intro-PSY Final

Statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research.

A hypothesis is a:

analytical intelligence

A lawyer most likely has ________.

correlation coefficient

A(n) __________ expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables.

from roadblocks placed in the path of self-actualization

According to Carl Rogers, psychological problems arise ________.

emotions

According to James and Lange, which of these are the cognitive representations of automatic psychological and behavioral responses?

False

According to Weber's Law, the absolute threshold for all senses is the same for everyone.

men and women have similar biological responses to sexual stimulation

According to William Masters and Virginia Johnson ____________.

retrieval cue failure

After telling the police officer everything she could recall about when she went into the bank, Lucas got to the point that he no longer could recall any more information. At that point, Lucas was most likely experiencing ____________.

norepinephrine

Antidepressant medication tends to increase the concentration of which neurotransmitter in the brain?

successive approximations

At first, the youth basketball team looked pretty chaotic. It seemed like the kids were just kind of running all over the place. However, as the practices continued, you could see that the kids were slowly looking more and more like a basketball team. This slow, gradual approach towards a target behavior is called what?

infinite creativity

Ava, a four-year-old girl, combines words to form her own sentences. In this scenario, Ava is demonstrating _______________.

pre-conventional

Azura decided not to cheat on the exam because she was afraid of the consequences. This is characteristic of which stage of moral reasoning?

Babinski reflex

Baby Hoshi's dad could not stop laughing because every time he touched the soles of his feet his toes would fan out. In this scenario, the baby exhibited the __________.

having dyslexia

Being left-handed appears to provide a somewhat greater-than-average probability of _______________.

Her improvement gives them hope.

Branimira has been sober for 14 years. When she shares her story in her group therapy session, what advantage of group therapy benefits the other members?

memory storage systems of humans are indexed according to both visual and audio cues.

Brown and McNeill's experiment on the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon revealed that:

a conditioned response

Chicken salad sandwiches have always been a favorite of Michonne's. Her mom made her one for dinner but was unaware the Mayonnaise had sat out on the table for too long and had spoiled. Michonne got very sick after eating that sandwich. Now whenever she goes into the grocery store and sees chicken salad in the delicatessen, she feels sick to her stomach. The sick feeling she gets when seeing chicken salad is _________.

vivid

Dreams experienced during REM tend to be

extrinsic rewards

Eli is a school student. Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to impress her teacher and parents by getting into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to be met through ____________.

fixed-ratio schedule

Elijah is a web-content writer. He got paid $100 for every five articles he publishes. In this scenario, on which schedule of reinforcement is Elijah's payment based?

the female athlete triad

Emma, a college gymnast, has been struggling with several injuries in recent years. She has had several fractures and broken bones. Because gymnastics often emphasize thins, Emma might be suffering from _________.

trust versus mistrust

Erikson labeled the first stage of psychosocial development in his theory of personality development as the stage of _______________.

recall

Essay test are examples of ____________.

irrational beliefs

Ever since Michelle failed her biology test, she thinks that she will never be able to find a job when she eventually graduates. She feels that she will end up homeless. This situation best demonstrates _______________.

implicit memory

How to preform different skills and actions is a component of _____________.

stimulating the output of endorphins

Humor helps people cope with stress by ________________.

Babbling is prelinguistic.

Identify a true statement about prelinguistic vocalizations.

extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness

Identify the factors that make up the Big Five factor model.

prototype

If college courses would be considered a mental category, then PSY 201 C could be considered a/n ___________.

"You cannot stop, the experiment must continue."

In Stanley Milgram's study, whenever some of the "teachers" would hesitate his research assistants would say one of the following, except for:

hyperphagia

In a sudden accident, Stan's hypothalamus is damaged, causing him to eat excessively, a condition know as ________.

projective test

In his clinical practice, Dr. Lee believes that the draw-a-person test (DAP) is an excellent way to discover some of his patients' mental health issues. The DAP requires you to draw a person, for instance, your mother or significant other. This type of test would be considered a(n) ______________.

aversive conditioning

In order for Tonya to stop smoking, her therapist laced her cigarettes with incense that smelled horrifically. What is the name of the technique that Tonya's therapist is using?

categorization

In order to better remember the information from his psychology text, Sheldon groups concepts into various categories and then studies those categories one at a time. Sheldon is using what type of memory strategy?

It is the most commonly used social decision scheme.

In the context of group decision making, which of the following is true of the majority-wins scheme?

the body to burn fewer calories

In the context of hunger, adaptive thermogenesis causes which of the following effects when someone goes on a diet?

The drop in blood sugar is communicated to the hypothalamus.

In the context of hunger, which of the following statements is true of the blood sugar level?

infants do not make reliable use of language to symbolize or classify events.

In the context of memory and forgetting, one of the cognitive explanations for infantile amnesia states that:

reinforcement

In the context of operant conditioning, when you keep posting comments in social media to receive more "likes," this is an example of _________.

hierarchy

In the context of organization in long-term memory, a(n) ___________ is an arrangement of items into groups or classes according to common or distinct features.

