Intro to CJ Final Exam

According to "ABA Calls for Repeal" a white shooter with a black victim is __ times more likely to get a self-defense excuse than with a white victim.

350

Which of these explanations for the increase in elderly inmates is unlikely:

A decrease in respect for the elderly means that judges are more likely to sentence them to prison

In how many U.S. states (plus D.C.) can you be successfully prosecuted for violating the laws prohibiting sodomy. A. 0 B. 8 C. 23 D. 47

A. 0

According to the theory of the Social Contract, the state guarantees ___ in exchange for the power to make laws, arrest and try suspected lawbreakers, and punish convicted lawbreakers. A. A safe peaceful society B. A fair trial C. Freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom of religion D. Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

A. A safe peaceful society

Consensus theory is often used to explain the criminalization of: A. Burglary B. Fornication C. Disorderly Conduct D. Marijuana Possession E. All of the above

A. Burglary

The professor says that everyone must do an oral presentation, or they will fail the course. Reggie doesn't do an oral presentation, and fails. What kind of causation? A. Cause in fact B. Proximate Cause C. Predictor

A. Cause in fact

Julie runs a stop sign a few blocks from her house, and is stopped by the police. While the police officer is checking for warrants, she gets tired of waiting and walks home. She can be charged with: A. Flight B. Resisting arrest C. Escape D. Leaving a crime scene

A. Flight

According to "Too Many Laws," why are many doctors afraid of prescribing painkillers to their cancer patients? A. If the patients sell the drugs, the doctors will be prosecuted as drug dealers. B. The patients may become addicted to prescription opioids C. If the patients have a negative reaction, they may sue for malpractice D. Prescription painkillers may interfere with the therapeutic medication

A. If the patients sell the drugs, the doctors will be prosecuted as drug dealers.

According to most criminologists, why does the crime rate decrease in the winter: A. It is too cold for people to go out and commit crimes B. It is too cold for people to go out and become crime victims C. The police cut back on patrols, and do not make as many arrests D. Most juveniles are in school, and have no opportunity to commit crimes

A. It is too cold for people to go out and commit crimes

Tanisha, a comedian, often uses obscene and sexually explicit language. Her advertising fliers state that her material is for "adults." When she is hired to work at a club in Boston, she does her usual material, without realizing that there are many children in the audience. She is arrested for "unlawfully dealing with a child." Which element of crime is missing: A. Mens Rea B. Actus Reus C. Legality D. Punishment

A. Mens Rea

What was Miranda v. Arizona (1966) about: A. Miranda was interrogated without being told his due process rights. B. Miranda was arrested without just cause C. Miranda was unlawfully restrained during a police interrogation D. Miranda was placed in solitary confinement for refusing to testify against himself

A. Miranda was interrogated without being told his due process rights.

Importing water hyacinths into the U.S. is a federal crime, because they can upset the ecosystem. The penalty is a fine of $500 or up to six months in prison. It is a: A. Misdemeanor B. Violation C. Felony

A. Misdemeanor

Randy has been found guilty of disorderly conduct, and sentenced to 2 months in prison plus community service. He asks his lawyer, "Can I appeal the verdict?" How can the lawyer respond: A. Only if you did not get a fair trial due to violation of your due process rights. B. Only if you were found guilty when you are not guilty. C. Both D. Neither

A. Only if you did not get a fair trial due to violation of your due process rights.

It is grand theft to steal any object from a museum, regardless of its value. Sheila steals a commemorative plate worth $20 from the museum gift shop. The gift shop is technically part of the museum, but the objects there are for sale, not on display. If the judge follows the rule of lenity, what will Sheila be convicted of: A. Petit theft (objects worth less than $5000) B. Grand theft (objects worth $5000 or more, or any museum object)

A. Petit theft (objects worth less than $5000)

The teacher assigns the class to read "Leaves of Grass," by gay poet Walt Whitman, but claims that the poems praising Whitman's romantic partners were about friendship rather than romance. This is an example of: A. Restricted access to resources B. Criminalization of everyday activities C. Targeted in crimes that apply to everyone

A. Restricted access to resources

There are few arrests for consensual sexual offenses because: A. The police must observe misdemeanor offenses, and these acts are usually performed in private B. Not many people engage in these acts C. The laws are too vaguely written to be of practical significance. D. These acts are not in Part 1 of the UCR

A. The police must observe misdemeanor offenses, and these acts are usually performed in private

According to the reading assignment, bars were important to gay life in the 1950s because: A. There were no other places to safely meet other LGBT people B. The police generally left the bars alone C. Alcoholic beverages allowed them to overcome the stigma of everyday life D. Most bars had back rooms where political strategizing could occur

A. There were no other places to safely meet other LGBT people

Why are young adults more likely to become crime victims than older adults: A. They spend more time in public places B. They tend to live in apartments rather than houses C. They are less likely to listen to news reports about high-crime zones D. They tend to have more money

A. They spend more time in public places

Richard wants to know if members of minority groups are more likely to be depicted as villains in tv dramas. So he downloads and analyzes 20 episodes. Has he used a content analysis? A. Yes; content analysis involves analyzing fictional mass media texts, and tv dramas are fictional mass media texts. B. Yes; content analysis requires at least 10 texts, and Richard has 20 C. No; he didn't interview anyone, so he has not conducted valid research D. No; content analysis involves analyzing scholarly books and articles, and tv dramas are not scholarly

A. Yes; content analysis involves analyzing fictional mass media texts, and tv dramas are fictional mass media texts.

According to "Why People Still Fall for Nigerian Email Scams," one of the most attractive features of the scam is: A. You think that you will be engaging in an illegal activity B. You think that you will be engaging in a legal activity

A. You think that you will be engaging in an illegal activity

According to "My Four Months as a Private Prison Guard," how much training did the guards at Winn Correctional Center receive:

About a week

According to the article on "The CSI Effect," what percentage of jurors wanted forensic evidence in every trial:

About half

The quiz question asks "Why are ex-felons usually unemployed or unemployed six months after their release?" One of the answers is "Their violent tendencies make it difficult to hold down a job." Which concept from the course content can you use to determine that this cannot be the correct answer?

About half of state and almost all federal inmates are in prison for non-violent offenses. The Unit 4 course content about the causes of violent crime does not include "violent tendencies," so there may be no such thing. The course content goes into detail about the roadblocks that keep ex-felons from being able to get jobs.

In ancient Babylonia, if a house collapsed due to poor workmanship, the builder would be charged with a capital crime. Which element of crime does this illustrate

Acts defined as criminal change tremendously over time

Joey is a Wiccan (a member of a neo-pagan religion). What problems will he most likely face during his incarceration:

All of the above

What is the most common argument of a defense attorney:

An element of crime is missing

The quiz question asks "how do criminologists usually explain the disproportionate number of prison inmates with serious mental illnesses." The choices are: mental illness is an important cause of criminal acts; the mentally ill are often targeted by the police, judges, and juries; and most mentally ill people belong to a criminal subculture. How can you uses critical thinking to decide on the correct answer?

An important theme of the course is how due process breaks down, and some groups are disproportionately arrested, convicted, and sentenced. It makes sense that the mentally ill would be included in the course for that reason.

In the U.S. in general, about 20% of adult women have been victims of rape or sexual assault. According to "Alaska Governor Faces its Resident Evil," what percentage of adult women in Alaska have been victims: A. 23% B. 37% C. 18% D. 2%

B. 37%

What percentage of Protestants in the U.S. belong to denominations that accept LGBT members: A. 10% B. 50% C. 75% D. 90%

B. 50%

The U.S. Constitution guarantees you the right to: A. Receive bail (be released from prison during your trial) B. Avoid excessive bail C. Both D. Neither

B. Avoid excessive bail

According to "Do You Know Your Miranda Rights?", the police are required to issue Miranda warnings: A. Upon making an arrest B. Before beginning an interrogation C. Both D. Neither

B. Before beginning an interrogation

According to the reading assignment, which countries have trial systems based on analyzing the outcomes of earlier cases? A. Australia and New Zealand B. Britain and the U.S. C. France and Germany D. Morocco and Algeria

B. Britain and the U.S.

Which requires guilt to be established beyond a reasonable doubt? A. Civil Trials B. Criminal Trials C. Both D. Neither

B. Criminal Trails

Conflict Theory is most often used to explain the criminalization of: A. Embezzlement B. Disorderly conduct C. Assault D. Larceny

B. Disorderly conduct

Why is it legal to be a drug addict in every state? A. Drug courts provide counseling rather than incarceration for minor offenders B. Drug addiction is not an act C. Drug Offenses are in Part 2 of the UCR D. Most people who abuse drugs are not addicted

