Intro. CJ Chapter 5-6

Which of the following is not a category of ethical dilemma listed in the text?

Courage

A confidential informant is a police officer who has assumed a false identity in order to obtain information concerning illegal activities.

False

All police departments practice incident-driven policing, which means that response time is adapted based on the seriousness of the call.

False

Delegation of authority means that everybody reports directly to the chief.

False

During the reform era, law enforcement officers were encouraged to develop close, positive working relationships with members of the community.

False

Ethical dilemmas include bribery and mooching.

False

Intelligence-led policing is an effective tool for police agencies, but is very expensive to implement.

False

Mandatory arrest laws limit a police officer's discretion by requiring him or her to arrest a person who has committed larceny.

False

Most agencies require police officers to meet height and weight requirements,

False

The Internal Revenue Service has been transferred from the Department of the Treasury to the Department of Homeland Security.

False

The patronage system is associated with bringing technical and training advances to law enforcement

False

The primary purpose of private security is to investigate criminal offenses.

False

The most controversial responsibility of the police involves

...

A scenario in which a police officer attempts to coerce money from a criminal is?

A shakedown

The use of force by police officers occurs in about _____ percent of all police-public encounters.

1.6

The community era of policing began in ____________.

1968

Which of the following is NOT a reason for low levels of women serving as police officers?

A shortage of female applicants for policing positions

One morning in January 2012, thirteen-year-old Jaime Gonzalez walked into a first-period class at Cummings Middle School in Brownsville, Texas, and, for no apparent reason, punched another student in the face. As school administrators tried to calm an agitated Gonzalez in the hallway, their puzzlement turned to alarm—the eighth grader had a gun tucked into his pants. Within minutes, two local police officers had arrived on the scene. They shouted at Gonzalez to "Put the gun down! Put it on the floor!" Disregarding these orders, Gonzalez raised his weapon. The officers fired three times, killing the teenager. The officers' decisions were made in a split second, under stressful circumstances, and without the benefit of the evidence that came to light following the shooting. That is, the officers relied on their discretion. Once they arrived on the scene, the police officers exercised discretion in what manner?

All of these choices

The support the FBI provides to other law enforcement agencies comes in what form?

All of these choices

Today, an estimated __________ of local police departments require a degree from a two-year college

9%

Almost every one of the 3000 counties in the U.S. have a sheriff except those in

Alaska

Like the rest of American society, law enforcement has been swept up by the tide of social media. Over the past few years, most local police departments have taken advantage of Facebook and Twitter to improve their ability to communicate with the public. None have gone as far as the Seattle Police Department (SPD), however, and its new "Tweets-by-beat" initiative. Residents in fifty-one Seattle neighborhoods can now receive constant updates of nearby criminal activity directly from the police. Over the course of a single Sunday, for example, people living on Olive Way near downtown Seattle would have been notified of an "intoxicated person" on their street, along with two burglaries and several reports of "suspicious vehicles," accident investigations, and noise complaints. "More and more people want to know what's going on on their piece of the rock," says Seattle police chief John Diaz. Which statement may be the end result of law enforcement's use of technologies, such as radios, cameras, computers, and now social media?

All of these choices

The threat of terrorism has caused local law enforcement to alter their routines. Indeed, all police officers in the country are now expected to prepare for a terrorist attack in their communities, and counterterrorism has become part of the day-to-day law enforcement routine as the following illustrate: First, the unidentified male walking around the harbor in Newport Beach, California, took several photographs of the Orange County Sheriff's Department's fireboat and the Balboa Ferry with his cell phone camera. Then he made a phone call, walked to his car, and returned five minutes later to take more pictures. Next, he met another person, with whom he watched boat traffic. Finally, another adult with two children joined the pair, and the group boarded the ferry. A local law enforcement officer filed a report to be passed along to the federal government. The first 161,000 such reports resulted in only five arrests, none of which had to do with terrorism. "Ninety-nine percent don't pan out or lead to anything," said one Federal Bureau of Investigation special agent. Terrorism has meant local police now have a closer working relationship with which level of law enforcement?

