Intro A&P Test bank 5
A
Structure A on the skin diagram is the A) epidermis. B) dermis. C) subcutaneous layer. D) cutaneous membrane. E) hypodermis.
B
Structure B on the skin diagram is the A) epidermis. B) dermis. C) subcutaneous layer. D) cutaneous membrane. E) hypodermis.
B
The nail ________ covers the nail bed. A) root B) body C) lunula D) cuticle E) eponychium
D
Drugs suspended in ________ or ________ can be carried across the plasma membranes of the epidermal cells. A) water; blood B) water; lipids C) oils; alcohol D) oils; lipid-soluble solvents E) sebum; water
E
During skin repair, most of the scab consists of an insoluble network of ________, a protein that forms from blood proteins during the clotting response. A) keratin B) dermicidin C) melanin D) collagen E) fibrin
A
Functions of the skin include A) regulating body temperature. B) synthesizing antibodies. C) producing adipose tissue. D) synthesizing digestive enzymes. E) release of large amounts of hormones.
E
Shafts of hair are comprised of A) living keratinized dermal cells. B) dead keratinized dermal cells. C) keratinized adipose cells. D) living keratinized epidermal cells. E) dead keratinized epidermal cells.
D
Structure D is a(n) A) endocrine gland. B) sebaceous gland. C) merocrine gland. D) apocrine gland. E) unicellular gland.
B
The layer marked A is the A) stratum basale. B) stratum corneum. C) stratum lucidum. D) stratum spinosum. E) stratus germinativum.
B
Thick skin can be found on the A) back. B) palms. C) legs. D) arms. E) chest.
E
Through which cellular interactions are the cells of the stratum basale firmly attached to the plasma membrane? A) gap junctions B) CAMs C) tight junctions D) connexons E) hemidesmosomes
B
Through which mechanism does perspiration function in cooling the body? A) conduction B) evaporation C) convection D) radiation E) diffusion
D
What is the composition of the papillary layer of the dermis? A) dense, regular connective tissue B) stratified squamous epithelium C) reticular connective tissue D) areolar connective tissue E) dense, irregular connective tissue
B
The ________ layer of the dermis contains bundles of collagen fibers and elastin, and is responsible for the mechanical strength and flexibility of the skin. A) germinative B) reticular C) subcutaneous D) papillary E) corneal
E
The blood supply to the skin arises from a network of blood vessels called the ________ plexus in the hypodermis, at its border with the reticular layer of the dermis. A) cervical B) mesenteric C) brachial D) celiac E) cutaneous
C
The condition that results from clogged sebaceous glands is A) a boil. B) a carbuncle. C) acne. D) a blister. E) a freckle.
C
The deepest layer of cells in the epidermis is the cells of the A) stratum corneum. B) stratum lucidum. C) stratum basale. D) stratum granulosum. E) stratum spinosum.
C
The type of burn that injures the hypodermis, deeper tissues, and organs is a A) first-degree burn. B) second-degree burn. C) third-degree burn. D) partial-thickness burn. E) semi-partial-thickness burn.
A
Structure F is the A) sebaceous gland. B) apocrine gland. C) endocrine gland. D) eccrine gland. E) hair matrix.
B
Structure F on the skin diagram is a(n) A) oil gland. B) sweat gland. C) sensory receptor. D) wax gland. E) naked nerve ending.
C
Structure G A) releases milk. B) releases oil. C) releases sweat. D) is a sensory receptor. E) releases mucus.
D
Structure L on the skin diagram is the A) blood vessel. B) skeletal muscle. C) ligament. D) arrector pili. E) hair papilla.
E
Structures marked J on the skin diagram are A) sudoriferous glands. B) smooth muscles. C) sebaceous glands. D) immature hair follicles. E) sensory receptors.
A
The ________ is associated with the puckering of skin and the pulling of the hair follicle. A) arrector pili B) hypodermis C) dermal papilla D) epidermal ridge E) stratum basale
D
The fold of stratum corneum over the base of a nail is called the A) body. B) bed. C) root. D) cuticle. E) free edge.
E
The function of structure E is A) to attach the hair shaft firmly to the dermis so that it does not move. B) the deposition of high concentrations of melanin to color the hair shaft. C) the production of new cells that will make the hair shaft longer. D) the production of hormones that can affect the growth cycles of the hair follicle. E) to change the orientation of the hair shaft.
B
Thin skin is defined by the thickness of the A) dermis. B) epidermis. C) hypodermis. D) subcutaneous layer. E) integument as a whole.