People with Wernicke's aphasia usually speak freely and with proper syntax.

In the context of the brain's language functions, identify the correct statement.

spend time with people who share your attitudes

In the current political climate, there has been an increase in ethnic prejudices. Because you study psychology, your friend approaches you with his ideas to combat it. Which of the following ideas would be ineffective?

dissociative identity disorder.

Jane has episodes where she cannot remember what she did or where she was. She has found clothes in her closet that do not belong to her. When she goes to see the doctor, she introduces herself as Suzy. Jane is most likely to be diagnosed with:

primacy effect

Keshia takes care to look smart and attractive for her job interview. She knows that her interviewers will evaluate her based on the first impression she creates. In this scenario, the impression created by Keshia is an example of the__________.

His heart and respiration rates slow down and his muscles become fatigued.

Kevin is in the exhaustion stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

approach-avoidance

Latisa wanted to take the job because of the good pay but did not like the idea of the long hours. This is an example of ____________ conflict.

personal fable

Mariana, a 14-year-old girl, is dating a 19-year-old boy. Her parents disapprove of this and forbid her from meeting the boy. Mariana fights with her parents because she believes that she loves him. She also believes that she is unique and is destined to get married to the love of her life at an early age. This scenario best represents the concept of the ______________.

conscientiousness

Misu attains high grades in her college courses and is always very organized with her materials and time. Using the Big Five Model of personality, on which trait would Misu likely score high?

systematic desensitization

Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer and closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?

The song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"

Paula was out on a date with her boyfriend. The song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" by The Beatles came on and Paula and her boyfriend shared their first kiss which she enjoyed very much. Now whenever she hears this specific song, she feels happy and excited. In this instance, what is the conditioned stimulus?

The food is the unconditioned stimulus; Kofi salivating is the unconditioned response.

Prior to conditioning, Kofi salivates in response to lasagna being place in his mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, which is the correct labeling of stimuli and responses in this situation?

unconditioned stimulus

Professor Schwiesow has four students in her class unexpectedly pop ballots resulting in a startle response in most students. In this situation the sound go the popping balloon would be considered a/an _____________.

school psychologist

Professor Schwiesow is trained as which of the following?

mouth and digestive tract

Satiety signals are sent from which two parts of the body?

drive

Sexual desires fall into which category?

self-actualization

Simone has been unbeaten in her sport for years. What motivates her to continue innovating with new moves?

Heart disease, cancer, anxiety, and depression.

Stress predicts psychological health problems. Which of the following has it been found to predict?

determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _____________.

optic nerve

The _____________ conducts sensory input to the brain, where it is relayed to the visual are of the occipital lobe.

sympathetic nervous system

The ______________ activities the adrenal medulla, causing it to release a mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline during the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

is insensitive to visual stimulation

The blind spot _________.

pervasive worrying about numerous stressors

The core generalized anxiety disorder appears to be ___________.

the person's mood at the time a memory is encoded and retrieved.

The critical factor in state-dependent retrieval is the influence of:

iconic

The flow of visual information seems smooth and continuous because of _________ memory, which can hold visual stimuli for up to a second.

decibles (dB)

The loudness of a sound is expressed in ___________.

zone of proximal development

The situation in which a child carries out tasks with the help of someone who is more skilled, frequently an adult who represents the culture in which the child develops, is called ______________.

self-serving bias

The strong tendency to view one's successes as stemming from internal factors and one's failures as stemming from external factors is called the __________.

Mirror neurons

These neurons help explain why behaviors like yawning and laughter seem to be "contagious"

polygenic

Traits such as sociability and aggressiveness are thought to be ____________.

cones

Visual acuity is highest when images are focused on the fovea because of the high concentration of _______ in the region.

subliminal stimulation

Visual stimuli can be flashed too briefly, below our absolute threshold for conscious perception, to enable us to process them. This is an example of __________.

physical and sexual abuse during childhood

What is often suggested as the root cause for the development of dissociative disorders?

They generally have less grey matter

What is one difference, noted via MRI scans, that can be seen in the brains of people with schizophrenia?

Tolerance

What is the term for the habituation to a drug that includes the need for increasingly higher doses of the drug to achieve similar effects?

100 percent

What percentage of genes are shared by monozygotic twins?

elaboration

When Angelica studies for her college classes, she actively thinks about the new information, thinks about its applications, and tries to generate her own examples based on experiences. This could be an example of which concept of memory?

evaluation apprehension

When Shaina is about to begin her speech in class, she notices that a few of her classmates are whispering among themselves. She becomes nervous that she might be boring to her audience and gets distracted. In this scenario, the presence of the classmates is not likely to facilitate her performance due to _________.

holophrases

When a child utters the word "mama," it may signify meanings as varied as "There goes Mama," "Come here, Mama" and "You are my Mama." Such single words used by children to express complex meanings are know as __________.

placebos

When a patient insists on having a medical cure but a physician does no believe that medicine is necessary, the physician may prescribe sugar pills. Such fake pills are called _________.

the M'Naghten Rule

When an individual is put on trial, what has to be used to determine if an insanity plea can be made?

free association

When compared to hypnosis, Sigmund Freud found which of these to be a more gradual method of breaking through the walls of defense that block a client's insight into unconscious processes?

beta wave

When you are taking a test, you are awake and alert. This means that your brain is currently generating ________.

behaviorist

When you are training a pet, you are most likely relying on which of the following psychological perspectives?

epinephrine

Which chemical messenger intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety?