All of these choices

The threat of terrorism has caused local law enforcement to alter their routines. Indeed, all police officers in the country are now expected to prepare for a terrorist attack in their communities, and counterterrorism has become part of the day-to-day law enforcement routine as the following illustrate: First, the unidentified male walking around the harbor in Newport Beach, California, took several photographs of the Orange County Sheriff's Department's fireboat and the Balboa Ferry with his cell phone camera. Then he made a phone call, walked to his car, and returned five minutes later to take more pictures. Next, he met another person, with whom he watched boat traffic. Finally, another adult with two children joined the pair, and the group boarded the ferry. A local law enforcement officer filed a report to be passed along to the federal government. The first 161,000 such reports resulted in only five arrests, none of which had to do with terrorism. "Ninety-nine percent don't pan out or lead to anything," said one Federal Bureau of Investigation special agent. Terrorism has meant local police now have a closer working relationship with which level of law enforcement?

Both federal and state

Enforcement of the federal gun control act of 1968 is the responsibility of the

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives

The Internal Revenue Service is organized under the

Department of Treasury

Which agency has the primary responsibility for protecting the U.S. against international and domestic terrorism?

FBI

The Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 created the first modern professional police force in what city?

London

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic requirements for a career as a police officer?

Meet height requirements

The police officer who have the greatest amount of discretion are

Patrol officers

Which of the following is not a traditional form of police corruption listed in the text?

Snitching

The Wickersham Commission is associated with which era of policing?

Reform

Which of the following agencies is a part of the Department of Homeland Security?

The U.S. Secret Service

The threat of terrorism has caused local law enforcement to alter their routines. Indeed, all police officers in the country are now expected to prepare for a terrorist attack in their communities, and counterterrorism has become part of the day-to-day law enforcement routine as the following illustrate: First, the unidentified male walking around the harbor in Newport Beach, California, took several photographs of the Orange County Sheriff's Department's fireboat and the Balboa Ferry with his cell phone camera. Then he made a phone call, walked to his car, and returned five minutes later to take more pictures. Next, he met another person, with whom he watched boat traffic. Finally, another adult with two children joined the pair, and the group boarded the ferry. A local law enforcement officer filed a report to be passed along to the federal government. The first 161,000 such reports resulted in only five arrests, none of which had to do with terrorism. "Ninety-nine percent don't pan out or lead to anything," said one Federal Bureau of Investigation special agent. If local police found the behavior described in the preface suspicious, they would then file a report called a

Suspicious Activity Report

In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court set the limits for the use of deadly force by law enforcement officers?

Tennessee VS Graham

Which is one of the investigative priorities of the Federal Bureau of Investigation?

Terrorism

Which of the following is not one of the three eras of American policing?

The Metropolitan Era

One morning in January 2012, thirteen-year-old Jaime Gonzalez walked into a first-period class at Cummings Middle School in Brownsville, Texas, and, for no apparent reason, punched another student in the face. As school administrators tried to calm an agitated Gonzalez in the hallway, their puzzlement turned to alarm—the eighth grader had a gun tucked into his pants. Within minutes, two local police officers had arrived on the scene. They shouted at Gonzalez to "Put the gun down! Put it on the floor!" Disregarding these orders, Gonzalez raised his weapon. The officers fired three times, killing the teenager. The officers' decisions were made in a split second, under stressful circumstances, and without the benefit of the evidence that came to light following the shooting. That is, the officers relied on their discretion. What specific action by the suspect led to the officers' decision to open fire?

The suspect raised the BB gun as if to fire

One morning in January 2012, thirteen-year-old Jaime Gonzalez walked into a first-period class at Cummings Middle School in Brownsville, Texas, and, for no apparent reason, punched another student in the face. As school administrators tried to calm an agitated Gonzalez in the hallway, their puzzlement turned to alarm—the eighth grader had a gun tucked into his pants. Within minutes, two local police officers had arrived on the scene. They shouted at Gonzalez to "Put the gun down! Put it on the floor!" Disregarding these orders, Gonzalez raised his weapon. The officers fired three times, killing the teenager. The officers' decisions were made in a split second, under stressful circumstances, and without the benefit of the evidence that came to light following the shooting. That is, the officers relied on their discretion. Why would the officers not think a language barrier may have played a role in their decision to open fire?