C
This layer is composed of a high concentration of collagen fibers. A) stratum corneum B) stratum granulosum C) dermis D) hypodermis E) cornified region
D
The function of the arrector pili is A) diffusion. B) thermoregulation. C) lubrication. D) contraction. E) fat storage
C
The function of the secretion of a sebaceous gland is A) cell lysis. B) thermoregulation. C) lubrication. D) contraction. E) energy.
C
The glands that begin discharging a sticky, cloudy, and potentially odorous secretion at puberty are called ________ glands. A) ceruminous B) mucous C) apocrine D) sebaceous E) merocrine
D
The hair papilla, structure A, consists of A) adipose tissue. B) keratin. C) collagen. D) blood vessels and nerves. E) skeletal muscle.
C
The loose connective tissue that separates the integument from deeper tissues and organs is called the A) dermis. B) epidermis. C) hypodermis. D) integument. E) papillary layer.
E
The lowest level of cells of the strata, marked E, consists of A) keratin protein. B) collagen fibers. C) dead cells. D) carotene-producing cells. E) mitotically active epithelial cells.
A
The most mitotically active part of the skin is structure A) A. B) B. C) C. D) D. E) Q.
A
The observed differences in skin color reflect the levels of ________ production. A) melanin B) keratinocyte C) carotene D) keratin E) melanocyte
C
The pale crescent area of the nail is called the A) nail root. B) nail bed. C) lunula. D) free edge. E) cuticle.
D
The skin is also called the ________ membrane. A) serous B) mucous C) synovial D) cutaneous E) peritoneal
C
The skin may turn orange as a result of ________ buildup. A) biliverdin B) keratin C) carotene D) melanin E) bilirubin
A
The structure composed of stratified squamous epithelium is A) A. B) B. C) C. D) M. E) L.
B
The subcutaneous layer consists of A) epithelial and adipose tissues. B) areolar and adipose tissues. C) dense connective and loose connective tissues. D) epithelium and loose connective tissues. E) skeletal muscles and adipose tissue.
D
The sweat that is metabolized by bacteria on the skin, which leads to the strong odor of sweat, is associated with structure A) D. B) B. C) E. D) G. E) F.
E
What is the function of melanin? A) It provides water-resistant properties to the integument. B) It continuously divides to replace cells that are lost or shed at the epithelial surface. C) It is converted by the kidneys into the hormone calcitriol. D) It is required for the normal maintenance of epithelial cells. E) It protects DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation.
D
When a person becomes "pale," what is the physiologic basis? A) The blood supply to the skin increases. B) The number of red melanocytes in the skin increases. C) Melanocytes increase production of red pigments. D) The blood supply to the skin decreases. E) Increased heat causes the skin to turn red.
B
During the regeneration process of the skin after an injury, what is the combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network called? A) keloid B) granulation tissue C) scar tissue D) scab E) sebum
D
Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light A) can result in increased numbers of melanocytes forming in the skin. B) can result in decreased melanin production by melanocytes. C) can cause destruction of vitamin D3. D) can increase melanocyte activity. E) has no effect on the skin cells.
A
Where is keratin concentration the highest? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E
C
Which statement is true for merocrine sweat glands? A) They discharge their secretions into the hair follicles. B) They are for hair lubrication. C) They are more numerous than apocrine sweat glands. D) They are important in communication between individuals, related to sexual attraction. E) They make the skin more pliable and soft.
B
All new growth in the length of the hair shaft occurs at A) B. B) C. C) D. D) F. E) G.
A
Which of the following is the function of hair associated with a nerve fiber? A) provides an early-warning system that may help prevent injury B) helps cushion a light blow to the head C) protects the scalp from UV light D) helps prevent the entry of foreign particles E) provides protection for the surface of the eye
B
Which of the following is the function of the combination of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae? A) increase storage of nutrients in the digestive tract B) increase surface area for diffusion between the dermis and epidermis C) increase sensory reception D) increase secretion of milk in specialized integumentary glands E) increase large reserves of lipids in adipose tissue
A
Glands that are located in the passageway of the external ear are called ________ glands. A) ceruminous B) apocrine sweat C) sebaceous D) merocrine sweat E) mammary
A
In albinism, ________ is lacking. A) melanin B) keratin C) carotene D) keratinocytes E) collagen
C
In other mammals, the ________ glands function as scent glands, providing an important form of communication. A) eccrine B) sebaceous C) apocrine D) mammary E) merocrine
A
Lipid is concentrated with the cells of the A) hypodermis. B) dermis. C) cornified region. D) stratum granulosum. E) stratum spinosum.
