (see Blake and Mouton's model pages 374-376)?
Competing, Avoiding, Accommodating, Compromising, Collaborating.
Conflict
Conflict is disagreeing with someone and making the other person aware of your feelings.. This communications could be verbal or nonverbal. It is natural, varying dimensions (content, relational, procedural), it can direct or indirect, can be harmful or beneficial.
Gottman's four "horses"
Criticism, Contempt, Defensiveness, Stonewalling.
Knapp's stages of relationship decay
Differentiation (focus on differences), Circumscribing (limiting breadth & depth of conversation), Stagnation (boredom), Avoiding (closing off, withdrawing), Terminating (official end)
What are the five differences between the way men and women communicate?
Direct vs indirect Goal oriented vs process oriented Independent vs interdependent Self vs other
describe expectancy violation theory. Be able to identify 4 of the six basic tenants of the theory. Explain how this theory can be used to explain two key results of the "jury study"
EVT analyzes how individuals respond to unanticipated violations of social norms and expectations. Violations lead to arousal - the type of arousal, positive or negative, depends on a number of factors including that persons status, their reason for violating norm ect. Cognative valence brings in the immediacy of the behavior. Says sometimes violations are good depending on if they are or aren't reciprocated. The jurors didn't like it when the judge was not paying attention and they gave him bad feedback
Elizabeth and Aaron had been married for six months when Elizabeth started to feel dissatisfied in their relationship. Although Aaron was a nice person and fun to be around, he didn't do any of the cooking or cleaning despite the fact that both of them worked full time. Elizabeth's dissatisfaction was likely due to the fact that:
Elizabeth expected an equitable investment in household chores from Aaron.
Ekman and Friesen have identified five categories of nonverbal behavior - emblems, illustrators, affect displays, regulators and adaptors. Briefly define and illustrate each (chapter 6)
Emblems - a gesture with a direct verbal translation Illustrators - a gesture that enhances or clarifies a verbal message Affect displays - a gesture that communications emotion Regulators - A gesture that controls the flow of conversation Adaptors - a gesture used to satisfy a personal need
How are emotions and moods different?
Emotions have an identifiable cause whereas moods do not.
Flooding
Feeling unable or incapable of engaging in the conversation any longer, because you are drowning in feelings.
Which of the following statements correctly defines the concept of flooding?
Flooding happens when someone engaged in conflict is emotionally or psychologically unable to engage the discussion further.
What are some common misunderstandings of forgiveness, according to Schultze and Badzinski? (chapter 8).
Forgiving isn't a form of forgetting. Not excusing the offense. It isn't tolerating. It isn't exonerating. It isn't complete reconciliation.
Which of the following statements about similarity is NOT true?
Forming relationships with people unlike ourselves is more interesting and enjoyable.
What are the six relational disciplines?
God-awareness God-engagement Self-awareness Self-engagement Other-awareness Other-engagement.
Felix had been angry with his roommate Hector for some time. Hector was always playing his music so loudly that Felix couldn't concentrate, much less have a conversation on the telephone. Despite his anger, he hadn't expressed his feelings to Hector. Which of the following is true of this situation?
Hector and Felix are not engaged in conflict because conflict must be expressed.
High-low power distance:
High - believe in concentration of power in hands of certain groups, hierarchy. Low - basic equality of all people, no group acquires too much power
High-low context:
High - meaning doesn't have to be communicated through words, rely on nonverbal. Low - meaning in words themselves, very direct in interactions, direct.
Articulate and describe two advantages and two disadvantages of being a high self monitor and low self monitor:
High self-monitor: awareness, great first impression // ingenuine, can't live in moment Low self-monitor: less time/energy thinking about appearance, genuine // unsophisticated, socially awkward
According to Schultze and Badzinski, what are the six characteristics of a virtuous person? (p. 100-102).
Humble, Mild-Mannered, Gentle, Inviting, Cooperative, Patient
Which conflict style best describes your pattern of dealing with conflict? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this style?
I resort to accommodating because I do not like to deal with conflict and usually place the others happiness first. Some advantages to this are it minimizes the amount of people I lose. Some disadvantages are people walk over you and then resentment kicks in.
Which of the following statements would be true according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
If a culture does not have a word for an emotion, its members will not be able to experience that emotion.
Which of the following statements about facial or vocal expressions of emotions is factually incorrect?
Infants are unable to respond to pleasant stimuli before they are 12 months old.
Knapp's Stages of Relational Development
Initiation (first impressions), Experimentation (small talk), Intensification (personal information, nicknames, secret tests)Integrating (treated as a couple, references to firsts and 'our'song/bench/things)Bonding (public announcement of commitment, dream together, "covenant talk")
According to Schultze and Badzinski, what is conflict?