The suspect was an eighth grade student in the city's high school

The perception that women are not physically strong enough to be effective law enforcement officers prevails both in the public mind and within police forces themselves. Criminologist Susan Martin has found that policewomen are under "constant pressure to demonstrate their competence and effectiveness vis-à-vis their male counterparts." One female police officer describes her experience: I got a call. They send another male officer and then another male officer. The attitude is—get a guy. I'm there with the one male officer and when the other guy shows up, the first male officer says to the second, this is right in front of me—"I'm glad you came." Policewomen are under "constant pressure to demonstrate their competence and effectiveness" is an example of

added scrutiny

Which of the following is NOT one of Bittner's four basic responsibilities of the police?

To prosecute offenders.

Female police officers often face the problem of tokenism, or the belief that they have not earned their positions.

True

Of the three levels of law enforcement, municipal police have the broadest authority to apprehend suspects, maintain order, and provide services to the community.

True

Patrol officers, often the lowest-paid members of an agency with the least amount of authority, have the greatest amount of discretionary power

True

Reasonable force is defined as the degree of force that is appropriate to protect the police officer and other citizens and is not considered excessive.

True

The Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 had a significant influence on American policing.

True

The U.S. Marshals Service is the oldest federal law enforcement agency.

True

The purpose of patrol is the deterrence of crime by maintaining a visible police presence.

True

The majority of time a patrol officer spends at work is spent

on preventive patrol

The Wickersham Commission identified what problems of policing?

police brutality and corruption

One morning in January 2012, thirteen-year-old Jaime Gonzalez walked into a first-period class at Cummings Middle School in Brownsville, Texas, and, for no apparent reason, punched another student in the face. As school administrators tried to calm an agitated Gonzalez in the hallway, their puzzlement turned to alarm—the eighth grader had a gun tucked into his pants. Within minutes, two local police officers had arrived on the scene. They shouted at Gonzalez to "Put the gun down! Put it on the floor!" Disregarding these orders, Gonzalez raised his weapon. The officers fired three times, killing the teenager. The officers' decisions were made in a split second, under stressful circumstances, and without the benefit of the evidence that came to light following the shooting. That is, the officers relied on their discretion. On what grounds, according to the Supreme Court, can the use of deadly force be justified?

When the "reasonableness of the moment" makes the use of deadly force a reasonable action

Police brutality, corruption, and political spoils were the primary focus of the

Wickersham Commission

The perception that women are not physically strong enough to be effective law enforcement officers prevails both in the public mind and within police forces themselves. Criminologist Susan Martin has found that policewomen are under "constant pressure to demonstrate their competence and effectiveness vis-à-vis their male counterparts." One female police officer describes her experience: I got a call. They send another male officer and then another male officer. The attitude is—get a guy. I'm there with the one male officer and when the other guy shows up, the first male officer says to the second, this is right in front of me—"I'm glad you came." Which law allowed for greater opportunities for women to join police forces?

affirmative action

On February 17, 2012, a Moroccan immigrant named Amine El Khalifi was arrested near the U.S. Capitol Building in Washington, D.C. El Khalifi, who had bragged that he "would be happy killing thirty people," was carrying an automatic weapon and wearing a suicide vest packed with what he thought were explosives. However, El Khalifi's gun was inoperable, and his explosives were inert. Both had been provided by an FBI undercover agent acting as an al Qaeda operative. Indeed, El Khalifi had been under FBI surveillance for more than a year. The use of undercover police and preventative policing techniques are examples of

aggressive investigation strategy

The threat of terrorism has caused local law enforcement to alter their routines. Indeed, all police officers in the country are now expected to prepare for a terrorist attack in their communities, and counterterrorism has become part of the day-to-day law enforcement routine as the following illustrate: First, the unidentified male walking around the harbor in Newport Beach, California, took several photographs of the Orange County Sheriff's Department's fireboat and the Balboa Ferry with his cell phone camera. Then he made a phone call, walked to his car, and returned five minutes later to take more pictures. Next, he met another person, with whom he watched boat traffic. Finally, another adult with two children joined the pair, and the group boarded the ferry. A local law enforcement officer filed a report to be passed along to the federal government. The first 161,000 such reports resulted in only five arrests, none of which had to do with terrorism. "Ninety-nine percent don't pan out or lead to anything," said one Federal Bureau of Investigation special agent. Which might be an explanation for the behavior observed by the police officer in the preface?