B. Drug addiction is not an act

Fred hypothesizes that juveniles whose parents use illegal drugs are at high risk of delinquency. Which research methodology is IMPOSSIBLE for social scientists: A. Ethnography B. Experiment C. Survey

B. Experiment

Which type of decriminalization leaves the law in the criminal code, but states that it can no longer be prosecuted: A. Repeal B. Invalidation C. Post Hoc Legalization D. De Facto Criminalization

B. Invalidation

Mark slips his stash of methamphetamine into Julie's purse when she isn't looking. Julie is not aware that it is there. If the methamphetamine is found, who can be convicted of possession? A. Mark B. Julie C. Both D. Neither

B. Julie

Annette hires Anthony to babysit, and gives him permission to "watch movies" on her tv (she has Netflix, Hulu, and several other services). At the end of the month, she discovers that he has purchased 25 movies, totalling $303. She calls the police, who arrest Anthony for theft, but he is acquitted. What element of crime was missing? A. Actus Reus B. Legality C. Causation D. Harm

B. Legality

Why are gay men more likely to be victims of sexual assault than straight men: A. Gay men tend to have more sexual partners than straight men, so they have more opportunity for victimization. B. More men than women commit sexual assault, and gay men tend to date men. C. Sexual assault is a common type of hate crime D. Straight men are better able to fight off the aggressor

B. More men than women commit sexual assault, and gay men tend to date men.

According to the video, the Japanese-Americans who were placed in internment camps during World War II were allowed to bring: A. Nothing B. One suitcase C. All of their possessions

B. One suitcase

Joshua breaks into a house that he thinks is occupied, planning to steal things. But actually an elderly man is home. When he sees Josh, he has a heart attack and dies. What kind of causation? A. Cause in fact B. Proximate cause C. Predictor

B. Proximate cause

In the "Batman" origin story, in the early 1930s, the young Bruce Wayne is walking with his parents, when they are stopped by a robber. The robber kills his parents, but Bruce escapes and grows up to become Batman. Why is this scenario unlikely: A. It is a comic book story, so it doesn't have to be accurate in every detail. B. Robbers prefer to target people who are alone, not in pairs or groups C. Robbers prefer female victims, and this group contains two men. D. Robbers generally commit their crimes to get money for drugs, and there were few drug addicts in the 1930s.

B. Robbers prefer to target people who are alone, not in pairs or groups

What was the Supreme Court's decision in Kolender v. Lawson (1983) A. The law was constitutional B. The law was unconstitutional because it was too vague C. The law was unconstitutional because it discriminated against the poor

B. The law was unconstitutional because it was too vague

The quiz question asks "True or false: College campuses are much more dangerous now than they were 20 years ago." What concept from the course content will allow you to figure out the answer? A. College towns tend to have more property crime than the U.S. in general B. The violent and property crime rates have been decreasing for over 20 years C. The crime rate goes up during the summer D. Most victims of crime are young adults

B. The violent and property crime rates have been decreasing for over 20 years

How can the stereotype that minority group members are irrational/illogical/mystical be used to justify low social, political, and economic capital (wealth, power, prestige) A. They are assumed to be flashy, fashion-conscious, but superficial, not interested in the important things of life. B. They are assumed to lack the critical thinking skills necessary for success in most middle-class jobs C. They are assumed to be sneaky and underhanded, with a hidden agenda. You can't trust them.

B. They are assumed to lack the critical thinking skills necessary for success in most middle-class jobs

According to the reading assignment, why do state legislatures often fail to regulate or prohibit bail bond services?

Bail bond services have powerful lobbies that disapprove of regulation

As part of a judicial sentence, the convict is required to stay away from a neighborhood known for its drug activity and prostitution. You should classify this sanction as Required Behavior, and also as ___

Banishment

Which is the most significant cause of poor police-community relations

Battlefield mentality

The M'Naghten test requires that the defendant:

Be unaware that the act was wrong

Which country is abolitionist in practice:

Brazil

An abrupt political change to the ____ will tend to increase the crime rate A. Left (liberal) B. Right (conservative) C. Both D. Neither

C. Both

DNA found in the cell ___ can establish your identity beyond a reasonable doubt. A. Nucleus B. Mitochondria C. Both

C. Both

Disrespectful behavior during questioning is likely to lead to an arrest for: A. Juveniles B. Adults C. Both D. Neither

C. Both

During the 19th century, Houses of Refuge provided an alternative to incarceration for: A. Juveniles B. Women C. Both

C. Both

There is evidence of a disproportion in police stops for LGBT people who are: A. Low income B. High income C. Both D. Neither

C. Both

Which is true about LGBT inmates and religious practices A. Gay men are more likely than heterosexual men to attend religious services regularly B. The ministers of gay-specific churches are often forbidden from conducting religious services in prisons C. Both

C. Both

Five students in Principal Joanna's school have recently immigrated from Somalia. Principal Joanna tells them that they must never speak Somali, not even in the hallway or on the playground, or they will get detention. This is an example of: A. Targeting in laws that technically apply to everyone B. Criminalizing an act because almost everyone agrees that it is wrong C. Criminalization of everyday activities D. Usint stereotypes to justify criminalization

C. Criminalization of everyday activities

Why is embezzlement in Part 2 of the UCR A. The harm is not usually very severe B. Embezzlement is not a felony C. Embezzlement is a white collar crime, and therefore not as frightening as street crimes D. There are very few arrests, so it didn't seem worthwhile to compile statistics

C. Embezzlement is a white collar crime, and therefore not as frightening as street crimes

Neil is called as a witness in a criminal trial. He doesn't show up. He can be charged with: A. Obstruction of Justice B. Perjury C. Flight D. Contempt

C. Flight

In self-reports of offending, respondents are usually: A. Prison inmates B. People who have been arrested C. High school or college students D. A random sample of adults

C. High school or college students

Why does Canada use common law? A. English is one of its official languages. B. It is adjacent to the United States, and so adopted many American social institutions. C. It was a British colony. D. It was part of the Napoleonic Empire when civil law was codified.

C. It was a British colony.

Alex is 10 years old, in a state where legal childhood lasts to age 13. What kind of criminal justice intervention is possible: A. He can be arrested and put on trial to determine if he is guilty of a crime B. He can be detained and adjudicated to determine if he is "on the wrong path." C. Neither

C. Neither

Which of the insanity verdicts allows you to go free: A. Not Guilty By Reason of Insanity B. Guilty But Mentally Ill C. Guilty with Diminished Capacity D. None of the above

C. None of the above

According to "Alaska Faces its Resident Evil," one of the reasons for the high sexual assault rape in Alaska is: A. Lack of government funding for rape prevention B. Native communities are usually autonomous C. Parts of Alaska are so remote that there are few social controls, so people do what they want D. Many rapists leave from their home states and settle in Alaska

C. Parts of Alaska are so remote that there are few social controls, so people do what they want

According to "The Bill of Rights: A Brief History," the 14th Amendment was originally intended to insure that ____ received due process and equal protection under the law. A. Immigrants B. Native Americans C. Recently enslaved African-Americans D. Women

C. Recently enslaved African-Americans

Police officer Judith writes an arrest report for an assault. She could record it as a Part 1 or Part 2 Offense. Why would she choose Part 1? A. She doesn't want to bother with the extra work of submitting a report to the UCR B. If there is a doubt, the protocol is to choose Part 1 C. She wants the calculated crime rate in the community to increase, to justify a request for more funding. D. She wants the calculated crime rate in the community to decrease, so tourists will think that it is safe.

C. She wants the calculated crime rate in the community to increase, to justify a request for more funding.

The reading assignment asks "Are Student Athletes More Likely to Commit Sexual Assault." How does it answer: A. Yes; numerous studies have demonstrated that student athletes are 20-30% more likely than the general student population to commit sexual assault. B. No; numerous studies have demonstrated that student athletes are no more likely than the general student population to commit sexual assault. C. The evidence is inconclusive.

C. The evidence is inconclusive.

According to the conflict theory of criminalization, what is the most likely explanation for the Mississippi law that prohibits teaching the tenets of polygamy (practiced by the Mormons until 1890): A. It was illegal to believe in polygamy at that time, so teaching the tenets constituted promoting crime. B. They were copying the federal law of the period that also criminalized teaching the tenets of polygamy. C. The legislators wanted to promote Protestant Christianity and restrict the ability of the Mormons to practice their religion. D. There were no Mormons in Mississippi at that time, so there was no need to teach the tenets of polygamy.

C. The legislators wanted to promote Protestant Christianity and restrict the ability of the Mormons to practice their religion.