Interpersonal conflict is kind of a battle in which people 'strike;' each other with silence, words, or other actions because of sharp disagreements or misunderstandings
Which of the following is true with respect to interpersonal conflict?
It involves perceived scarce resources
Jason went to a party with several of his friends last weekend. While he was there, he made several inappropriate comments and did not notice that people were offended by what he was saying. Afterwards, several people at the party commented to Jason's friends that they were surprised and upset by his behavior. Which of the following statements is likely true of Jason?
Jason is a low self-monitor.
Compare and contrast two of the following models of relational decay: Knapp's "staircase model," Bradford's "death of a dyad" model, or Gottman's four horses. Which model, in your opinion, best describes the process of relationship dissolution? Explain.
Knapp's staircase model does not necessarily show how the relationship progresses or why it is falling apart; it just shows symptoms. Gottman's horses don't show a progression, but rather four skills that cause relationships to break down. I think Gottman's is a better model, because it doesn't break down failed relationships to a map they must follow in order. This model simply describes the behaviors that cause the relationship to end.
Explain two of the following models of relationship development -- Knapp's staircase model, Baxter's dialectical approach, or Berger's Uncertainty Reduction Theory. Which theory, in your opinion, best explains relationship development? Explain.
Knapp's stairs up, again, does not show why the relationship progresses. Berger's Uncertainty Reduction theory has to do with how we relate to people, and says the cause of relationship growth is driven by an urge to cause us to feel less uncertainty about people in our sphere, but having us attempt to reduce distance until we are convinced that we do not see happy future interactions. Baxter's is better in my opinion, because again, it gives a REASON to start a relationship.
The word set has nearly 200 discrete meanings in the English language. Imprecise use of set illustrates which of the following statements about language?
Language can be unclear because of multiple meanings for the same word.
Which of the following statements about the importance of listening is not true?
Listening has little to no effect on our physical health beyond avoiding sounds that may induce hearing loss.
High/low Uncertainty avoidance-
Low uncertainty avoidance: High - tries to avoid situations that are unstructured, unclear and unpredictable. Low - open to novel situations; accepting people whose ideas and behaviors are different thans one's own.
According to Gottman what predicts a successful repair attempt?
Make positive deposits in your Emotional Bank Account by doing nice things and appreciating your partner.
Masculine-feminine:
Masculine - acheievement, ambition, gender roles. Feminine - nurturance, service to others, sensitivity.
Monochronic-polychronic:
Monochronic - see time as linear, value promptness. Polychronic - time as non-linear, expectations for promptness vary according to relationship
N.E.E.D.
N- necessary E-emancipate E-energize D-dignify
What is nonverbal communication? Offer at least four reasons why it is important for interpersonal communication scholars to study this construct - from class notes
Nonverbal communication is a means of communication that conveys a message without words and often through facial movements, gestures, and body language. - easier to be misunderstood - people pay more attention to nonverbal than verbal- nonverbal is believed more than verbal - primary means of communicating emotion
During a phone conversation, you are able to infer something about the speaker's mood and personality by listening to his or her vocal cues. That fact illustrates which of the following claims about nonverbal communication?
Nonverbal communication is present in most forms of interpersonal communication.
Gunnysacking
Occurs when people store up old grievances and then dump them on their partner during a conflict.
Which of the following statements about communication technology is true?
Online support communities are a viable option for helping people deal with a difficult situation.
Sande's Biblical approach to conflict
Peacemaker 4Gs Glorify God, Get the log out of your eye, Gently restore, Go be reconciled.
What is meant by the phrase "deception can serve as a social lubricant?"
People commonly engage in deception to avoid hurting others' feelings
Which of the following statements about listening is true, according to your text?
People spend more time listening than speaking.
According to S & B, in what five ways does conflict differ from simple disagreements? (p.88-91).
Personal differences of value Emotionally charged Last for awhile Affect our quality of life Affect our credibility as followers of Christ Emerge through social media as well as in-person
Legitimate Power
Power based on one's legitimate status of position.
Referent Power
Power that derives from one's attraction to or admiration for another.
Reward Power
Power that derives from the ability to reward.
Dialectical theory
Relationship development in conjunction with various tensions that exist in all relationships; relationships develop through/by negotiating these tensions. Between to important by conflicted needs or desires.
Hancock's study of emotional contagion online found all of the following EXCEPT?
Sad participants produced more words than non-sad participants.
lying
Saying what is false with the intention of deceiving one's neighbor
Describe Schutz's interpersonal need theory. Describe this theory
Schutz believed that self-esteem interacts with three important interpersonal needs to affect our communication with others: control, inclusion, and affection
Integrating the works of at least two Christian writers/theologians (as cited in Schultze and Badzinski), define/explain shalom.
