Intro Psychology Quiz 6-10

Chunk

A(n) _________ is a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information.

memory trace

A(n) _________ is an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus.

A(n) _________ rat is characterized by under eating.

Aphagic

Once we have learned the multiplication tables, the recall of six times six is relatively automatic due to _____.

Due to priming

_is the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes.

Eidetic-imagery Rationale: Eidetic imagery is the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes. See "Stages of Memory" from chapter 6 for more information.

Kathren repeatedly watches the recorded episodes of a TV show. She generally doesn't smile or show any expression while watching these. Once, while watching an episode, Kathren was asked to smile by her mom. When she watched the episode smiling throughout, she reported finding the episode more humorous, even though she had seen it several times earlier. This scenario supports the _

Facial-feedback-hypothesis

The drive-reduction theory of Hull states that:

Hunger and Pain trigger arousal and activate behavior

Katie is a very skilled in-line skater and a tap dancer. Her skills are a part of her

Implicit Memory

Repression

In Freud's psychodynamic theory, _________ is the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness.

tend to define themselves in terms of their personal identities and to give priority to their personal goals.

Individualists

Which of the following statements is true about a schema?

It is a way of mentally representing the world that can influence perceptions. Rationale: A schema is a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or expectation, which can influence our perception of persons, objects, and situations. See 6-3: Stages of Memory

According to research performed by Bray and Bouchard

More than two out of three adult Americans are overweight

__is the state in which an organism experiences an inducement or incentive to do something.

Motivation

Which of the following is consistent with Erikson's stage of ego integrity versus despair?

People focus on letting go and accepting their place in the sweep of history. In the stage of ego integrity versus despair, Erikson believed that wisdom enables people to accept their lifespan as occurring at a certain point in the sweep of history and as being limited. See 9-5: Adulthood

The Oedipus complex develops in the _________ of psychosexual development.

Phallic-stage

Aria works at a marketing research firm.Whenever she processes information, she disregards information that does not fit in with her idea so as to eliminate discrepancies. This behavior is consistent with

Piaget's cognitive developmental theory Rationale: The behavior is consistent with Piaget's cognitive developmental theory. According to this theory, people try to eliminate inconsistencies in information so that their ability to make sense of the world remains whole. See 8-2: Theories of Motivation

_____ is an example of a psychological need.

Power

is the state of being satisfied.

Satiety

serial position effect

The _________ is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series.

elaborate rehearsal

Using the phrase "Elvis's Guitar Broke Down on Friday" to remember the lines (EGBDF) in a musical treble clef is an example of _____. Rationale: Elaborative rehearsal is the kind of coding in which new information is related to information that is already known. See 6-2: Processes of Memory

In psychological testing, _________ refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

Validity

Which of the following is true about the storage of information in long-term memory?

We tend to organize information in order of their hierarchy.

paired associates

_________ are nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall.

A(n) _________ is a sac within the uterus that contains the embryo or fetus.

amniotic sac

​A(n) _________ is a partial similarity among things that are different in other ways.

analogy

nonsense syllables

are meaningless sets of two consonants, with a vowel sandwiched in between, that are used to study memory.

concepts

are mental categories used to group together objects, relations, events, abstractions, or qualities that have common properties.

__ means responding to a new stimulus through existing cognitive structures.

assimilation

Timmy's father does not demonstrate affection with Timmy, forces Timmy to act in specific ways, and does not allow Timmy to ever disagree with him. According to Diana Baumrind's theory on parenting styles, Timmy's father displays a(n) _____ style of parenting.​

authoritarian

The _________ is the division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates glands and activities such as heartbeat and respiration.

autonomic-nervous-system

According to Ainsworth, infants who show _________ are least distressed by their mother's departure.

avoidant-attachment

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, decentration in the concreate operational stage refers to:

children being able to center on two dimensions of a problem at once. Rationale: Concrete operational children are capable of decentration; they can center on two dimensions of a problem at once. See 9-2: Childhood

Ophelia is 51 years old. She has begun to experience hot flashes and finds it difficult to sleep at night. More often than not, she finds herself feeling pessimistic and unmotivated. She also has a certain amount of anxiety.Ophelia is most likely experiencing the _____ of middle adulthood.