There must be no alternative, and the benefits justify the harm.

Which condition(s) must be met before an ethics committee will approve an experiment that harms animals?

autonomic nervous system

Which division of the peripheral nervous system regulates glands and activities such as heartbeat and respiration?

Melatonin

Which hormone promotes sleep?

medulla

Which is the oblong area of the hindbrain involved in regulation of heartbeat, blood pressure, movement, and respiration?

practical intelligence

Which of Sternberg's types of intelligence could be referred to as "street smarts"?

Many life changes are positive and occur less frequently.

Which of the following are some of the differences between life changes and daily hassles?

The presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair.

Which of the following causes Down syndrome?

testosterone

Which of the following hormones can heighten the sex drive in women?

establishment of close relationships

Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's intimacy versus isolation stage?

The far-reaching effects of childhood events on personality.

Which of the following is a focus of the psychodynamic theory?

Group members who are overly shy do better in these settings.

Which of the following is an advantage of group therapy?

surprise

Which of the following is one of Ekman's (1980) universal emotions?

The exhaustion stages

Which of the following is one of Selye's three stages in the general adaptation syndrome?

The theory says that emotions occur independently from the environment.

Which of the following is one of the most common concerns about the Cannon-Bard theory?

Explain the real-life consequences of violence.

Which of the following is something that parents and educators can do to tone down the impact media violence is having on children?

prefrontal lobotomy

Which of the following is the best-known form of psychosurgery that is used with people with severe psychological disorders?

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

plateau phase

Which of the following is the second phase of the sexual response cycle?

excitment, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Which of the following is the sequence of phases for the sexual response cycle?

They are more likely to conform to group judgments.

Which of the following is true of collectivists?

Psychological needs differ markedly from on person to another.

Which of the following is true of psychological needs?

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Which of the following pituitary hormones regulates the adrenal cortex?

medulla

Which of the following plays a significant role in sleeping, sneezing, and coughing?

genotype

Which of the following represents your full genetic potential?

Vision

Which of the following senses is dominant in human beings?

Punishment is not another term for negative reinforcement.

Which of the following statements about punishment is TRUE?

It is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive."

Which of the following statements is true about long-term memory?

Electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many lower animals.

Which of the following statements is true of aggression?

It is designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems.

Which of the following statements is true of applied research?

Both goals involved in these conflicts are attainable.

Which of the following statements is true of approach-approach conflicts?

Agreement and praise are more effective ways to encourage others to embrace one's views.

Which of the following statements is true of changing attitudes through persuasion?

"Loose" neurotransmitters are either broken down or reabsorbed by the axon terminal.

Which of the following statements is true of neurotransmitters?

Children bring neurological prewiring to language learning.

Which of the following statements is true of the nativist theory of language development?

Psychologist are guided by principles of critical thinking as they try to draw conclusions from research evidence collected through the scientific method.

Which of the following statements is true of the scientific method?

a visual illusion

Which of the following terms denotes a trick of perceptual constancies on the eye?

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

Which of the following test is an example of an objective personality test?

hypothalamus

Which of the following, along with receptors in our liver, helps regulate our hunger?

intelligence

Which of these is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and lear from experience?

Wechsler scale

Which one of these assessments groups test questions into a number of separate subtests where each subtest measures a different intellectual task?

validity

Which term refers to the degree to which a test measure what it is supposed to measure?

Role theory

Which theory explains hypnotic events in terms of an individual's ability to act as though they are hypnotized?

Activation-synthesis model

Which theory related to dreams states the acetylcholine and the pons stimulate responses that lead to dreaming?

Alpha waves

Which type of brain waves are described as rapid, low-amplitude brain waves and have been linked to feelings of relaxation?

Roanne, who sees change as an opportunity to grow

Who among the following exhibits a characteristic of psychological hardiness?

Phiippe Pinel

Who led humanitarian reforms in France to unchain patients in mental hospitals?

All colors except either red or green

Your friend Adelina tells you that she is red-green color blind. This means that she sees things in _______.

critical thinking

_________ is defined as a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence

Social-cognitive theorists

__________ believe that we are not likely to act aggressively unless we believe that aggression is appropriate under the circumstances and likely to be reinforced.

Intimacy

__________ involves championing the interests of the loved one, even if it entails sacrificing one's own.

Fear appeal

__________ is a type of persuasive communication that influences behavior on the basis of arousing anxiety and concern instead of rational analysis of the issues.