Shalom is biblical life, rich with love, where we see people as image bearers of God as Buber exhorts us too, and live in completeness in God's perfect wiil (a la Peterson)
Which of the following is an example of passive aggression, as it is defined in the text?
Tara is hurt when her brother forgets her birthday, so she deliberately "forgets" his. Parker is angry with his mother so he ignores her calls and e-mail messages. Bonnie doesn't want to go to her neighbor's party, so she takes so long to get ready for it that the party is over by the time she's done. All of these.
power
The ability to manipulate, influence, or control other people or events.
Define forgiveness.
The process of giving up our hurts and our desire to 'get back' at someone.
How do researchers study deceptive behaviors in cross-cultural environments?
They focus their research on the speaker's nonverbal cues.
Which of the following statements about people with high self-esteem is NOT true?
They score higher on standardized tests
Which of the following statements about smoking is the best example of an appeal to pathos?
Think about how many lives you're ruining by continuing to smoke.
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the idea of "reframing" a conflict?
Thinking of conflict as a game if you traditionally think of it as a battle.
According to Schultze and Badzinski (chapter 4), the secret to linking healthy desires to our communication is understanding and the ordering our desires properly according to the threefold law of love. Describe this law of love.
Threefold law of love: to love God, neighbor, and self (used in that order to guide our communication, these love-based desires lead us to recognize our misguided practices, seek the best for others, and pursue personal flourishing along the way.
adaptor
Unconscious body movements in response to the environment.
Which of the following statements about language and culture is true?
When people speak more than one language, their language use is often accompanied by a shift in cultural values.
When spouses engage in the demand-withdraw pattern, who is most likely to demand and withdraw?
Women are most likely to demand; men are most likely to withdraw.
Research shows that olfactory cues play a role in mate selection. Which of the following statements is true?
Women with more attractive faces smell better to men.
HURIER model
a model of effective listening that involves hearing, understanding, remembering, interpreting, evaluating, and responding
According to research, most people discover that they have been lied to when:
a third party reveals the truth
Self-fulfilling prophecy
an expectation that gives rise to behaviors that cause the expectation to come true
Interpersonal Deception Theory
an explanation of deception and detection as processes affected by the transactional nature of interpersonal interactions
Face threats
any behavior that threatens one or more face needs
This persuasion strategy takes advantage of the speaker's credibility:
appeal to ethos
According to Schultze and Badzinski, what is listening?
attending to reality - to the way things really are with God, others, and us
According to your text, the perception-making process consists of three stages. Which of the following is NOT among them?
attribution
Jordan wants to feel emotionally close to his girlfriend but he also wants to make his own decisions. Which dialectical tension is he experiencing?
autonomy-connectedness
Which type of listening response includes the use of head nods, facial expressions, and short utterances such as "uh-huh" that signal your interest to the speaker?
backchanneling
symmetry
balanced proportions
disconfirming message
behaviors that imply a lack of regard for another person
confirming messages
behaviors that indicate how much we value another person
Self-serving bias:
bias to favor ourselves and our interests. Make internal stable attributions for successes // make external unstable attributions for failures
According to the Johari Window, there are aspects of our personalities that others can see in us but that we are unaware of. These are known as the ________ aspects of our self.
blind
kinesics
body language
Which of the following tools are useful in helping individuals develop and maintain their identity?
comparing self to other responding to the way others treat us understanding when and how identity should be adapted each of these is correct
Which face need refers to our need to be respected for our abilities and intelligence?
competence face
During a counseling session with his wife, Edith, Harris frequently rolled his eyes, made rude and condescending remarks, and openly mocked Edith in front of their counselor. Harris's emotional state could best be described as:
contemptuous
This type of listener engages messages for the intellectual challenges; in other words, he or she likes to think things through.
content-oriented listener
Which of the following would be considered an instrumental need that can be met through communication?
convincing your roommate to turn off her music by midnight each night
We engage in this form of listening when our goal is to evaluate or analyze what we're hearing:
critical
display rules
cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions
According to deception research, which of the following behavioral changes is a reliable cue to deception?
decreased gesturing
The literal, "dictionary" definition of a word is its __________ meaning.
denotative
This aspect of communication relates to how well a message meets its goals:
effectiveness
Rick and Jamie recently started dating. To commemorate their first month as a couple, Rick surprised Jamie when he picked her up at work in a rented limousine with floor-level tickets to a concert. After the show, Rick was very upset because Jamie would barely speak to him. Jamie was also upset because she was planning on surprising Rick with a quiet dinner at home. After two days of angry fighting, the couple broke up. What was likely at the root of this conflict?