climacteric

According to _____, people are generally motivated to hold consistent beliefs and to justify their behavior.

cognitive-dissonance theory

A pregnant woman goes for an ultrasound in the second month of her pregnancy and hears the heartbeat of her baby for the first time. She is told that at this stage of her pregnancy the head of the baby will start changing shape, and its facial features will start becoming easier to identify. The _____ of prenatal development is depicted in this scenario.

embryonic stage

A(n) _____ is a state of feeling that has cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components.

emotion

​Mark and Mindy have two daughters. Their older daughter moved to a different city to pursue her graduate studies a few years ago. Now their younger daughter has finished high school and is moving to a different country for her undergraduate studies. After the younger daughter leaves, Mindy is bereft and is unable to figure out what to do with her free time. This scenario best illustrates the _____.

empty-nest-sydrome

Practical Intelligence

enables people to deal with other people, including difficult people, and to meet the demands of their environment.

A researcher puts a baby in a room with many different objects. Then he records the amount of time the baby spends looking at one stimulus instead of another. This shows the baby's visual preference. The researcher is most likely measuring the baby's _

fixation-time

The _________ is the final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

formal operation stage

Lena is a mother of two. From the time her first child was born, Lena has been working at a school and managing every aspect of her children's lives. She believes that she must contribute to her family as well as society. According to Erik Erikson, Lena is best demonstrating _____.​ ​egocentrism

generativity

Ten-year-old Joshua knows that snakes are reptiles and all reptiles are animals. Joshua's concept of animal is _____.

hierarchical

In Gestalt psychology, a(n) _________ is a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the mentally represented elements of a problem that permits its solution.

insight

Eysenck focused on the relationships between two personality traits: _________ and emotional stability-instability.

introversion-extraversion

Intelligence

is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience.

Standaridization

is a process in psychological testing that checks out the scores, validity, and reliability of a test with people of various ages and from various groups.

Priming

is the activation of specific associations in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory.

Hereditability

is the degree to which the variations in a trait from one person to another can be attributed to, or explained by, genetic factors.

Encoding

is the first stage of information processing.

Displacement

is the quality of language that permits one to communicate information about objects and events in another time and place.

According to psycho-linguistic theory, the inborn tendency to acquire language is called a _____.

language acquisition trace

The _________ is an area at the side of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a start-eating center.

lateral hypothalamus

Ophelia is in high school. She enjoys studying and does well in school. Her parents encourage her to think and act independently. Whenever she does well in an exam, she feels a sense of self-satisfaction. In this scenario, Ophelia's achievement motivation stems from a(n) _____

learning-goal

After setting a five-year goal for their company, a group of managers look at where the company is today and the steps needed to achieve the final goal. They are using a technique called _____.

means-end-analysis

​According to the study by Masters and Johnson

men and women have similarbiological responses to sexual stimulation

Susan has the ability to look at the moon and the stars at night and to develop insights into the laws that govern their behavior. In this context, Susan has _____.

naturalist intelligence

In order to teach kindergarten students about mammals, a teacher tells the students that fishes and birds are not mammals. These are _____ of the mammal concept.

negative-instances

Retrieval

of stored information means locating it and returning it to consciousness.

is the directional effect of sex hormones.

organizing-effect

Dr. Gerrard, an experienced pediatrician, was examining a baby. He checked the baby's temperature and listened to the baby's breathing through the stethoscope while considering the symptoms described by the baby's parents. He quickly identified that the baby has a mild flu.Dr. Gerrard used _____ to make this diagnosis.

parallel processing

Mariana is a 14-year-old girl dating a 19-year-old boy. Her parents are unhappy and forbid her from meeting him. She fights with them regularly because she believes that she loves him. She even threatens to run away with him. This scenario best represents Mariana's _____.

personal-fable

refers to the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another.

personality

According to Kohlberg, moral reasoning is based on a person's own moral standards at the _________.

postconvential-level

​Children's _________ become refined after they are shown positive and negative instances and given explanations.

prototypes

According to _________, language acquisition involves the interaction of environmental influences.

psycholinguistic theory

In infancy, Brian did not have the good fortune to have an affectionate mother. His mother suffered from alcoholism and abused drugs. She was always emotionally unavailable to him. As a result, he now has difficulty in his relationships with others and cannot trust people easily. This situation supports the views of the _____.