Objective

__________ tests are tests shoes items must be answered in a specified, limited manner and have concrete answers

Dissociative amnesia

____________ is the loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma.

Self-efficacy

_____________ refers to out ability to bring about desired changes through our own efforts.

Conflict

______________ is the feeling of being pulled in two or more directions by opposing motives.

Eustress

______________ stress is considered healthful.

Altruism

__________is an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.

creativity

the ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems is also know as ____________.

Continuous reinforcement

A dog chews on its toy and with each bite, the toy squeaks. If the squeaking sound is the reinforcer, the dog's response in biting the toy is reinforced with which type of schedule?

heuristic

A mental shortcut, or rule of thumb, for solving problems is called a(n) ______________.

object permanence

A mother is playing with her eight-month-old son. She places a toy in front of her son and then takes it away. She notices that her son starts searching for the toy. Which aspect of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development is depicted in the scenario?

negatively reinforced

A parent buys their child a toy in order to stop the temper tantrum they are throwing. Next time they go to the store, the child throws another tantrum and the parent buys them another toy so they stop throwing a fit. The parent's behavior go buying the child a toy has been ____________.

trichromat

A person with normal color vision is labeled a __________.

animism

A preschool teacher accidentally steps on a pencil that is laying on the classroom floor and it breaks in half. A student gasps and says, "That poor pencil! I bet that hurt him." The student is displaying which of Piaget's concepts?

accommodation

A two-year-old child's family has a pet rabbit. When the family visits the zoo, the child sees a hamster for the first time and calls it a rabbit because of the physical features that are common to a rabbit and a hamster. According to Piaget, which cognitive process will most likely modify the child's understanding?

obsessive-compulsive disorder

A woman has difficulty concentrating on her job because she keeps worrying about things like leaving the door unlocked or the tap turned on. She feels that her house might be robbed or damaged any day because of her carelessness. According to this scenario, she is most likely suffering from __________.

situational or environmental influences

According to behaviorists, personality is formed by ______________.

5%

According to research on lying by Ekma, what percentage of individuals are able to successfully hide their emotions?

The participants are debriefed afterward.

According to the American Psychological Association's Handbook of Ethics in Psychology, which of the following criteria. use be met for psychologists to use deception in their experiments?

unconscious

According to the psychoanalytic perspective, which part of the mind contains primitive instincts such as sex and aggression?

observation of other people acting aggressively

According to the social-cognitive perspective, aggressive skills are mainly acquired by ___________.

cognitive appraisal theory

According to this theory, events and arousal are appraised by the individual. The emotional response stems from the person's appraisal of the situation and his or her level of arousal.

photographic

According to your text, if you have adequate sight you also have what kind of memory?

Sensory (positive) adaptation

After moving to Nebraska, Bobbi did not notice any distracting sounds. As time passes she becomes more and more aware of the cicadas in her back yard. What is this an example of?

bisexual

Alex is romantically and sexually attracted to both males and females. They are most likely to be labeled __________.

behaviorism

Ali believes that unconscious mental processes, even if they do exist, cannot be studied scientifically. Which approach does Ali follow?

hippocampus

Alicia was recently in a car accident. Since then, she cannot retain memories of events that occurred after the accident. However, she can recall events that took place before the accident. She recognized her family and friends and important dates, such as her birthday and her marriage anniversary, but has to be constantly reintroduced to the new people in her life. Alicia has most likely sustained damage to her _______________.

the serial-position effect

Although Crystal had practiced her presentation several times before class, she struggled in the middle part of the speech when she gave it in class. This pattern of forgetting illustrates __________.

the age of instability

Amaan is 21-years-old. He finished his undergraduate studies and found a job. After a few months, he quit and joined another firm with a different job description. In the same year, he switched apartments more than once, with minimal furniture. Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is best depicted in the scenario?

goal attainment

Amanda has long dreams of becoming a mother. She tracks her menstrual cycle and tries to have sex with her husband at the most opportune times. What type of factor is Amanda's motivation for sex based on?

the concept of the imaginary audience

Anaya is a teenager who has just started wearing braces. She hates going to school now because she thinks that everyone is looking at her and laughing. She believes that she must look her best at all times. Which of the following concepts of Piaget's adolescent egocentrism is depicted in this scenario?

cognitive dissonance theory

Aria works at a marketing research firm. Whenever she processes information, she disregards information that does not fit in with her ideas to eliminate discrepancies. This behavior is consistent with ____________.

lens

As we age and reach our late 30's to mid-40's, what structure in our eyes tends to have difficulty accommodating?

Maslow's concept of self-actualization

Asa is the lead programmer of a major tech software company. She has risen through the ranks and has been working there for 15 years. One day coworkers notice she has packed up her office and has announced she has joined the Peace Corps because she feels she has more growth to do as an individual. Her actions are consistent with

the effects of social conformity.