all of these choices

Problems facing the private security industry include all of the following except

college training programs are overloaded where students face long waitlists

Like the rest of American society, law enforcement has been swept up by the tide of social media. Over the past few years, most local police departments have taken advantage of Facebook and Twitter to improve their ability to communicate with the public. None have gone as far as the Seattle Police Department (SPD), however, and its new "Tweets-by-beat" initiative. Residents in fifty-one Seattle neighborhoods can now receive constant updates of nearby criminal activity directly from the police. Over the course of a single Sunday, for example, people living on Olive Way near downtown Seattle would have been notified of an "intoxicated person" on their street, along with two burglaries and several reports of "suspicious vehicles," accident investigations, and noise complaints. "More and more people want to know what's going on on their piece of the rock," says Seattle police chief John Diaz. Given the description in the preface, into which era would this program best fit?

community

On February 17, 2012, a Moroccan immigrant named Amine El Khalifi was arrested near the U.S. Capitol Building in Washington, D.C. El Khalifi, who had bragged that he "would be happy killing thirty people," was carrying an automatic weapon and wearing a suicide vest packed with what he thought were explosives. However, El Khalifi's gun was inoperable, and his explosives were inert. Both had been provided by an FBI undercover agent acting as an al Qaeda operative. Indeed, El Khalifi had been under FBI surveillance for more than a year. If the police did not want to take the risk of exposing an officer to undercover work, they could have turned to a

confidential informant

Policing efforts in the first American cities were directed towards

controlling certain groups of people (such as slaves and Native Americans)

Which of the following is not an investigative responsibility of the FBI?

counterfeiting

In the public mind, the primary role of the police is to

enforce laws

On February 17, 2012, a Moroccan immigrant named Amine El Khalifi was arrested near the U.S. Capitol Building in Washington, D.C. El Khalifi, who had bragged that he "would be happy killing thirty people," was carrying an automatic weapon and wearing a suicide vest packed with what he thought were explosives. However, El Khalifi's gun was inoperable, and his explosives were inert. Both had been provided by an FBI undercover agent acting as an al Qaeda operative. Indeed, El Khalifi had been under FBI surveillance for more than a year. The use of undercover police and preventative policing techniques runs the legal risk of

entrapment

The Kansas City Experiment showed that decreasing preventive patrol

had little impact on crimes and overall effectiveness

According to the text, all of the following factors have been recognized for contributing to the rapid growth of the private security industry except

high profit margins for private security companies.

Which of the following is not a purpose of police patrol listed in the text?

improvement of public attitudes towards police

An policing approach that evaluates past crime patterns in order to predict future crime patterns is _____________________.

intelligence-led policing

Historically, state police agencies were created to do all of the listed except

investigate tax and welfare fraud.

The threat of terrorism has caused local law enforcement to alter their routines. Indeed, all police officers in the country are now expected to prepare for a terrorist attack in their communities, and counterterrorism has become part of the day-to-day law enforcement routine as the following illustrate: First, the unidentified male walking around the harbor in Newport Beach, California, took several photographs of the Orange County Sheriff's Department's fireboat and the Balboa Ferry with his cell phone camera. Then he made a phone call, walked to his car, and returned five minutes later to take more pictures. Next, he met another person, with whom he watched boat traffic. Finally, another adult with two children joined the pair, and the group boarded the ferry. A local law enforcement officer filed a report to be passed along to the federal government. The first 161,000 such reports resulted in only five arrests, none of which had to do with terrorism. "Ninety-nine percent don't pan out or lead to anything," said one Federal Bureau of Investigation special agent. As the preface indicates, the threat of terrorism has seen a shift in police priorities at the local level. Who might be a beneficiary of this shift?