Why does Mankato have a higher property crime rate than the U.S. in general: A. The city infrastructure is outdated and inefficient B. Over 30% of the population is under the poverty threshold C. There is a large student population D. It is near a major drug transportation route

C. There is a large student population

Why did the Gay Rights Movement work on decreasing LGBT marginalization in religion, medicine, mass media, and education BEFORE lobbying for the repeal or invalidation of the sodomy laws A. It is much easier to enact changes in religion, medicine, mass media, and education than to get a law repealed or invalidated B. Few people were being arrested under the sodomy laws, so repeals or invalidations would be symbolic only C. They needed some political power in order to be taken seriously by legislators and judges. D. Changes had already begun in these social institutions.

C. They needed some political power in order to be taken seriously by legislators and judges.

The four types of mens rea are used primarily in trials involving ___ A. Property Crimes B. Public order offenses C. Violent Crimes D. Drug offenses

C. Violent Crimes

Jeremy sees the question: "T/F: Saying that your boss is the Devil could be a crime." What is the first question he should ask himself in order to determine the correct answer? A. Would criminalizing this act be a violation of the separation of church and state? B. Why would the professor ask something with such an obvious answer? C. What concept in the course content is the question testing?

C. What concept in the course content is the question testing?

Items that are seized illegally

Cannot be used as evidence in a criminal trial

Emily assaults Kendall, who suffers a broken leg. Consequently, he is unable to drive well, and accidentally crashes into a plate glass window. No one was injured, but the car is totaled ($7000), and the store has to replace the window ($4000). Emily is found not guilty of the property damage. What element of crime is missing: A. Legality B. Causation C. Harm

Causation

According to the video, what penalty did Judge Collins received for her bad behavior on the bench:

Censure

Which is a media myth, occurring on tv crime shows but not backed up by empirical evidence:

Children are most often abducted by noncustodial parents.

George is on trial for murdering his friend Kyle. A next door neighbor testifies that they saw George going into Kyle's house on the day of the murder. What type of evidence is this:

Circumstantial

What is the best explanation for the high recidivism rates of ex-offenders?

Collateral consequences make it difficult to survive without committing new crimes

Joe, a police officer, disapproves of his new assignment in the DARE drug-prevention program. He complains: "I should be out there catching the drug dealers that prey on kids, not wasting my time with self-esteem building exercises." What type of policing is he complaining about

Commuity

According to the "Supreme Court" website, there have been 17 Chief Justices since 1790. This is important to ensure:

Continuity in the institution

According to "Cincinnati's Problem-Oriented Police Reform," the introduction of community policing led to a decrease in: A. Citizen complaints B. The crime rate C. Criminal arrests D.All of the above E. None of the. above

D. All of the above

According to the video, which is a significant reason for the poor statistics on hate crimes: A. Many victims fail to report the incident B. Many police officers classify an incident as a hate crime only if the offender actually states that they are acting out of bias C. Many jurisdictions fail to submit the report D. All of the above

D. All of the above

After the Grand Jury hearing, what can happen: A. The judge decides to dismiss the case B. The prosecutor decides to drop the charges C. Prosecution and defense attorneys make a plea bargain D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Question 101 / 1 point In an attempt to keep convicts away from prison as much as possible, special programs allow them to leave the prison for: A. School B. Work C. Weekend visits home D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Murder most often occurs when: A. A robbery goes wrong B. A serial killer finds an appropriate victim C. A gang member sees someone from a rival gang in "his" territory D. An argument gets out of control

D. An argument gets out of control

Which is NOT a due process right: A. Jury Trial B. Avoid double jeopardy C. Speedy Trial D. Appeal

D. Appeal

When the police tell you, "You have the right to remain silent," what due process right are they referring to: A. Confront witnesses B. Notified of charges C. Appeal D. Avoid self-incrimination

D. Avoid self-incrimination

Jeremy steals a pizza from Pagliai's in downtown Mankato, then walks next door to Pub 500 and steals a bottle of wine from behind the bar. He then walks out onto the sidewalk. A bartender chases him out, and Jeremy punches him in the stomach. When he is arrested, how many incidents will be recorded in the UCR? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. It's up to the arresting officer

D. It's up to the arrest officer

Why did the crime rate in the U.S. decrease during World War II? A. The deprivations of wartime rationing meant that there was nothing to steal. B. Police officers were too busy maintaining public order to spend much time apprehending criminals. C. The UCR had not yet been instituted, so reporting systems were inaccurate and incomplete. D. Most of the population likely to commit crimes was in the military.

D. Most of the population likely to commit crimes was in the military

Aggravated assault and ___ have similar motives and offender-victim profiles. A. Robbery B. Arson C. Rape D. Murder

D. Murder

Which aspect of the litigation crisis is supported by evidence: A. An increasing number of trivial or frivolous lawsuits B. Juries awarding huge punitive damages for trivial complaints C. Both D. Neither

D. Neither

Police officers are permitted to use yelling, cursing and threats if: A. They scare suspects into submitting, so force isn't necessary B. The police officers lose their tempers C. Both of the above D. Neither of the above

D. Neither of the above

According to the video, why did Lambda Legal want the sodomy laws invalidated: A. Sodomy was the only consensual sexual offense that was still illegal in the U.S. B. Thousands of LGBT people were being convicted of sodomy every year C. There were no sodomy laws in any other Western country, so the U.S. seemed barbaric and old-fashioned. D. Sodomy laws made LGBT people criminals, so they could not adopt children, get many jobs, or run for political office.

D. Sodomy laws made LGBT people criminals, so they could not adopt children, get many jobs, or run for political office.

Which is an example of criminalizing a group by targeting group members for crimes that technically apply to everyone: A. The Chinese Exclusion Act made it illegal for people of Chinese ancestry to become citizens of the U.S. B. 120,000 Americans of Japanese ancestry were confined to internment camps during World War II C. After the Civil War, the Jim Crow laws required separate black and white schools, streetcars, restrooms, and so on. D. Sodomy refers to any sexual act that cannot lead to a pregnancy, but only same-sex partners were arrested under the sodomy laws

D. Sodomy refers to any sexual act that cannot lead to a pregnancy, but only same-sex partners were arrested under the sodomy laws

Which offense is used by the FBI to calculate crime rates: possession of methamphetamine, stealing a laptop, forging a signature on a baseball, or tearing down a stop sign? A. Possession of 30 kg of methamphetamine B. Signing the name of "Willie Mays" to a baseball and selling it as authentic C. Tearing down a stop sign. D. Stealing a laptop from an unoccupied desk in the library

D. Stealing a laptop from an unoccupied desk in the library

There is no plaintiff in a criminal trial because: A. Many crimes have no victims B. Criminal trials follow the procedural rules of British common law C. The consequences are not serious enough D. The state is the aggrieved party

D. The state is the aggrieved party

According to "The Cities that Claim Zero Hate Crimes," why did the police conclude that the assault of Mark Cassirez was not a hate crime? A. Mark Cassirez belonged to the same ethnic group as his assailants B. Hate crime laws do not exist in his state C. No racist or homophobic slurs were used D. There was insufficient evidence of bias as the primary motive

D. There was insufficient evidence of bias as the primary motive

Which arrest will cause the calculated crime rate of the community to increase? A. Selling methamphetamine B. Embezzling $100,000 C. Selling obscene materials D. Vandalizing a school E. Breaking into a house F. Stealing a car

D. Vandalizing a school. E. Breaking into a house. F. Stealing a car

The quiz question asks "What theory of punishment doesn't expect the offender to change in any way?" The choices are retribution, deterrence, and rehabilitation. You know that rehabiitation is all about changing the offender. What additional information will allow you to decide if the correct answer is retribution or deterrence?

Does "becoming too afraid of the punishment to commit crime" count as "change"?

Due process rights do not exist during: A. Arrest B. Pretrial Services (bail, plea bargaining, and so on) C. The Grand Jury Hearing D. The Trial E. Corrections

E. Corrections

Most ___ respondents state that the police officer used inappropriate cursing, yelling, or threatening during traffic stops. A. Black B. Hispanic C. White D. All of the above E. None of the above

E. None of the above

Randy, age 10, gets up in the middle of the night and notices that the tv set is on, but his parents aren't around. The tv is playing a pornographic movie. He watches for about ten minutes before his parents return and send him to bed. What is a likely result of this early exposure to sexual images: A. Randy will ask a girl to have sex with him. B. Randy will ask a boy to have sex with him. C. When he grows up, Randy will believe in rape myths such as "saying no means try harder." D. When he grows up, Randy will become addicted to pornography. E. None of the above

E. None of the above

The words written over the entrance to the Supreme Court Building in Washington, DC are about the constitutional right of:

Equal Protection

Prison staff who belong to ____ are most likely to try to convert inmates who belong to minority religions

Evangelical Protestant churches

Which act by a judge on the bench is most likely to result in a formal censure by the Judicial Ethics Board?