Asch's study using line judgments was able to demonstrate __________.

Flooding

Asha has a fear of darkness. To extinguish this fear, she is placed in a dark room ensuring that she suffers no harm in the process. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to reduce Asha's fear of the dark?

variable-ratio schedule

Ashton works as a server at a local restaurant and he knows that the more tables that he waits on, the better the likelihood of more tips. This schedule is a __________.

Prospective memory

Because of her poor health, your Aunt B had to take a lot of medication. She usually does a good job remembering to take it but sometimes forgets to do so. This forgetting is a failure of what type of memory?

They exhibit behaviors that are self-defeating.

Behaviors or mental processes are suggestive of psychological disorders when they include combinations of certain criteria. Which of the following is one of the criteria?

both positive and negative symptoms

Bettina has schizophrenia and exhibits symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotional expression, and social withdrawal. Bettina exhibits __________.

unconditioned positive regard

Bobbie spilled water accidentally on her father's computer, but contrary to Bobbie's expectations, they did not get grounded. Their father acknowledged that it was a mistake and assured Bobbie that he still loved her, despite the unfortunate incident. Bobbie's father response is an example of _________.

afferent neurons

Bobby was standing in line to purchase a movie ticket. All of a sudden, the man in front of him took a few steps back and stepped on Bobby's foot. Bobby immediately felt pain in his foot. This sensation was transmitted to the spinal cord and the brain through __________.

secure

Cassietta has parents that are very affectionate and reliable. When she cries, her parents are attentive and come to her air. It is likely that Cassietta has what type of attachment to her parents?

forced-choice format

Celia is taking an interest inventory. One of the questions asks her to select her preferred activity from among traveling, reading books, and cooking. The question does not give her a "none of the above" option. What is the format of the interest inventory called?

humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal

Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory states that ___________.

retrospective

Clive Wearing could remember how to play the piano, but couldn't remember his birthday party that occurred last year. His inability to remember events from the past is an example of deficits in which type of memory?

True

Cochlear implants contain microphones that sense sounds and electronic equipment that transmits sounds past damaged hair cells to stimulate the auditory nerve.

warehousing

Colby was a person with bipolar disorder in 1500 AD. When he was sent to an asylum inside a monastery, what kind of care could he expect?

acquired

Dan is unhappy until his tweets get at least 100 likes. His desire for this kind of validation is what kind of drive?

daily hassles

David was experiencing a lot of stress because he was experienced some pain in his right foot, the weather was poor, and he owed money to a friend. These types of stress are considered _________________.

model

Deliah's older sister is swinging. She watches how her older sister pumps her legs forward then back while swinging. Deliah gets on the swing next to her and starts to copy her sister's behavior. In this example, the older sister is the ____________.

delusions

Delmar believes that he has been sent to earth to save mankind. He believes that women are evil and that any male who speaks to a female is doomed to be a slave. He often tells people of his grand plan to save males from the influence of females. Nothing one says or does can convince him that his ideas are absurd. Delmar's behavior best exemplifies _________.

double-blind

Derris is a research assistant in Dr. Smith's psychology lab. When the participant asked him what the conditions of the study were, Derris replied, "I do not know." This is an example of a _________ study.

token economy

Derris's mom used to give him gold stars on their refrigerator whenever he would help out around the house. If Derris earned enough gold stars, then he could have some ice cream after dinner. This type of reward system is called a ________.

Our sense of smell declines in late adulthood.

Diego, is 75-years-old and his grandchildren have noticed that he uses a lot of salt and pepper on his dinners lately. What is a likely explanation for this?

analogy

Dr. Jackson is often found in class using phrases like, "it is similar to..." and "kind of like..." Making connections between similar things is an example of a(n) _________.

adverse childhood experiences

Dr. Nadine Burke Harris and her colleagues have studied how childhood stressors can lead to physical and psychological problems well into adulthood. The stressors are know as

habituation

Due to repeated exposure to media violence, viewers' sensitivity to violence may decrease. This is called ___________.

direct inner awareness

During a guided meditation session, Rachel was asked to picture a green valley under a clear blue sky. She was asked to "feel" the wind against her face and "hear" the birds chirping around her. Although none of these stimuli were actually present, Rachel was conscious of them. This scenario illustrates an aspect of consciousness called __________.

cortisol

During a severe panic attack, the amount of this specific stress hormone found in saliva will increase.

receptor site

Each kind of neurotransmitter has a unique chemical structure, and each can fit into a specifically tailored harbor, also known as a _____________.

information that can be clearly stated:

Explicit memory is:

sensorineural deafness

Exposure to very loud sounds can lead to damage of the auditory nerve or hair cells, resulting in __________.

introversion-extraversion

Eysenck focused on the relationship between two personality traits: emotional stability-instability and _____________.

major depressive disorder

Fila has a poor appetite and has lost a severe amount of weight in the past few months. She is unable to concentrate or make decisions. She no longer wants to live and wishes to die. Psychologists are most likely to diagnose Fila with __________.

primary reinforcers

Food and water are examples of __________.

iceberg

Freud claimed only very limited part of our mind operates at the level of awareness while the rest seems to be in our unconscious. He compared these levels of awareness to a(n) _________________.