E
Hair is formed by the repeated divisions of epithelial stem cells in which structure? A) hair root B) cuticle of the hair C) medulla of the hair D) cortex of the hair E) hair matrix
E
Mammary glands are modified A) sensory receptors. B) wax glands. C) oil glands. D) sebaceous glands. E) sweat glands.
D
Melanin serves to protect cells in the deeper layers of the epidermis from A) discoloration. B) melanocyte activity. C) albinism. D) ultraviolet radiation. E) keratin production.
B
Merocrine sweat glands A) are most common in the axillary and inguinal regions of the body. B) respond primarily to elevated body temperature. C) respond only in times of stress. D) are active only in areas of dense hair. E) are absent in the palms and soles.
E
Modified and specialized sweat glands that produce milk are called ________ glands. A) ceruminous B) apocrine sweat C) sebaceous D) merocrine sweat E) mammary
C
The dermis is composed largely of A) adipose. B) fluid connective. C) dense irregular connective. D) muscle. E) neural.
D
The epidermal layer whose cells have stopped dividing and started to produce large amounts of keratin is the A) stratum corneum. B) stratum lucidum. C) stratum basale. D) stratum granulosum. E) stratum spinosum.
E
The highly vascular layer of the skin, which provides thermoregulation via changing blood flow, is the A) epidermis. B) subcutaneous layer. C) stratum basale. D) stratum corneum. E) dermis.
B
The hypodermis A) provides mechanical strength to the skin. B) is quite elastic. C) has no blood vessels. D) is composed of strata with various functions. E) contains a variety of sensory receptors.
C
The layer containing adipose tissue is A) A. B) B. C) C. D) O. E) M.
A
The layer of the epidermis at the exposed surface is the A) stratum corneum. B) stratum lucidum. C) stratum basale. D) stratum granulosum. E) stratum spinosum.
E
The lipid in oil glands is released through which type of secretion? A) eccrine B) apocrine C) merocrine D) endocrine E) holocrine
C
Nerve fibers in the dermis most likely function in A) defending of local tissues after infection. B) providing nutrients and oxygen to the skin. C) monitoring sensory receptors in the dermis. D) repairing tissue after injury. E) removing carbon dioxide and waste products.
D
Perspiration that is produced by apocrine sweat glands A) is more than 99 percent water. B) contains electrolytes and waste products, such as urea. C) helps to cool the surface of the skin when it evaporates. D) is limited to the hair follicles of the axilla, nipples, and groin. E) contains astringent compounds that contract the skin and its sweat gland pores.
E
Projections of loose connective tissue from the dermis, which extend upward between the adjacent ridges of the epidermis, are called A) epidermal ridges. B) strata. C) reticular layers. D) accessory structures. E) dermal papillae.
C
The part of the skin at the bottom of the picture, seen in a lighter shade of gray, is the A) strata. B) carotene. C) dermis. D) cornified region. E) hypodermis.
B
The protein that contributes to many of the skin's protective qualities is called A) melanin. B) keratin. C) carotene. D) dermicidin. E) calcitriol.
A
The reticular layer's collagen fibers directly provide which function? A) prevent damage to the tissue B) nourish the epidermis C) provide flexibility D) provide sensory information E) increase surface area of the dermis
A
When the arrector pili muscles contract, A) "goose bumps" are formed. B) hairs are shed. C) sweat is released from sweat glands. D) shivering occurs. E) the skin changes color.
D
When the body is overheated, the skin responds by A) decreasing melanin production. B) losing oxygen to surrounding tissues. C) constricting blood vessels. D) dilating blood vessels. E) increasing keratin production.
E
Which is the most logical reason for an elderly person's higher potential to be prone to skin infections, compared to a younger person? A) The hair is thinner in the elderly. B) There are fewer melanocytes in the skin of a younger person. C) The blood supply to the dermis is reduced in the skin of a young person. D) Bone strength decreases in the elderly. E) Stem cell activity in the epidermis declines in the elderly.
C
Which layer is the stratum granulosum? A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E
C
Which layer of the diagram identifies the area where a hypodermic needle would be placed for an injection of a drug? A) A B) B C) C D) N E) K
E
Which of the following conditions is the most common form of skin cancer? A) melanoma B) cyanosis C) squamous cell carcinoma D) albinism E) basal cell carcinoma
C
Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the cutaneous membrane? A) epidermis, hypodermis, dermis B) dermis, epidermis, hypodermis C) epidermis, dermis, hypodermis D) hypodermis, dermis, epidermis E) dermis, hypodermis, dermis
A
A burn that destroys only the superficial cells of the epidermis, such as a mild sunburn, is classified as A) first-degree. B) second-degree. C) third-degree. D) fourth-degree. E) full-thickness.