Failing to mention a conflict of interest in a case that the judge is trying

About 30% of murders are the work of serial killers

False

According to the reading assignment, most people in Bergen County wanted to keep the Blue Laws because they wanted to make sure people were free to go to church on Sunday.

False

According to the video, Dan White's lesser sentence was partially due to his progressive, gay-friendly politics

False

Because video games allow the player to actually pretend to engage in violent acts, they are much more likely to cause violent criminality than earlier media forms, such as radio and television programs.

False

Burglars prefer to target houses in rich neighborhoods

False

College campuses have substantially more violent crime today than in 1988

False

Heavy viewers of CSI and other crime investigation programs are more likely than non-viewers to acquit (find not guilty) on the grounds of poor forensic evidence.

False

Heavy watchers of CSI are likely to believe that it is an accurate portrayal of modern forensic investigation.

False

In a murder trial, corpus delicti requires a physical body.

False

In most cases that go to appeal, the appellate court reverses the lower court's verdict.

False

Inmates usually convert to a minority religion so they can enjoy the special privileges given to members.

False

Janice is on trial for aggravated assault. Her lawyer informs the court that the police failed to read her Miranda Rights when arresting her. The judge has no choice but to dismiss the case.

False

Jerry bought a cheeseburger from McDonald's. When he got home, he discovered that they had left off the cheese. He thought of the various methods of grievance resolution: lumping it (doing nothing); confronting McDonald's (asking for a new cheeseburger); negotiation; arbitration; litigation (suing them). T/F: He chose litigation, because Americans prefer litigation to any other method of grievance resolution

False

Jory, age 15, is arrested and charged with simple assault, marijuana possession, alcohol possession, burglary, and vandalism. Since he is under 18, all of these crimes are classified as status offenses.

False

Juveniles who are exposed to movies or tv shows with sexual content generally begin sexual activity 2-3 years earlier than those who are not exposed.

False

Juveniles who committed violent crimes rarely receive probation instead of placement in a juvenile facility

False

Male prisoners are more likely to be HIV positive than female prisoners

False

Many studies have established that contemporary juries are "out of control," issuing huge punitive awards for minor cases.

False

Maurice prints out a fake Harvard diploma and hangs it on his office wall. He actually graduated from Florida State. He is guilty of counterfeiting.

False

Most cases go to appeal because the defendant has been found guilty, when they are actually innocent.

False

Most correctional scholars believe that supermax facilities are necessary to maintain the safety of inmates and staff.

False

Most countries in the world retain capital punishment for grievous crimes or for many crimes

False

Most criminologists agree that capital punishment is very effective at deterring potential criminals from committing homicide.

False

Most juveniles are placed in the same prisons as adults.

False

Most people shoplift because they cannot afford to buy the item.

False

Most people steal cars in order to sell them, or to strip them for parts.

False

Most prisons have procedures in place for inmate retirement at age 70.

False

Most prisons have separate hospices for terminally ill AIDS patients

False

Over 90% of police officers in the U.S. are sworn.

False

Parents must give permission for a juvenile to be detained by the police.

False

Police officers over age 35 tend to be in better physical condition than their counterparts in other professions.

False

Police protocols permit cursing and yelling at suspects in order to encourage compliance.

False

Police protocols permit officers to use deadly force against any suspect who exhibits aggressive behavior.

False

Private prisons are much cheaper to the state than state-run prisons

False

Rick is driving on Interstate 35, south of Albert Lea, when a state police car flashes its lights, signaling that he should stop for questioning. He runs instead, and drives past the Iowa border. Since the Minnesota State Police have no jurisdiction in Iowa, they cannot follow.

False

The Finals Week Quiz is worth three times the points of the regular weekly quizzes.

False

The Supreme Court has ruled that plea bargaining is coercive and therefore violates due process

False

The United States is currently in a downward spiral of out-of-control violent and property crime.

False

The criminal code states that the crime can receive a sentence of 0 to 5 years in prison. The judge is permitted to issue a sentence of 10 years.

False

The generation raised on the "caring and sharing" Saturday morning cartoons of the 1980s became the most violent generation in the 20th century. This supports the hypothesis that mass media images have a significant impact on juvenile behavior.

False

The insanity defense is successful (leads to a NGRI verdict) in about 75% of cases.

False

The mentally ill are significantly more likely to commit violent crimes than the non-mentally ill population

False

The most common outcome of the Placement Hearing is placement (the juvenile is sent to a secure facility or group home).

False

The police must observe the crime in order to have probable cause to make an arrest

False

Transgender inmates are legally entitled to sex confirmation surgery

False

Tyler was robbed, and lost about $3000 in cash and jewelry. The offender was arrested, found guilty, and ordered to pay a fine of $5000, plus two years in prison. Tyle will receive the $5000 to cover his financial loss and psychological distress

False

Walter, age 15, is detained for vandalism, and sent to teen court, where he also admits to shoplifting, burglary, drug and alcohol abuse, and truancy. The judge is permitted to sentence him to 6 months in a secure juvenile facility.

False

When a man is sexually assaulted, the offender is usually a woman

False

Witness description of the suspect is usually reliable

False

Women are more likely than men to be victimized by almost every violent crime

False

You can only go to prison for "contempt" if you are found guilty in a criminal trial.

False

You have a due process right to appeal a criminal verdict.

False

Why are there far more state prisons than federal prisons:

Federal territory is much smaller than state territory, so there are fewer offenders

Candidates cannot become police officers if their criminal record includes:

Felonies

According to the video, what risk factor for re-offending did Ben Selassie have in his background?

Gang affiliation

Which request from inmates belonging to minority religions do prison administrators refuse most often:

Grooming restrictions (long hair and beards)

Heavy watchers of CSI and other forensic investigation programs are more likely than light watchers to find a defendant:

Guilty

Which mentally ill verdict is LEAST common:

Guilty with Diminished Capacity

Which problem is significant for BOTH religious minority and gay/lesbian inmates:

Harassment by staff

According to "I Fit the Description," why did Steven Locke decide that he was going to arrest arrest, even though black men who resist arrest are usually killed.

He knew that if he was arrested, he would automatically be found guilty and go to prison

What did John Augustus do with the 2,000 convicts released to his care between 1830 and 1855?

He put them to work

According to the article "Chicago Federal Judge Comments Spark Impeachment Call," what did Judge Posner say that caused outrage:

He said that the U.S. Constitution was no longer a useful document.

In the video, what happened when Ben Selassie broke the rules of his probation by staying out past curfew:

He was arrested and returned to court for a new sentence

When asked "What should happen to the offender in marital rape," who suggested harsher penalties:

Heavy viewers of pornography

According to "Police Brutality against the LGBT Community," police decreased their harassment after a class action suit by gay men and ___

Heterosexual men who the police had assumed to be gay

During the 19th century, the police were often given the job of managing "the dangerous classes." What was generally meant by "the dangerous classes"?

Immigrants and the poor

According to the video, the lesbian couple arrested for kissing were:

In a grocery store

Janice shot her two children, aged 10 and 12, while they were sleeping. She explained that they were possessed by the Devil: they used foul language, refused to obey, and often played violent video games. One day she heard the voice of God telling her that they must be killed. She tried to ignore the voice, but it became louder and more persistent, and threatened her with eternal damnation if she didn't obey. Which test is best suited for an insanity defense to this crime:

Irresistible Impulse

Jennifer ordered a $8.00 hamburger in a restaurant, and then left without paying. The case is probably not justiceable because:

It is trivial

What is the best explanation for why there is little evidence of increased surveillance of religious minorities?

It's difficult to determine someone's religion by looking.

What is the main difference between jail and prison?

Jails are for temporary housing before or during the trial; prisons are for serving your sentence

The example of Stella Liebeck, who accidentally spilled McDonald's coffee on her jogging suit, was included in the course content to illustrate that:

Juries usually give fair settlements, like compensation for extreme burning and partial paralysis.

According to the reading, juries tend to accept lyrics from rap but no other musical genre as confessional, evidence that the writer intended to commit a violent crime. This demonstrates that:

Jurors often have an unconscious bias against African-Americans, who perform most rap music

Why did deinstitutionalization during the 1980s increase the number of mentally ill in prison?

Many of the deinstitutionalized persons attracted police attention with their unconventional behavior.

Inmates are more likely than the general population to be:

Muslim

George is angry because his brother-in-law, James, borrowed $500 five years ago, and keeps making excuses for not paying him back. Most recently James has been claiming that it was a gift to help him "get on his feet." Is George likely to use adjudication as a grievance resolution technique?

