INTRO 1101 SOCIOLOGY CHAPTER 6
In Colonial America, what form of punishment was the rule for the majority of crimes?
Corporal punishment
White collar
Crime committed by a high-status individual in the course of his occupation (page 172)
Violent crime
Crimes in which violence is either the objective or the means to an end, including murder, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery (page 172)
Property crime
Crimes that did not involve violence, including burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson (page 172)
A person posting an untrue rumor about a classmate's sexual activity on his or her Myspace page would be committing:
Cyberbullying.
The idea that if a punishment is too severe then people will not commit the crime is related to:
Deterrence.
A behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction is:
Deviance
Emile Durkheim
Deviance can help a society clarify its moral boundaries and promotes social cohesion.
How does structural functionalism explain the existence of deviance?
Deviance helps society clarify moral boundaries and promotes social cohesion.
How does labeling theory explain the existence of deviance?
Deviance is a consequence of external judgments that help to modify the individual's self-concept.
Labeling theory
Howard Becker's suggest that "labeling" can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy-a prediction that causes itself to come true.
Deviance and Crime
If a behavior is considered deviant, it means that it violates the values and norms of a group, not that it is inherently wrong. however, research on deviance also includes crime.
Secondary deviance
Iin labeling theory, the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant (page 161)
Primary deviance
In labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant (page 161)
In-group orientation refers to:
an orientation among stigmatized individuals away from mainstream society and toward new standards that value their group identity.
Member of Alcoholics Anonymous who must first proclaim to be an "alcoholic" are exhibiting:
deviance avowal.
Labeling
1) Begins with healthy, conforming selfconcept 2) Commits a primary act of deviance 3) Deviant label is attached to person 4) Others act on basis of label 5) Self-concept changes to deviance 6)Fellow deviants become friends 7) Commits a secondary act of deviance
Control and Punishment
1) Deterrence prevent crime by using harsh pentalties. 2) Retribution retaliate or take revenge for a crime. 3) Incapacitation remove criminals from society by imprisoning them. 4) Rehabiliatation reform criminals so they may return to society.
Deviance Identities
1) Stigma 2) Passing
Deviance
A behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction (page 154) Defining something asdeviant requires us to examine group norms and how the groupreacts to the behavior.What is deviant in culture may not be deviant in another culture! Deviance is relative.
criminal justice system
A collection of social institutions, such as legislatures, police, courts, and prisons, that create and enforce laws (page 176)
Crime
A violation of a norm that has been codified (written) into law
Which of the following would be considered forms of body modification?
A) A women shaves her legs. B) You get a haircut. C) The Padaung women of Burma stretch their necks with brass rings. All of the above are forms of body modification.
Merton's Typeology of Deviance
A) Conformists B) Innovators C) Ritualists D) Retreatists E) Rebels
Theories of Deviance-Conflict
A) Deviance is a result of social conflict. B) In order for the powerful to maintain power, they marginalize and criminalize their power.
Theories of Deviance-Functional
A) Deviance serves as a function in our society B) According to Durkheim, deviance clairifies moral boundaries and promotes social cohesion.
Types of punishments can include
A) Shunning B) Banishment C) Corporal punishment
Outsiders
According to Howard Becker, those labeled deviant and subsequently segregated from "normal" society (page 165)
Positive deviance
Actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic (page 176)
In-group orientation
Among stigmatized individuals, the rejection of prevailing judgments or prejudice and the development of new standards that value their group identity (page 165)
Rehabilitation
An approach to punishment that attempts to reform criminals as part of their penalty (page 176)
Retribution
An approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal (page 176)
Deterrence
An approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes (page 174)
Incapacitation
An approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them (page 176)
Self-fulfilling prophecy
An inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true (page 164)
Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
An official measure of crime in the United States, produced by the FBI's official tabulation of every crime reported by more than 17,000 law enforcement agencies (page 172)
How does conflict theory explain the existence of deviance?
Deviance is defined by the powerful, and the behaviors of the less powerful are more likely to be criminalized than the behaviors of the powerful.
How does structural strain theory explain the existence of deviance?
Deviance is the result of the tension between socially approved goals and an individual's ability to meet those goals through socially approved means.
Which of the following statements about deviance is true?
Deviant behavior must be sufficiently serious or unusual to spark a negative sanction.
Theories of Deviance
Differential Association Labeling Theory
Edward Sutherland
Differential Association (Sutherland 1939; Sutherland st al. 1992), we learn to be deviant through our interactions with others who breaks the rules.
What theory asserts that we learn to be deviant through our interactions with others who break the rules?
Differential Association Theory
Differential association theory
Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers (page 160)
Stigma
Erving Goffman's term for any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction (page 164)
JACK KATZ refers to as the "foreground" of deviance. The Seduction of Crime (1988)
How emotionally seductive crime can be, how shoplifting or even committing muder might produce a particular kind of rush that becomes the very reason for carrying out the act.
Innovators
Individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them (page 159)
Ritualists
Individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals but still operate according to society's approved means (page 159)
Retreatists
Individuals who reject both society's approved goals and the means by which to achieve them (page 159)
Rebels
Individuals who reject society's approved goals and means and instead create and work toward their own (sometimes revolutionary) goals using new means (page 159)
According to Merton's structural strain theory, an individual who deals drugs in order to get rich would be called:
Innovators
Which of the following is one of the three main types of stigma according to Goffman?
Moral
The efforts of an ex-convict to hide his stigma would be considered:
Passing
The act of civil disobedience by Rosa Parks that many consider pivotal in helping to launch the Civil Rights Movement is an example of:
Positive deviance.
Passing
Presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group you belong to (page 165)
Deviance avowal
Process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates her own labeling process (page 166)
Burglary, arson, and motor vehicle theft are considered:
Property Crime
Robert Merton
Provides a bridge between functionalist and conflict theories of deviance.
According to Merton's structural strain theory, a person who is trapped in a dead-end job and has abandoned all hope of success would be called a/an:
Ritualists
Structural strain theory
Robert Merton's argument that in an unequal society the tension or strain between socially approved goals and an individual's ability to achieve those goals through socially approved means will lead to deviance as individuals reject either the goals or the means or both (page 159)
In labeling theory, the deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled is called:
Secondary deviation.
Pilfering
Stealing minor items in small amounts, often again and again (page 174)
According to the text, which of the following types of people typically commit the highest rates of crimes?
Teenagers
The Amish __________ those who violate the strict norms of the group.
Temporarily shun
Conflict
The Law is used as an instrument of oppression. The system is tough on ordinary citizens because they have the potential to rebel and overthrow the elites. The system is occasionally tough on elites, in order to satisfy the masses
Capital punishment
The death penalty
Social control
The formal and informal mechanisms used to increase conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion (page 159)
Desistance
The tendency of individuals to age out of crime over the life course (page 174)
Cyberbullying
The use of electronic media (web pages, social networking sites, e-mail, instant messengers, and cell phones) to tease, harass, threaten, or humiliate someone (page 169)
Insider trading would be considered an example of a:
White-Coller Crime
Tertiary deviance
redefining the stigma associated with a deviant label as a positive phenomenon (page 161)
A student, continually told that he is stupid and will never amount to anything, who eventually drops out of school, is an example of:
self-fulfilling prophecy.