egocentrism
This type of gesture has a direct verbal translation:
emblem
A multi-dimensional response to any event that enhances or inhibits your goals is know as a(n):
emotion
What is an emotion? How does emotion differ from mood?
emotion - The body's multidimensional response to any event that enhances or inhibits one's goals. mood - A feeling, often prolonged, that has no identifiable cause. (Different from emotion)
When one member of a group spreads his or her emotional state to the others, ___________ has taken place.
emotional contagion
According to your text, women are more likely than men to experience:
emotional jealousy
This process involves changing the way you think about the situation that gave rise to a negative emotion:
emotional reappraisal
secondary emotion
emotions that develop with cognitive maturity and vary across individuals and cultures
The process by which cultural traditions are passed from one generation to the next is known as:
enculturation
How is language used to persuade (ch.5, know aristotle's modes of persuasion and different types of appeals (pp. 151-153))?
ethos- a speakers respectability, trustworthiness, and moral character pathos- listeners emotions logos- listeners ability to reason
Saying that someone has been "let go" instead of "fired" is an example of which language behavior?
euphemism
emotional appraisal
evaluating the personal meaning of a stimulus or situation
Most new relationships end at which stage of Knapp's stage model?
experimenting
Which of the following pairs of nonverbal channels is particularly useful in communicating emotion?
facial expression and vocal behaviors
facial displays
facial expressions that are an important source of information in nonverbal communication
In her diary study, communication scientist Sandra Metts found that almost half of people's deception attempts involved this form of deception:
falsification
person perception
general tendency to form impressions of other people.
affect displays
gestures that communicate emotion
Illustrators
gestures that go along with a verbal message to clarify it
regulators
gestures used to control conversation
soul-listening
go beyond the interpersonal focus of active listening to the inner person
The tendency to assume that attractive people have other positive qualities is called what?
halo effect
When Rachel saw her neighbor Harold in the hallway, he quickly flagged her down and began to speak with her. Throughout their conversation, Harold maintained steady eye contact, spoke very quickly, laughed frequently, and stood closer to Rachel than he usually would. Harold's nonverbal cues indicate that:
he was excited
Which of the following linguistic features was NOT identified in the textbook as affecting a speaker's credibility?
incorrect diction
This display rule involves acting as though you're indifferent or emotionless when you are actually experiencing an emotion:
inhibition
Some researchers believe women and men grow up in different speech communities. According to that idea, men are taught to do _____and women are taught to do _____:
instrumental talk; expressive talk
In the HURIER model of effective listening, the "I" stands for what?
interpreting
This reflects the resources we put into a relationship:
investment
While talking to a friend at a party, you notice that your romantic partner has just arrived. Eager to greet your partner, you angle your posture away from your friend and toward your partner. That movement:
is a form of leave-taking behavior known as left-positioning
According to the text, which of the following is NOT a necessary characteristic of interpersonal communication?
it relates to intimate information
Which of the following emotional states was NOT identified by Paul Ekman as having a universal facial expression?
jealousy
A structured system of symbols used for creating meaning is known as a(n):
language
This is the active process of making meaning out of another person's spoken message:
listening
Words that evoke strongly positive or negative connotations are known collectively as:
loaded language
According to research, what is the most powerful predictor of happiness in life?
marital happiness
Jon recently stopped a conflict with his girlfriend, Ana, and said to her, "You don't know how to have a disagreement without losing your temper and swearing!" Ana replied, "Well at least I want to confront the issues instead of avoiding them!" Jon and Ana's exchange is an example of:
meta-conflict
All of the following are characteristics of an intimate relationship except:
minimization of interdependence
A(n) _________________ is a memory aid that helps people recall important information.
mnemonic device
In the ______________ stage of friendship, people begin to think of themselves as friends and their communication becomes more personal.
nascent friendship
This theory says that each of us is born with a fundamental drive to seek, form, maintain, and protect strong social relationships:
need to belong theory
You liked most everything about your new roommate when you first met, but when you found out she smokes, that overshadowed all of her good qualities in your mind. What perception-making process are you displaying here?
negativity bias
What term is used to describe anything that interferes with the accurate decoding of a message?
noise
immediacy behaviors
nonverbal signals of affection and affiliation
Which of the following linguistic patterns is associated with powerful speech?