No, he doesn't want to ruin his relationship with James and the rest of his family, or have his problem discussed in a public forum.

The quiz question asks "Are judges who make bigoted or crazy comments from the bench usually censored by the judicial review board?" The course content says "no," but you think they should be. What should you put down as the correct answer?

No: the correct answer is what really happens, not what you think should happen.

In a scene from the animated sitcom Family Guy, the articulate baby Stewie beats up Brian (the dog) for not paying back a loan. The beating is graphic, with lots of blood on display. Are juveniles who watch the scene likely to imitate the behavior during their own real-life disputes?

No: there is no evidence that mass media images have a significant impact on decision-making in real-life situations.

Randy's mother discovers that a week before he threatened his teacher, an episode of Law and Order featured a teenage boy who stabs his teacher. She considers filing a law suit, stating, "Randy obviously got the idea from the tv show." Is she correct?

No; mass media has little or no influence on adolescent behavior.

The quiz questions asks, "Which is an example of criminalizing a group by targeting them in laws that technically apply to everyone" One of the answers is "The Chinese Exclusion Act." Is it the correct answer?

No; the Chinese Exclusion Act only denied citienship to people of Chinese ancestry, not to everyone in the U.S.

According to the article "The CSI Effect," heavy watchers of forensic investigation tv programs demand forensic evidence in cases involving:

None of the above

According to "My Four Months as a Private Prison Guard," the largest proportion of the lawsuits filed against the CCA (private prison corporation) involve:

Poor living conditions

The appellate court finds that the case of Minnesota v. Family Video had due process errors, and must be retried. It orders the case to be ___

Remanded

What outcome is possible in teen court:

Restitution, drug counseling, a fine,

According to "Why Comic Books Scared Us," what was Wertham's primary evidence that comic books lead to delinquency:

Some juveniles who committed violent crimes also read comic books

In the Rome, Georgia study, convenience stores owned by ___ were targeted for investigation into potential drug trafficking

South Asians

Which type of judge serves a 4-to-6 year term:

State Judges

Officer stops Raymond for a traffic violation. Raymond refuses to produce his driver's license, stating that it is "ridiculous." Which is a permissible response:

Tell him that failure to produce a licence can result in a fine of up to $2500 and his car being impounded

Which can issue the sentence at the end of a criminal trial

The Judge

According to "The Rise of the Warrior Cop," the militarization of the police force began as a response to:

The War on Drugs of the 1970s and 1980s

The judge can dismiss the case and release the defendant at any time up to:

The end of the trial (when the jury begins deliberations)

Which Native American inmate is least likely to recidivize (commit more crimes upon release)?

The inmate who converts to a Native American religion

Which of the characteristics of the "litigation crisis" has been proven to be real, not an urban legend.

The number of trivial or frivolous lawsuits has skyrocketed in the last 20 years.

The quiz question asks, "T/F: Children who are exposed to sexual media have their first sexual experience 2-3 years earlier than those who are not exposed." You can't find the answer in the course content. How can you use critical thinking to determine the correct answer.

The unit is about how mass media characters don't have the prestige or emotional connection to socialize us into changing our behaviors. So the answer must be "false."

Why is a plea of "no contest" useful for the defendant.

There is no guilty verdict to use in a civil trial.

Which is true about Native American drivers in Arizona:

They are disproportionately stopped by the police

In the John Peter Zenger case of 1738, why did the jury hand down a verdict of "not guilty"?

They didn't think that criticizing the British government should be a crime.

What is the most significant reason why the clergy of minority religions are often forbidden from holding religious services in prison:

They do not have official credentials.

Why do law schools disapprove of pre-law as an undergraduate major?

They want you to learn the law in an ABA-approved law school

In an experiment, subjects were asked to determine the verdict of a male defendant accused of sexual assault (sex with a 13 year old). The cases were identical except for the sexual identity of the defendant and the gender of the victim. Which defendant was MOST likely to be found guilty when the victim was a girl?

They were equally likely

During the 1950s, children were raised on a constant diet of violent television Westerns. What happened to them when they became young adults in the 1960s?

They were much more pacifist than previous generations

According to "Hennepin County Prosecution," the main goal of juvenile court hearings is:

To determine if the juvenile is delinquent (on the wrong path and in need of state supervision)

Most people in the general public believe that "the litigation crisis," with trivial cases clogging the courts and receiving huge cash settlements, is really happening. The course content spends a lot of time on the "litigation crisis," including charts and examples. Using critical thinking skills, explain why the course content would spent so much time on it.

To prove that the general public is wrong: the litigation crisis does not exist.

According to the reading, why did plea bargaining became an almost-universal practice during the 1980s:

To reduce the extra prison time mandated by "Tough on Crime" laws.

Police academy training emphasizes the skills necessary for:

Traditional policing

According to "The Torturing of the Mentally Ill," many mental health advocates supported deinstitutionalization during the 1980s.

True

Being attracted to prepubescent children is legal in every state.

True

Community corrections programs appeared as a result of the 1970s distrust of incarceration.

True

Commuted sentences give the executive branch of the government the power to override judicial decisions

True

During the 19th century, juveniles could be placed in reformatories when they hadn't committed any crimes.

True

Fingerprints change over time.

True

Gay/lesbian inmates are more likely than heterosexual inmates to be disciplined for infractions iike failing to obey staff orders.

True

Gay/lesbian/bisexual juveniles are twice as likely as heterosexual juveniles to be placed for status offenses alone.

True

Gilbert is charged with aggravated assault based on an incident that happened at the Minnesota State Capital. His trial will take place at a state court of general jurisdiction.

True

Heroin was sold over the counter in the U.S. until the 20th century

True

If you plead "no contest," there is no trial; the case goes directly to sentencing.

True

In an experiment, college-aged heterosexual men were divided into 2 groups. Group A watched a romantic comedy with no sex scenes, and Group B watched a pornographic movie involving explicit sex. They were then asked if sometimes female rape victims "deserve what they get" by dressing provocatively and leading men on. Group B was most likely to agree.

True

It is more difficult to get a law repealed than to get it passed

True

It is possible for a jury to find a defendant guilty with only circumstantial evidence.

True

Judges can be found guilty of corruption for engaging in immoral activity, like having an extramarital affair.

True

Juries are permitted to find the defendant not guilty, even when the defendant has obviously committed the crime.

True

Miscegenation laws criminalized only white-nonwhite relations, never Black-Asian or Asian-Native American

True

Most crimes are committed in municipal/local police jurisdictions.

True

Most inmates who participate in work release programs continue to work for the same employer after their release.

True

Most people shoplift for fun or "the thrill"

True

Most probation is successful (the convict does not commit new crimes).

True

Parents can petition to have their children adjudicated delinquent.

True

Probation was instituted for juveniles before adults in most states.

True

Professional robbers prefer to target victims who are committing crimes, such as drug dealers engaging in a transaction.

True

Public Humiliation (also called Public Shaming) is a legitimate judicial sentence in the contemporary U.S. (judges can use it for setnences).

True

Racial profiling has been established through BOTH anecdotal and quantitative studies.

True

Racism is one of the characteristics of a rape-prone college

True

Sheila sees a sign advertising "Hamburgers $5.00" and changes it to read "$15.00." She can be successfully convicted of vandalism.

True

The Supreme Court has invalidated a law that prohibits teaching about religions other than Christianity in public schools. The law has not been repealed, so it is till in the criminal code of your state. It is legal for you to teach a class in world religions.

True

The Void for Vagueness rule has been used to invalidate laws that prohibit "looking suspicious."

True

The groups most afraid of being victimized by crime are the LEAST likely to be actually victimized

True

Vandalism is one of the main types of hate crimes.

True

You can be tried in both criminal and civil court for the same offense.

True

You need license or privilege to enter a shopping mall

True

The quiz question asks, "Which statement explains the largest proportion of convicts who are HIV positive when they go to prison." One of the possible answers is: "The police target gay men, who are more likely than heterosexual men to be HIV positive." Jenny finds a statement in the course content and decides that this CANNOT be the correct answer. What statement did she find:

Women in prison are more likely to be HIV positive than men.

Are people with psychotic disorders significantly more likely than the general population to engage in violent crime:

Yes, but only if they are also abusing illegal drugs or alcohol

Hair and fiber analysis can identify an individual with 99% accuracy.

True

According to the video, probation officers in New Zealand use their client's feeling of remorse to help determine the type of intervention necessary.

True

Acts defined as criminal differ widely from place to place

True

According to "Murder Victims' Families for Human Rights," almost all families and friends of murder victims want the death penalty for the murderer

False

Drug offenses are included in the NCVS.