E
A hair shaft is composed of A) melanin. B) carotene. C) starch. D) lipid. E) keratin.
D
A small amount of ultraviolet radiation is beneficial because it A) increases blood flow in the dermis. B) stimulates the synthesis of photoreceptor pigments in the eye. C) constricts blood vessels in the dermis. D) stimulates vitamin D3 synthesis in the epidermis. E) adjusts overall gland secretion rates in the body.
C
A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called a(n) A) granulation tissue. B) scab. C) keloid. D) callus. E) abrasion.
E
As an adolescent looking at pimples on your face, you think about what they are. You decide that they are related to ________ on your skin. A) cholesterol B) sweat C) mucus D) carotene E) sebum
B
As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface, A) they divide. B) they die. C) their nutrient supply increases. D) they enter the dermis. E) they produce daughter cells.
E
Choose the correct order of the cell layers, or strata, in a section of thick skin, from the basement membrane toward the free surface (deep to superficial). 1. stratum lucidum 2. stratum basale 3. stratum corneum 4. stratum granulosum 5. stratum spinosum A) 3, 5, 4, 1, 2 B) 3, 4, 1, 5, 2 C) 2, 1, 4, 5, 3 D) 2, 4, 5, 3, 1 E) 2, 5, 4, 1, 3
B
Elderly people tend to have rougher skin and more brittle hair than younger people. What structure is associated with this problem? A) merocrine glands B) sebaceous glands C) ceruminous glands D) apocrine glands E) eccrine glands
A
Epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels in the A) dermis. B) epidermis. C) hypodermis. D) epidermis and dermis. E) subcutaneous layer.
D
Epidermal cells synthesize this vitamin when exposed to sunlight. A) vitamin D2 B) vitamin C C) vitamin E D) vitamin D3 E) vitamin A
B
The most severe type of skin cancer is most likely to develop from A) nonpigmented epithelial cells. B) melanocytes. C) pigmented basal cells. D) nonpigmented dermal cells. E) keratinocytes.
D
The walls of each hair follicle contain all the cell layers found in which of the following? A) hypodermis B) dermis C) subcutaneous layer D) epidermis E) basement membrane
C
There is a connective tissue layer protecting the hair shaft, marked as structure A) A. B) B. C) C. D) E. E) F.
B
Which statement is correct? A) Using expensive hair products can enhance the mitotic growth of hair cells within the shaft. B) A hair shaft is made of varying densities and consistencies of keratin. C) All hairs have the same growth cycle until mid-life. D) Carotene is the major pigment that colors hair shafts. E) Any hair loss signifies a medical condition, which should be checked by a doctor.
A
Which type of burn appears inflamed and feels tender but has no blisters? A) first-degree B) second-degree C) third-degree D) fourth-degree E) full-thickness
C
Why are injections administered in the hypodermis when administering drugs using a hypodermic needle? A) There is an abundance of capillaries in the hypodermis. B) The hypodermis is highly innervated. C) Since it is vascularized, the hypodermis can absorb a lot of fluid. D) Both elastic fibers and collagen fibers are present. E) The presence of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels help local tissues defend and repair themselves.
A
You fell on the concrete walkway and scraped your leg against the solid surface, which created a two-inch by three-inch area that is not bleeding. This would be called a(n) A) abrasion. B) laceration. C) puncture. D) incision. E) contusion.
D
You have been severely burned on the right arm in a house fire, but you are now recovering. The second- and third-degree burns have destroyed the epidermis and dermis of your arm. Predict the long-term consequences of this burn. A) death at an early age B) inability to control body temperature C) no skin at all will replace the burned area D) no growth of hair in the damaged skin area E) inability to use the arm in any way
D
Your 86-year-old grandfather and you have been out in the midday heat of summer (92 degrees F). Your grandfather becomes dizzy and thinks that he might faint. He also appears to be confused about what is going on. What conclusion can you draw from this scenario? A) He has had a stroke from lack of blood flow to the brain. B) His vitamin D3 deficiency has caused his blood calcium levels to drop to a dangerous low. C) He is having a heart attack. D) He has heat exhaustion, related to not being able to eliminate excess body heat. E) He has a bacterial infection related to a decrease in immune system function.
A
________ is a pigment found in vegetables that can make skin appear orange or yellow. A) Carotene B) Melanin C) Sebum D) Cerumen E) Cyanosis