psychosocial development theory

Erikson's term for lack of clarity in one's life roles is

role diffusion

Nadine works for an accounting firm. She makes enough money for herself and has bought a house with a top-notch security system. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Nadine has fulfilled her _____ needs.

safety needs

Shawna is in her mid-fifties. Her college-going son lives in a separate apartment in the same city while her parents live with her. She cooks meals for her son regularly and does his laundry. At the same time, she looks after her parents, who are dependent on her. Shawna is facing the difficulties of the _____.​

sandwich generation

13-year-old Judy is poor at math. Her teacher, Ms. Kobes,helps her out by providing her with a list of tips and tricks that she can use to become more proficient at the subject. According to Vygotsky, Ms. Kobes is using _____ to help the child.

scaffolding

Alan works in a research laboratory. He owns a house, and he earns enough to sustain himself. He has a large social circle and makes time to meet his friends at least once a week. However, Alan feels that he is capable of much more and can achieve a lot more things. He is striving to bring out the best within himself. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Alan is trying to fulfill his _____.

self-actualization-needs

In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called

self-actulization

Unlike the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic-existential perspective emphasizes

self-awareness

Chris, a high school student, is looking up the profiles of various colleges to make a decision about which one he wants to attend. Being a confident person, he believes that he will do well at a prestigious university. His belief in his success is called _____by socialcognitive theorists.

self-efficacy expectations

Christopher knows a lot of facts about the planet earth. He knows that the circumference of the earth is 40,030 km even though he did not personally measure the circumference of the earth. This knowledge is referred to as _____.

semantic memory Rationale: General knowledge is referred to as semantic memory—a kind of explicit memory. See 6-1: Kinds of Memory

reflexes

simple, automatic responses to sensory stimuli, such as the knee-jerk response

If the __________ is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories.

thalamus

Creativity

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

According to research performed by Kohlberg, children at the preconventional level base their moral judgments on _____.

the consequences of behavior

The observation that infants display considerable intelligence before they learn to speak offers little support to _____.

the linguistic-relativity hypothesis Rationale: Most cognitive scientists no longer accept the linguistic- relativity hypothesis. For one thing, adults use images and abstract logical propositions, as well as words, as units of thought. Infants, moreover, display considerable intelligence before they have learned to speak.See 7-2: Language

​The representativeness heuristic leads people to make judgments about events according to _____.

the populations of events that they appear to represent

Bobby spilled water accidentally on his father's computer, but contrary to expectations, Bobby did not get grounded. His father acknowledged that it was a mistake and assured Bobby that he still loved him, despite the unfortunate incident. Bobby's father's response is an example of _____.

unconditional positive regard

Parents can help children develop self-esteem when they show them _________ regard, or when they accept them as having intrinsic merit regardless of their behavior at the moment.

unconditional-positive-regard

are parents who generally leave their children to themselves.

uninvolved-parents

The _________ is a central area on the underside of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a stop-eating center.

ventromedial nucleus

Jason, straining his eyes on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant landmarks to the harbor entrance; he is trying to create a mental picture of all the names. He is using _____.

visual code

mental-age

​The _________ shows the intellectual level at which a child is functioning.

Karen Horney believed that the view that girls feel inferior to boys was based on _____.

​Western cultural prejudice

According to the five-factor model, the five basic personality factors are extraversion, neuroticism, _________, agreeableness, and openness to experience.

​conscientiousness

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _____.

​determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory Rationale: The progress of information through the stages of the Atkinson and Shiffrin stages of memory determines whether and how long information is retained. See 6-3: Stages of Memory

Eli is a student in school. Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to get into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to be met through _

​extrinsic rewards Rationale: Eli's performance goals are met through extrinsic rewards. Performance goals are usually met through extrinsic rewards such as praise and income. See 8-5: Achievement Motivation

The social cognitive theory is criticized because

​it pays less attention to genetic variation in explaining individual differences in behavior

When we look at a visual stimulus, our impressions of it may seem fluid enough. This is because _____.

​sensory memory briefly holds perceptions, making them seem connected Rationale: Although sensory memory holds impressions briefly, it is long enough so that a series of perceptions seem to be connected. See 6-3: Stages of Memory