False

In a teen court, the defendant can be sentenced to up to one year in prison.

False

In the State of Minnesota, the trial must begin within 30 days of the arrest.

False

Why do most inmates who convert to a new religion choose Islam, paganism, or a Native American religion

The inmates believe that these religions are closer to their cultural heritage

Which is a violation of the judicial rule of proportionality in sentencing:

The judge hands down a sentence of 6 months in prison for stealing a $100 item, but 10 years in prison for stealing a $200 item.

Robert, an animal rights activist, broke into a test facility and released some animals into the wild. He is charged with criminal trespass and vandalism. He admits that he committed the acts, but the jury decides to nullify and find him not guilty. How is the judge likely to respond:

The judge will accept the jury's verdict

Religious minority inmates are sometimes encouraged to participate in rehabilitation programs that mandate Christian belief.

True

Supervised release was designed as a substitute for:

Parole

In U.S. v. Hanway (1851), Hanway was charged with treason for assisting an escaped slave. President Fillmore felt that the case was so important to national security that he instructed the jury himself. What was the verdict:

President Fillmore asked for a guilty verdict, but the jury found Hanway not guilty.

Why do prisons permit split sentences (inmates spending weekends or other time periods at home)?

Prisons are criminogenic, so any time spent outside of prison will enhance rehabilitation

According to the reading assignment, the Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade (1973) was controversial because it found that laws criminalizing women who have abortions violated the constitutional right to:

Privacy

According to "How Past Crimes May Drive Ex-Cons into Poverty," Lewis was fired from his job after his boss discovered that his background included:

Probation for misdemeanors

Prison inmates typically leave ___ to embrace a minority religion.

Protestantism

A judge in the United States is legally permitted to sentence a convict to ___

Public Humiliation

According to the reading assignment, the Supreme Court case Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) was controversial because it changed a due process right. Which one?

Right to an attorney: the state must provide an attorney if you can't afford one.

Which agency was originally concerned with counterfeit currency:

Secret Service

According to "Prison, HIV and AIDS," the most common transmission route for HIV in European prisons is:

Shared intravenous needles

Which type of police has general jurisdiction over interstate highways:

State

34 members of a drug trafficking syndicate are arrested and charged with 200 counts of manufacture, sale, and distribution of narcotic substances. The calculated crime rate in the city will:

Stay the same

Which offense is used by the FBI to calculate crime rates:

Stealing a laptop from an unoccupied desk in the library

Which is included in "reasonable suspicion" (criteria for detaining and questioning) but NOT "probable cause" (criteria for arrest)

Suspicious behavior

Who can issue a sentence of corporal punishment in the contemporary U.S.:

Teachers

The quiz question asks "T/F: Juveniles who play violent video games such as "Grand Theft Auto" are significantly more likely to commit violent offenses (fighting, assault) than those who do not." You don't remember the answer from the course content. How can you use critical thinking to determine the correct answer?

The course content is about how mass media doesn't cause juvenile violence. Video games are mass media, so the answer must be "false."

Smart on Crime policies in the U.S. were introduced in response to:

The drain on state resources caused by mass incarceration

Why does it cost the state significantly more to house inmates over age 60:

The elderly require increasingly sophisticated medical care

Why do fictional characters in books, movies, and tv fail to socialize us?

The emotional connection with fictional characters is insufficient.

The author of "The Bias against Circumstantial Evidence" was on the jury in a murder trial in which a witness heard a gunshot and ran into the apartment to see the defendant kneeling over the victim's body, going through his pockets. Why didn't the jury convict?

The evidence was circumstantial, not direct

While at his brother Jason's house, Mark is stabbed to death with a steak knife. Jason is charged with the murder, but pleads not guilty. He claims that he and his brother were having dinner, when an intruder burst in and demanded money. When they hesitated, he grabbed the steak knife, threatened Mark with it, and then stabbed him and ran away. Which of these is DIRECT evidence that Jason, not a stranger, committed the murder:

The forensic investigators found no sign of cooking in the kitchen

Why are many trangender persons stopped by the police and arrested "the crime of being transgender"?

The police target people who don't meet stereotyped gender expectations

The quiz question is about "surveillance." How do you know that it means surveillance by the general public and not by the police?

The term appears in the course content in a section on how stereotyping results in a conscious or unconscious belief that the minority individuals represents a threat, so there are more police calls. It must be the general public calling the police.

Forensic evidence is usually necessary for ___

The trial jury to establish guilt

What is the most common reason that inmates give for failing to participate in rehabilitation programs:

There are not enough spaces for everyone interested in the program

The Grand Jury has the job of determining if:

There is enough evidence to bring the case to trial.

The grand jury has the job of determining if:

There is enough evidence to bring the case to trial.

The quiz question asks "Do police academies generally teach the skills needed for traditional or community policing?" You look at the list of courses, and most of them are about laws: property laws, drug laws, public order laws, juvenile laws, and so on. Using critical thinking skills, you conclude that these courses emphasize:

Traditional policing, which is about arresting people for breaking laws

Patroling, investigating crime, and making arrests were the chief activities of police officers during the ___

Traditional/Reform Era

According to "Why Comic Books Scared Us," most kids who read comic books in the 1950s had criminal arrests in adulthood.

True

According to "Why Innocent People Plead Guilty," the plea bargaining system gives the prosecutor an advantage over the judge

True

According to "Why People Still Fall for Nigerian Email Scams," the bad grammar in the scam emails increases the likelihood that people will fall for them, because they believe that they are smarter than the scammer.

True

According to the reading assignment, Native American youth are more likely than white youth to be placed for status offenses

True

According to the reading assignment, juveniles can be placed for technical violations, like not reporting to their probation officer.

True

According to the reading assignment, the percentage of Americans who believe that "law and order has broken down" has stayed relatively stable for the last 40 years

True

At the airport, Gloria leaves her suitcase on her seat while she gets a drink of water. When she returns, it is gone. She is a victim of a Part 1 Property Crime.

True

Both LGBT persons and members of racial minorities are subjected to extra surveillance in their daily lives.

True

Both misdemeanors and felonies are mala in se crimes.

True

Community corrections allow the convict to stay at home while serving their sentence.

True

Contemporary bullet analysis can reveal the unique pattern that every individual gun leaves on a bullet.

True

Determining probable cause for an arrest requires less evidence than determining guilt "beyond a reasonable doubt" in a trial.

True

Drug Courts typically sentence offenders to counseling and drug treatment instead of incarceration.

True

Due Process is mentioned in BOTH the Bill of Rights and the 14th Amendment

True

Every generation of parents believes that the mass media of their childhood was "innocent fun," but today's mass media is dangerous for their children.

True

Every police jurisdiction has its own physical fitness standards.

True

Some consensual sexual offenses, such as miscegenation and sodomy, were applied to many acts in addition to sexual contact.

True

The Guilty But Mentally Ill (GBMI) verdict arose as a response to John Hinckley receiving a NGBI (Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity) for his attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan.

True

The Supreme Court has invalidated a law that prohibits teaching about religions other than Christianity in public schools. The law has not been repealed, so it is still in the criminal code of your state. It is legal for you to teach a class in world religions.

True

There is no plaintiff in a criminal trial

True

Which re-entry restrictions are placed on ex-convicts in most states:

Unable to get many professional licenses. Potential employers can use any criminal conviction as grounds to deny employment. Reduction or permanent ban on food stamp eligibility. Ineligible to live in public housing (All the above)

Which type of law school will result in a more prestigious job

University affiliated

Darryl Deino, author of "Police Brutality against LGBT Community," was stopped, questioned, and threatened because he was ___.

Walking his dog near a group of gay men

According to "Prisons, HIV, and AIDS," prison inmates are most likely to seroconvert after unprotected sexual activity in:

West and Central Africa

In an experiment, jurors were asked to determine the verdict of a defendant charged with armed robbery. The cases were identical except for the race of the defendant. Who was more likely to find the black defendant guilty?

White juror

Why was Dan White's defense called the Twinkie Defense? Note: A Twinkie is a snack cake with a high sugar content, and also slang for a young gay man.

White was a fitness buff, and eating junk food for two weeks before the murders suggested diminished capacity

Josh is arrested for money laundering, graft, corruption, drug possession, bribery, and theft in different incidents. How many offenses will be used by the FBI to calculate the crime rate for the community?

1

Many states abolished probation during the Tough on Crime Movement of the:

1980's

According to the article, William Rouser began protesting his lack of access to religious items in 1992. When did he receive a judicial decree permitting him access to these items:

2011

The quiz question asks, "In the Chicago District 4 study, ___ of motorists on the road and 22.6% of motorists stopped by the police were Hispanic." How can you use critical thinking to determine that the correct answer CANNOT be 22.0%?