local criminals because fewer local resources are now available

Criminologists Joycelyn M. Pollock and Ronald F. Becker define an ethical dilemma as a situation in which law enforcement officers: do not know the right course of action; have difficulty doing what they consider to be right; and/or find the wrong choice very tempting. In 2012, dozens of Baltimore police officers were implicated in a $1 million kickback scheme. For years, the officers had been diverting autos damaged in traffic accidents to the Majestic Body Shop in return for a payoff of several hundred dollars per car. Sometimes, the officers themselves would cause further damage to the cars to increase the portion of the insurance payout that went into their own pockets. Of Pollock and Becker's four categories of ethical dilemmas, what category was perverted by the officers involved to allow for the corruption in Baltimore to continue for so long

loyality

The police professionalism model emphasizes all of the following except

merit based compensation, or pay for performance

Criminologists Joycelyn M. Pollock and Ronald F. Becker define an ethical dilemma as a situation in which law enforcement officers: do not know the right course of action; have difficulty doing what they consider to be right; and/or find the wrong choice very tempting. In 2012, dozens of Baltimore police officers were implicated in a $1 million kickback scheme. For years, the officers had been diverting autos damaged in traffic accidents to the Majestic Body Shop in return for a payoff of several hundred dollars per car. Sometimes, the officers themselves would cause further damage to the cars to increase the portion of the insurance payout that went into their own pockets. The Baltimore case best illustrates what concept?

police corruption

The suspicion that citizens are weak, corrupt, and dangerous is called

police cynisim

On February 17, 2012, a Moroccan immigrant named Amine El Khalifi was arrested near the U.S. Capitol Building in Washington, D.C. El Khalifi, who had bragged that he "would be happy killing thirty people," was carrying an automatic weapon and wearing a suicide vest packed with what he thought were explosives. However, El Khalifi's gun was inoperable, and his explosives were inert. Both had been provided by an FBI undercover agent acting as an al Qaeda operative. Indeed, El Khalifi had been under FBI surveillance for more than a year. The arrest of El Khalifi is an example of

preventative policing

If social media worked the other way, with citizens able to use it to alert the police of developing concerns, then which police responsibility would be most hampered?

provide services

Broken windows theory suggests that to decrease crime, law enforcement agencies should crack down on

quality of life crimes

Arrests made by police officers that occur when officers respond to calls for service are best described as

reactive

Female police officers often face the problem of _________ on the job

sexual harassment

The perception that women are not physically strong enough to be effective law enforcement officers prevails both in the public mind and within police forces themselves. Criminologist Susan Martin has found that policewomen are under "constant pressure to demonstrate their competence and effectiveness vis-à-vis their male counterparts." One female police officer describes her experience: I got a call. They send another male officer and then another male officer. The attitude is—get a guy. I'm there with the one male officer and when the other guy shows up, the first male officer says to the second, this is right in front of me—"I'm glad you came." The statement, "I'm glad you came," would be an example of

sexual stereotyping

The process through which a police officer is taught the values and expected behavior of the police subculture is called

socialization

According to the text, delegation of authority is a critical component of

the chain of command

The primary factor that an officer should consider when determining how to use discretion is ____________________.

the nature of the criminal act

One morning in January 2012, thirteen-year-old Jaime Gonzalez walked into a first-period class at Cummings Middle School in Brownsville, Texas, and, for no apparent reason, punched another student in the face. As school administrators tried to calm an agitated Gonzalez in the hallway, their puzzlement turned to alarm—the eighth grader had a gun tucked into his pants. Within minutes, two local police officers had arrived on the scene. They shouted at Gonzalez to "Put the gun down! Put it on the floor!" Disregarding these orders, Gonzalez raised his weapon. The officers fired three times, killing the teenager. The officers' decisions were made in a split second, under stressful circumstances, and without the benefit of the evidence that came to light following the shooting. That is, the officers relied on their discretion. What information, on which the two police officers involved in this incident based their discretionary decisions, did the officers likely have?

the officers were told the suspect was armed

The perception that women are not physically strong enough to be effective law enforcement officers prevails both in the public mind and within police forces themselves. Criminologist Susan Martin has found that policewomen are under "constant pressure to demonstrate their competence and effectiveness vis-à-vis their male counterparts." One female police officer describes her experience: I got a call. They send another male officer and then another male officer. The attitude is—get a guy. I'm there with the one male officer and when the other guy shows up, the first male officer says to the second, this is right in front of me—"I'm glad you came." The presence of the female officer but the reluctance to use her in the same way as the male officers could be evidence of

tokenism

Paperwork takes up nearly _____ percent of a patrol officer's time

twenty