Barbiturates

Gael suffer from epilepsy. Which type of drug would most likely be prescribed to treat this?

hippocampus

If the _________ is damaged, a person has difficulty forming new memories.

cocktail party effect

If you are in a room full of people conversing but can still pick out the speech of a single person, you are experiencing which phenomenon?

internal

If you have a(n) ____________ locus of control you tend to believe that you can influence when you receive reinforcers.

vestibular

If you were having trouble with balance, it would most likely be a problem with your __________ system.

Commitment

In addition to his normal duties, a professor actively participates in the extra-curricular activities of the college where he teaches. According to Suzanne Kobasa, which of the following characteristics of psychological hardiness does the professor exhibit?

spontaneous recovery of extinguished conditioned responses can occur.

In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because:

empathy

In client-centered therapy, which of these refers to the recognition of a client's experiences and feelings?

social roles and obligations

In collectivist cultures that stress interdependence, such as Asian cultures, people are more likely to attribute another person's behavior to that person's __________.

both heredity and environment are important in determining intelligence

In relation to the question of what determines intelligence, most psychologists agree that __________.

the superego

In the classic story of Pinocchio, Jiminy Cricket acts as Pinocchio's conscience. He helps tell him what he should and shouldn't do, guiding him in positive moral decisions. What part of the Freudian psyche does Jiminy Cricket represent?

Most infants engage in these activities in the same sequence.

In the context of motor development of children, which of the following statements is true of activities like rolling over, sitting up, crawling, creeping, walking, and running?

They are developed through experience.

In the context of the drive-reduction theory, which of the following is true of acquired drives?

Short-term stress can enhance the functioning of the immune system.

In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, which of the following statements is true?

pupil

In the context of the human eye (as well as little kittens), the size of the ________ is sensitive emotions.

make huge contributions to charity

In the manic phase of bipolar disorder, a person may ____________.

divergent thinking

In which of these strategies does the problem solver associate freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course?

Complex sentences to encourage language development.

Infant-centered speech is characterized by all EXCEPT which of the following?

Sleep deprivation

It is not uncommon for students to stay awake all night to prepare for an exam. If students do this for more than one consecutive night, they may have trouble learning and remembering information. What are they suffering from?

a circadian rhythm

It seems like every day you experience a decrease in your mental alertness around 2 or 3 o'clock each afternoon. This daily occurrence in your mental alertness is an example of:

forensic psychologist

Jane is a practicing psychologist who assesses the mental status of people charged with crimes and shares her findings with the courts. Jane is most likely a(n) __________.

client-centered therapy

Jason meets a psychotherapist for the first time. During their session, the therapist tells him that she believes that humans have a natural tendency toward health and growth and that they are free to make choices and control their destinies. She also tells him that therapy is intended to help people get in touch with their genuine feelings. In this case, Jason's therapist is using ________.

facial-feedback hypothesis

Jerrion was working in his apartment on a very difficult project for work. He decided to take a break and walk outside. It was a bright sunny day and he was squinting a lot because of the light. Upon getting back inside to work on the project he felt more excited about it. This behavior is consistent with the ___________.

sandwich generation

Jiro is 54-years-old and is at a point in his life where he is trying to help take care of his aging parents while also assisting his own children. Jiro is part of the ________________.

selective attention

Jonah is reading a book in a crowded bus. Some boys sitting near him are talking and laughing loudly. Jonah focuses on reading his book and ignores the noise around him. This scenario illustrates an aspect of consciousness called ___________.

transgender

Jordan does not identify with the sex they were assigned at birth. Which term would be used for Jordan in this case?

the survey method

Julie's research work requires her to interview a sample of 200 people within two months. She needs to gather data about the sample group's attitude toward certain situations through a questionnaire, but she has limited time to gather the information. Which of the following methods should Julie use to gather the required information?

specific phobia

Kalb is suffering from kidney dysfunction. Kalb's doctor advises him to start taking injections instead of tablets as that would be more effective and would cure him sooner. However, Kalb fears hypodermic needles and refuses to be injected. In this scenario, Kalb seems to have ____________.

Albert Ellis

Kalevi pushes his clients to notice and deal with their irrational beliefs, for example by asking them why they believe that everyone must love them. Whose method has Kaevi most closely replicated?

posttraumatic stress disorder

Kata and her family were involved in a road accident. Kata was the only survivor. Her son and husband were declared dead. When Kata returned home, she started having dreams about people dying in tragic accidents. These nightmares left Kata with a rapid heart rate and feelings of anxiety and helplessness. Kata is most likely suffering from ________.

somnambulism

Kira, an eight-year old girl, sometimes walks in her sleep. She also responds to questions while she is up and about. However, when she wakes up in the morning, she does not remember the incident. In the context of sleep disorders, Kira is exhibiting symptoms of ____________.