22.0% would indicate that Hispanic drivers are not being targeted, so why would the study be in a unit on police targeting?

The quiz question asks, "In the Chicago District 4 study, ___ of motorists on the road and 22.6% of motorists stopped by the police were Hispanic." The choices are 0.1%, 1.2%, 2.0%, and 22.0%. How can you use critical thinking to determine that the correct answer CANNOT be 22.0%?

22.0% would indicate that Hispanic drivers are not being targeted, so why would the study be in a unit on police targeting?

African-Americans constitute 13% of the U.S. population and ____ of defendants who are denied bail.

43%

According to "The Rise of the Warrior Cop," between 1980 and 2001, the number of SWAT (paramilitary) raids in the United States increased from 3,000 to

45,000

According to "The Torturing of the Mentally Ill" involuntary treatment for mental health issues is available for prison inmates ONLY with

A court order

A broken contract can be tried in: A. Civil court B. Criminal court C. Both

A. Civil court

Which legal system is likely to prohibit acts solely because the legislators think that they are immoral? A. Common Law B. Civil Law C. Both D. Neither

A. Common Law

Judges have the power to overturn laws in: A. Common law countries B. Civil law countries C. Both D. Neither

A. Common law countries

Which theory states that legislators often pass laws to limit the power of minority groups. A. Conflict Theory B. Consensus Theory C. Social Bond Theory D. Social Control Theory

A. Conflict Theory

Drug possession can be a: A. Crime B. Tort C. Both

A. Crime

Tracey has been assigned to be the defense attorney to a defendant who has confessed to 12 murders. She is asked "How can you defend someone who is guilty of those terrible crimes." She replies with the constitutional guarantee of: A. Due Process B. A speedy trial C. Freedom of speech D. Human dignity

A. Due Process

You want to know if Zambia uses common law or civil law. What question should you ask: A. Is English one of the official languages? B. Does it have a Roman-style court system? C. Do the judges wear wigs? D. Is its legal code written down (nullum crimen sine lege)?

A. Is English one of the official languages?

Which stereotype applied to members of minority groups is most likely to explain the increased arrest rate of Samoan youth in Alameda County, California:

Aggressive/violent

You are the defense attorney for an African-American man who has pleaded not guilty to heroin possession (a federal offense). During the defense arguments, the judge, a white woman, says "Go back to the hood and tell your buddies to stop having kids and get jobs" and "Maybe if you weren't too lazy to work, you'd be able to accomplish something instead of getting high all day." What legal recourse do you have to respond to the judge's bigotry?

Ask the judge to recuse herself. Have a recall election. Ask the Judicial Ethics Committee to have the judge removed from the bench. Go to appeal on the grounds that the trial has violated equal protection

According to "My Life in a Supermax Prison," Travis Dusenberg was sent to a supermax prison for:

Assault of a prison guard

According to the course content, why was Lawvrence v. Texas (2003) successful at invalidating the sodomy laws, while Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) failed: A. In 2003, the Supreme Court had a liberal super-majority. B. In 2003, most Supreme Court justices were acquainted with LGBT people. C. Public opinion about gay rights had increased tremendously since 1986 D. The test case was better in 2003 than in 1986

B. In 2003, most Supreme Court justices were acquainted with LGBT people.

In "Too Many Laws, Too Many Prisoners," how do the authors explain prison overcrowding: A. An increase in police targeting ethnic and racial minorities for stops and searches. B. Overregulation, so people are incarcerated for breaking laws they didn't know existed. C. An increase in crime due to globalization and the rise of the internet D. Three strikes laws, which mandate long prison sentences for the third offense, even for a minor crime

B. Overregulation, so people are incarcerated for breaking laws they didn't know existed.

A law is stricken from the criminal code when it is: A. Invalidated by the Supreme Court B. Repealed by the legislature C. Both D. Neither

B. Repealed by the legislature

Bart was robbed by Steve, and has lost $300 plus psychological harm, so he sues him in civil court. What outcome is possible: A. Steve will be be sentenced to 300 hours of community service plus a fine of $3000, which will go to Bart. B. Steve will pay Bart the $300, plus $2000 to cover the psychological counseling. C. Steve will be placed in prison for 2 years. D. All of the above

B. Steve will pay Bart the $300, plus $2000 to cover the psychological counseling.

On the UCR, crimes are generally classified by: A. Seriousness of offense B. Type of offense

B. Type of offense

In the experiment cited in class, which job applicant was LEAST likely to receive a call requesting an interview:

Black Ex-Convict

According to "How Much Do Police Officers Mirror the Communities They Serve," in the Minneapolis-St. Paul urban area:

Black residents are five times more likely to be arrested than white residents.

Which is NOT a significant source of HIV transmission

Blood splattering

The quiz question asks "T/F: The jury issues BOTH the verdict and the sentence." Which of these sections in the course content will tell you that the correct answer must be "false"

Both

The Haymarket Riots began when the police tried to:

Break up a labor demonstration

In what country do lawyers get an undergraduate degree in law, followed by a one-year apprenticeship?

BritainThere is no plaintiff in a criminal trial

During the Cold War, a U.S. senator introduced a bill designed to combat "the Red Menace," or Communism. Which of these provisions cannot be criminalized, according to the elements of crime in Common Law? A. Attending a meeting of the Communisty Party. B. Making a public statement in support of Communism. C. Believing in the validity of Communism. D. Meeting with a known Communist.

C. Believing in the validity of Communism.

After the AIDS panic of the 1980s-1990s, many states made it a felony to: A. Spit on someone B. Fail to reveal your HIV status to a sexual partner C. Both

C. Both

In the video, what happened to the African-American men who drove into Bloomfield? A. The police followed them until they committed a traffic violation, then stopped them. B. The police followed them for several blocks, then stopped them on a made-up traffic violation. C. Both D. Neither

C. Both

The poor are more likely than the rich to become victims of: A. Property crime B. Violent crime C. Both D. Neither

C. Both

____ LGBT persons are significant more likely than heterosexuals to be incarcerated. A. Male B. Female C. Both

C. Both

Harry was sitting in a restaurant, when he suddenly walked over to another diner and started hitting and punching him for no reason. The injuries were severe, so Harry was arrested and charged with aggravated assault. At the trial, six witnesses state that they saw Harry commit the crime. The victim also testifies. What verdict can the jury had down: A. Guilty B. Not guilty C. Either

C. Either

Supreme Court invalidation can only be used for: A. State laws B. Laws that most people believe are wrong C. Laws that violate the U.S. Constitution D. Federal laws

C. Laws that violate the U.S. Constitution

What is the most common way to pass a law making an act criminal A. Referendum B. Executive Order C. Legislative Bill D. Supreme Court Invalidation

C. Legislative Bill

The purpose of due process is to: A. Provide police protection B. Protect criminal victims from the misuse of state power C. Protect criminal defendants from the misuse of state power D. Deny constitutional rights to the accused

C. Protect criminal defendants from the misuse of state power

When was the last time the crime rate in the U.S. rose sharply: A. The 1950's B. The 1930's C. The 1980's D. The 2000's

C. The 1980's

According to "Adultery and Fornication," why are states recently beginning to repeal their consensual sexual offense laws: A. Grassroots activism has been very successful in decreasing the stigma attached to these acts. B. Most people have engaged in one or more of these acts, and disapprove of being labeled criminals for life C. The legislatures are worried that the conservative super-majority in the Supreme Court will begin validating them D. Powerful lobbies are pouring donations into the legislatures to influence votes on consensual sexual offenses.

C. The legislatures are worried that the conservative super-majority in the Supreme Court will begin validating them

Small towns generally have higher crime rates than big cities because: A. Most small towns are depopulated due to the 1980s-1990s migration to big cities B. There is more poverty, so people must commit property crimes to survive C. The population is smaller, so a few crimes will increase the crime rate D. Small town residents are twice as likely to abuse drugs

C. The population is smaller, so a few crimes will increase the crime rate

Which is a reason for the increase in the number of lawyers after 1970.

Colleges began to change their emphasis from general education to job training

Rapid response is characteristic of:

Community Policing

African-American and Hispanic inmates are more likely than white inmates to be sent to private prisons. This disparity is similar to the _____ in the South after the Civil War

Convict leasing

The quiz question asks: "True or false: in 1923 the State of Tennessee made it a crime to believe in evolution." Which concept in the course content is it testing?