offering opinions
Self esteem
ones subjective evaluation of ones value and worth as a person
Fundamental Attribution Error:
overestimate the internal cause of other's undesirable behaviors // underestimate the internal causes of our own undesirable behaviors
This emotion involves feelings of joy and surprise, along with experiences of excitement and attraction for another person:
passion
Self monitor high
people who more readily modify the way they present themselves in a social setting in response to social cues
This is the ongoing process of making meaning from what we experience in our environment:
perception
People "see" faces in all sorts of natural phenomena, including clouds, tree bark, and even rocks on Mars. That is an example of which perception-making process?
perceptual set
The way you tend to think and act in most situations defines your:
personality
Idealizing a romantic partner at the beginning of a new relationship is a common example of the __________ bias.
positivity
When Jesse first met Nicolette, he extended his hand and said warmly, "Nice to meet you." In response, Nicolette sighed, rolled her eyes, and simply said, "Yah," in a very sarcastic tone. Jesse inferred that Nicolette was not excited about meeting him based on her reaction. Which rule of language did Jesse likely base his decision on?
pragmatic rule
This aspect of facial attractiveness refers to the relative size of facial features, such as the nose or ears:
proportionality
Self monitor low
regulate their behavior with reference to their internal beliefs
When your roommate says "We're out of detergent again" and you take that as a criticism, you are paying attention to which aspect of the message?
relational dimension
Research shows that three issues top the list as sources of conflict in romantic relationships. Which of the following is NOT among them?
relationships with in-laws
Your text described five stages in the grieving process. Which of the following was not among them?
retribution
During your first session of this class, your instructor introduced him or herself and you respected his or her position as an authoritative figure in the classroom. Which of the following classification schema likely helped you organize that information?
role constructs
Rachel finished her oral exam in her Spanish class and her teacher, Señora Lopez, evaluated her performance. Although Rachel did well on the exam and most of Señora Lopez's comments were positive, Rachel only focused on the negative critiques and felt very bad about her performance. Rachel just engaged in which of the following behaviors?
selective attention
Which of the following processes is at work when we are able to recall only information that confirms our existing stereotypes?
selective memory bias
Your own understanding of who you are as a person comprises your:
self-concept
The action tendency for this emotion is to hide or disappear from others:
shame
When we evaluate our own merits with respect to certain reference groups, we are engaging in a process known as:
social comparison
When you see someone dressed in very tight, dark clothing with spiky hair and eyeliner, you infer that this person is into emo punk rock. Your impression is based on which set of cues?
sociocultural
Your textbook identifies several ways that speakers can use nonverbal communication to increase the persuasiveness of their statements. Which of the following nonverbal behaviors is not in line with these prescriptions?
speaking softly, slowly, and calmly
Which of the following terms is onomatopoetic?
splash
proxemics
study of personal space
Which of the following emotions has a neutral valence?
surprise
To an American, the phrase, "How are you today?" sounds correct whereas the phrase "Today you are how?" sounds incorrect. The second phrase violates which rule of language?
syntactical
Which of the following is not an example of an affiliation behavior?
talking in short phrases
When you meet Carrie, you are drawn to her as a friend because she is an excellent piano player, just like you are. That is an example of what form of attraction?
task attraction
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
Autonomy face
the need to avoid being imposed upon by others
Competence face
the need to be respected and viewed as competent and intelligent
Fellowship face
the need to feel liked and accepted by others
valence
the positivity or negativity of an emotion
emotional contagion
the process by which emotions are transferred from one person to another
Perception
the process of making meaning from the things we experience in the environment
listening
the process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages
proportionality
the size of facial features relative to one another
information overload
the state of being overwhelmed by the enormous amount of information encountered each day
Oculesics
the study of eye behavior
chronemics
the study of how humans use and structure time
Self serving bias
the tendency to attribute ones successes to internal causes and failures to external causes
Fundamental attribution error
the tendency to attribute others behaviors to internal rather than external causes
Negative bias
the tendency to focus heavily on a persons negative attributes when forming a perception
Positive bias
the tendency to focus heavily on a persons positive attributes when forming a perception
attraction theory
theory that explains the primary forces that draw people together
gossip
to spread rumors or talk about the private matters of others
This model considers both people in a conversation to be senders and receivers simultaneously:
transaction
Mind reading
try to infer what is going on in someone's mind without asking them to clarify
This theory predicts that the more we learn about someone, the more we like that person:
uncertainty reduction theory
Johari Window
visual representation of components of the self that are known or unknown to the self and to others
According to Gottman's couple typology, this type of couple handles disagreements in a way that is open, but discussions tend to be competitive rather than cooperative.
volatile
According to Ken Sande, what is relational wisdom?
your ability to discern emotions, interests and abilities in yourself and others, to interpret this information in the light of God's Word, and to use these insights to manage your responses and relationships successfully.