Implicit memory

Knowing how to play a piano without much conscious effort illustrates ___________ memory.

crystallized intelligence

Kyra, a history major, like to talk to her grandfather often. She calls him her human dictionary because he knows the meaning of almost every word she asks him about. She is also surprised at how well versed he is in domestic and international current affairs and how easily he can talk about historical events. In this scenario, Kyra's grandfather is best displaying ____________.

split-brain

Labib has been having severe epileptic seizures since a very young age. His seizures have become less frequent since he underwent an operation. However, he has problems expressing what he feels. When he feels happy, his facial expressions often show anger. Labib has most likely undergone a(n) _____________ operation.

functional fixedness

Leila's young son has accidentally locked himself in his room. Leila is trying to figure out how to unlock the door. Unfortunately, she doesn't realize that her butter knife could be used to unlock the door. This illustrates __________.

biological

Lesedi is a person with generalized anxiety disorder. Her therapist prescribes her valium to reduce the severity of her symptoms. Which approach has her therapist taken?

cognitive scaffolding

Masha, a 13-year-old girl, is poor at math. Ms. Kobes, Masha's math teacher, shares with Masha a list of Math tips and tricks that she can use to become more proficient in the subject. In the context of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, Ms. Kobes is using what concept help the child?

overregularization

Max's three-year old typically says things like, "I seed it" and "Mommy sitter down." These examples illustrate ____________.

Sleep apnea

Mihail suffers from a sleep disturbance that repeatedly wakes him up during the night. He frequently stops sleeping for up to 60 seconds at a time, half wakes up, starts breathing again and then returns to sleep. What would be the best diagnosis in this case?

generalization

Mina taught her dog to jump every time she raises her right hand. Later, the dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. In this scenario, the dog's action of jumping as a response to a similar stimulus is due to a tendency called ___________.

safety needs

Nadine works for an accounting firm. She makes enough money for herself and has bought a house with a top-notch security system. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Nadine has fulfilled her _____________.

She will prefer her mother's voice.

Nafeeza is only a few weeks old. Her mother and father are both talking to her trying to get a reaction. Whose voice is it likely that Nafeeza will prefer?

sympathetic nervous system

Narek is driving home from school when an aggressive drive cuts him off and offers him an obscene gesture. What system makes Narek's heart race?

dopamine

Nicotine, alcohol, and many other drugs are pleasurable because they heighten levels of ____________.

cognitive

On a(n) __________ level, prejudice is linked to expectations that members of the target group will behave poorly, say, in the workplace, or engage in criminal behavior or terrorism.

naturalistic observation

On his first day as a school psychologist Daniel took a trip to the school ground and quietly sat in the corner watching the children okay. He noticed several patterns in the way children behaved with each other, especially when they were playing games. Daniel is most likely using the method of _________.

intrinsic goal

Ophelia is in high school. She enjoys studying and does well in school. Her parents encouraged her to think and act independently. Whenever she does well in an exam, she feels a sense of self-satisfaction. In this scenario, Ophelia's achievement motivation stems from a(n) __________.

Cannon-Bard

Osku and Monika are discussing how emotions emerge. Osku insists that emotions are only felt after the patterns of body arousal begin. Monika maintains that the brain processes an event, with arousal and emotions happening simultaneously. For which theory of emotion is Monika advocating?

narcissistic personality disorder

People suffering from this disorder have an inflated self-image, extreme need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others.

type A personality traits

People with __________ find it difficult to surrender control or share power.

computerized axial tomography

Peter went out cycling one morning. He was not wearing a helmet. He fell off a ridge and fell into a steep valley. Apart from fracturing his arm and acquiring several bruises, Peter severely injured his head. The doctor noticed a swelling on the right side of his head and suspected that it was a blood clot. Which of the following did the doctor use to obtain a three-dimensional image of Peter's brain for further investigation?

view psychological disorders as diseases of the mind and encouraged humane treatment.

Philippe Pinel was one fo the first to:

incubation

Rachel came across a question she did not know while taking her psychology exam. She skipped it and moved on, returning to it when she recalled the answer. Which strategy did Rachel use?

An amphetamine

Rani has just consumed a substance that provided an increase in energy that made it difficult to fall asleep. She has a reduced appetite and is suffering form hallucinations and delusions. What did Rani likely ingest?

primarily genetic

Researchers have shown that sexual orientation is ___________.

drive-reduction

Rosinha is cold, so she puts on a sweater to return her temperature to a comfortable state. Which theory of motivation does this scenario illustrate?

rebound anxiety

Ryan, a psychiatrist, has recommended that his patient, who suffers from generalized anxiety, stop the use of antianxiety drugs. After two weeks, the patient complains that her anxiety symptoms have become worse. Ryan tells the patient that her feelings are an expected response to stopping anti-anxiety medication. What is the patient experiencing?

medical model

Sanchez, an eight-year-old boy, suffers from unpredictable panic attacks and constantly talks to his imaginary friends. His mother confesses to the family doctor, "I probably drank too much alcohol during pregnancy and caused damage to Sanchez's brain." Which model of psychological disorders is forwarded by this statement?

attribution styles

Seligman (1996) suggested that when things go wrong, people tend to blame internal or external factors, stable or unstable factors, and global or specific factors. Seligman calls these _______.

biological

Sergei is having disturbing thoughts. His therapist suggests doing blood work to measure the level of hormones. Which perspective is Sergei's therapist using?

taste

Silas has a cold which has caused him to have a stuffy nose. Besides not being able to smell, what other sense may be affected?

reinforcement

Sofia does not like eating vegetables. To ensure that she eats vegetables, her mother offers her an extra helping of dessert every time Sofia finishes her vegetables. In the context of behaviorism, this is known as ____________.

Flashbacks

Some individuals who use lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have distorted perceptions or hallucinations that mimic the LSD "trip" but occur days, weeks, or longer after usage. What are these experiences called?

biological

The __________ perspective works on the assumption that thoughts, fantasies and dreams--and the inborn or instinctive behavior patterns of various species are made possible by the nervous system and especially by the brain

90 minutes

The amount of time it takes to complete each cycle through the stages of NREM sleep and REM sleep lasts about

compulsions are urges to engage in a specific behavior while obsessions are thoughts and images that seem irrational and beyond control.

The difference between obsessions and compulsions is_________________.

True

The difference between sensation and perception is that sensation, or the stimulation of our senses, is an automated process resulting from sources of energy (light and sound) or the presence of chemicals (as in taste and smell), while perception is an active process in which sensations are organized and interpreted to form an inner representation of the world.

detecting brain waves by means of measuring the current between electrodes placed on the scalp

The electroencephalograph is a method of ___________.

traits

The reasonably stable elements of personality that are inferred from behavior can be called _________________.

bystander effect

The tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping is known as the __________.

biofeedback training

Tom was suffering from severe anxiety. However, with the help of his therapist, he noticed that his cheek would start to "twitch" prior to an anxiety attack. This technique is most similar to ________.

the means-end analysis

Tom was trying to increase his fitness so that he could join some friends on a long-distance hiking trip. He is trying to determine the best exercise plan to get him to that goal. This is an example of __________.

homeostasis

Viola has just come back from work and is experiencing hunger pangs. She quickly makes a sandwich. Eating this sandwich satisfies her hunger. The return to normal bodily function without hunger pangs is called _________.

Exposure to sunlight

What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythms?

propinquity and reciprocity

What are the names of the two terms your text discusses with regard to why we typically develop romantic relationships with people who are similar to us?

an implicit social norm

When Brenda takes the elevator, she always faces the front. She does this even when there are no written rules or laws that require this behavior. This is an example of _________.

all of the above

When considering the difference between scientific research published in scholarly journals and "research" presented in popular sources, it is important to consider which of the following:

"There are multiple intelligences which are influenced by different areas in the brain."

Which best characterizes Howard Gardner's view of intelligence?

computerized axial tomography scan (CAT scan)

Which brain imaging technology takes several X-rays to reveal deformities in shape and structure that are connected with blood clots, tumors, and other health problems?

diathesis-stress model

Which model of psychological disorders accounts for biological differences in individuals and explains why some people develop certain types of psychological disorders under stress while others do not?

the age of possibilities

Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is characterized by people having an optimistic belief that the world lies before them?

Testosterone may have an activating effect on one's sexual desire.

Which of the following best represents the role of testosterone in one's sexual orientation?

Interviewers may influence participants to give responses that suit their expectations.

Which of the following is a drawback of case studies?

It is dependent on brain maturation of the child.

Which of the following is a feature of a child's motor development?

Insist on evidence

Which of the following is a principle of critical thinking?

systematic desensitization

Which of the following refers to Joseph Wolpe's method for reducing fears by associating a hierarchy of images of fear-evoking stimuli with deep muscle relaxation?

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of stages in Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development?

It is involuntary, automatic learning.

Which of the following stamens is true of classical conditioning?

External threat heightens the cohesiveness of the group and is a source of stress.

Which of the following statements is true of groupthink?

It is determined by exposing individuals to progressively stronger stimuli until the minimum stimuli the people can detect is found.

Which of the following statements is true of the absolute threshold?

mutation

Which of these is a best defined as a sudden variation in an inheritable characteristic, as distinguished from a variation that results from generations of gradual selection?

iris

Which structure in front of the eye dilates and constricts to determine how much light will be allowed to get into the eye?

Continuity hypothesis

Which theory offers a possible explanation for why we dream about memories or problems from our day?

Cognitive psychologists

___________ primarily study how we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember,ber the past, plan, problem solve, and use language.

Biological factors

_____________ such as pathogens, injuries, age, gender, and a family history of disease may strike us as the most obvious causes of illness.