Crimes cannot be beliefs, feelings, or conditions

Most prison inmates who adopt Santeria are __

Cuban-American

According to "The Bill of Rights: A Brief History," the Supreme Court rarely implemented the Bill of Rights in its decisions until the: A. 1830's B. 1880's C. 1950's D. 1920's

D. 1920's

According to "Cincinnati's Problem-Oriented Police Reform," the introduction of community policing led to a decrease in: A. Citizen complaints B. The crime rate C. Criminal arrests D. All of the above E. None. of the above

D. All of the above

Why does Mexico use civil law? A. It is adjacent to the United States, and so adopted many American social institutions. B. It has never been a European colony. C. The League of Nations mandated its use of Civil Law when it became independent D. It was part of the Napoleonic Empire when civil law was codified.

D. It was part of the Napoleonic Empire when civil law was codified.

What do we call the element of crime which states that the mens rea must occur during the actus reus A. Legality B. coincidence C. causation D. concurrence

D. concurrence

Maxine is running for governor. During her campaign speech, she says "I will be tough on crime. Without the threat of prison, most people would be running around raping and and murdering each other all the time." What theory of punishment is she supporting?

Deterrence

Which is a stereotype that is applied to most minority group members.

Devious/sneaky/underhanded

A larger percentage of federal than state inmates are in prison for:

Drug Crimes

You are most likely to receive probation instead of incarceration for:

Drug Offenses

Eddie is arrested for possession of 20 pounds of cocaine with intent to sell. Why will this arrest NOT make the calculated crime rate of the community increase?

Drug possession is a Part 2 offense.

Which is a criminogenic variable:

Dysfunctional family

Forensic evidence can establish that you committed the act (not that you are guilty) for some cases of: A. Murder B. Rape C. Burglary D. Larceny E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Lydia has been charged with prostitution and "running a bawdy house" for advertising sexual services online. The jury doesn't think that sex work should be a crime, so they hand down a verdict of "not guilty" on both counts. The judge thinks that Lydia is obviously guilty, and should be punished. What can they do: A. Declare a mistrial and get a new jury B. Dismiss the case C. Overturn the jury's verdict and find Lydia guilty D. All of the above E. None of the above

E. None of the above

Policing is supervised by the ___ branch of government.

Executive

Which offense will cause the calculated crime rate in the community to increase: A. Embezzling $20 million from your company B. Transporting 20 lbs of heroin into the city. C. Escaping from police custody. D. Selling obscene materials E. All of the above F. None of the above

F. None of the above

The two charts in the Unit 10 powerpoint slideshow _____ the theory that heavy CSI watchers are likely to expect the forensic evidence they see on tv.

Fail to support

According to "Does Pornography Lead to Sexual Assault," heavy viewers of pornographic videos are significantly more likely to engage in sexual assault than non-viewers.

False

According to "Graffiti vs. Street Art," New York City street artists have an average income that is significantly higher than that of New Yorkers in general.

False

According to "LGBTQ Kids Trapped in a Broken System," 45 states offer protection from discrimination based on sexual identity or gender identity

False

According to "Public Shaming Sentences on the Rise," public shaming is very effective at deterring offenders from more criminal offenses.

False

According to "The Boston Police Strike," most people in the U.S. supported the police officers' attempt to unionize

False

According to "The Five-Finger Discount," most people shoplift because they need the item and cannot afford to pay for it.

False

According to "The Supreme Court" website, many courts around the world have the power to interpret the Constitution.

False

According to the Hennepin County Juvenile Prosecution website, juvenile courts have a very limited range of activities that they can require of adjudicated juveniles.

False

According to the Unit 7 course content, the term "surveillance" refers to operations in which the FBI or local police officers record the activities of suspected criminal offenders to gather evidence against them

False

All UCR Part 1 offenses are felonies.

False

Asking "Are you prejudiced?" during voir dire has proven very effective in limiting racial, religion, and sexual bias in jury decisions.

False

Bail Bonds services are employees of the court.

False

Corporal punishment is a legitimate judicial sentence in the contemporary U.S.

False

Definitions of what is criminal have remained remarkably stable over time.

False

During the last 20 years, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of frivolous lawsuits filed.

False

Early sexual debut is a strong predictor of juvenile delinquency

False

Eddie has a baseball with the autograph of famous player "Willie Mays." He actually autographed it himself, but he likes to bring it out and tell his friends that it is authentic. He can be successfully convicted of forgery.

False

Federal crimes are much more serious than state crimes.

False

Federal law forbids prospective employers from refusing to hire job applicants solely because they are ex-convicts.

False

George stole your purse and is running away with it. You can get a self-defense justification for beating him up to retrieve it.

False

Go to appeal on the grounds that the trial has violated equal protection

False

If you lie to the police during a criminal interrogation, you can be found guilty of perjury.

False

If you pass the bar exam in Minnesota, you are also permitted to practice law in Iowa, Wisconsin, and South Dakota.

False

In the State of Minnesota, convicted felons are ineligible for SNAP (food stamps) forever.

False

Jim is serving a 5 year sentence for possession of marijuana. Recreational marijuana has just been legalized in his state. He will be released under the "ex post facto" rule.

False

Judges are required to inform jurors of their right to nullify

False

Most criminologists believe that the race gap in arrests/adjudications is caused by discrimination by a small number of racist police officers, judges, and attorneys.

False

Most real-life homicide cases cannot go to trial without fingerprint or DNA evidence.

False

Most robbers commit their crimes in order to get money to buy drugs

False

Most states offer parole to inmates over age 60 who have served 20 years or more.

False

Officers knock on Jim's door to question him about a citizen's complaint of "running a brothel." He is still in his pajamas, so they give him permission to dress. While one officer accompanies him to the bedroom, the other looks through the files in his office, and finds a list of prostitution clients . T/F: the officers can legally seize the list and use it as evidence.

False

Raul asks each of his 7 respondents, "Tell me about the first time you stole a car." He is conducting a survey.

False

T/F: College students in 2021 are significantly more likely to become crime victims than college students in 1991.

False

Ted has been found not guilty of burglary due to lack of evidence. A few months later, a witness comes forward with a video tape of Ted breaking into the house. Ted will probably be arrested and put on trial again.

False

The crime victim has the authority to decide whether to "press charges" and bring a case to trial.

False

In the article "Former Heroin Addict Thanks Drug Court for Saving His Life," how did Matt's heroin addiction begin?

He became addicted to prescription painkillers after an injury, and moved on to heroin use

According to 'What's it Like to Live in a Halfway House," what did Justin find most striking about life in the halfway house after prison?

He had to make a lot of decisions every day

A defendant is found guilty of robbery. Judge Walters believes that his life history and mitigating circumstances call for only a year in prison. However, she hands down a sentence of 20 years. What is the best explanation for this inconsistency:

Her state has a mandatory minimum law.

The quiz question asks "Which can state that an element of crime is missing: the grand jury, the trial jury, both, neither?" Use critical thinking to determine that the answer CANNOT be the grand jury.

If an element of crime is missing, the judge will dismiss the case long before it gets to the grand jury.

The police are permitted to enter your home without your consent:

If they have a search or arrest warrant

On the state level, convicts are placed in men's or women's prisons based on their gender identity:

If they have had sex confirmation surgery

What is the most significant reason why the mentally ill population in prison is so high?

Inappropriate behavior while under arrest and on trial results in a disproportionate incarceration rate

After a domestic abuse conviction, Joe is ordered to avoid going within 100 yards of his ex-wife. What theory of punishment is the judge using:

Incapacitation

Jason has been convicted of aggravated assault. He got into an argument with his friend over who would get the last piece of pizza; the argument escalated into a fight, and Jason threw his friend down the stairs, resulting in a concussion and broken ribs. This is his first violent offense, but he has convictions for marijuana possession and shoplifting. Using the retribution theory of punishment, the judge will probably sentence him to:

Incarceration

Alex, age 12, argues with his friend over what tv program to watch, and ends up hitting him with a lamp, causing severe injury. He is arrested and tried for aggravated assault, but found not guilty. What is the most likely reason for the not guilty verdict:

Infancy

Jessica is angry with her neighbor, so she sends an email stating that she intends to blow up his house. She is arrested for making "terroristic threats." What additional information do you need to determine if this arrest will cause the calculated crime rate of the community to increase?

Is "making terroristic threats" a Part 1 or Part 2 Offense?

According to the article, why is Buddhism the fastest growing religion in British prisons?

It allows prison inmates to experience a spiritual tradition based on meditation and mindfulness

New York prison inmate Darryl Holland was unable to complete a drug test during Ramadan, as he had nothing to drink since dawn. He was placed in solitary confinement for 77 days. He sued the state. What was the most likely court response:

It is a reasonable accommodation to postpone drug tests until after sundown for inmates fasting during Ramadan.

Due to jury excuses and voir dire, how does the the composition of most juries differ from the U.S. population in general:

It is more conservative

Police officers are permitted to use deadly force when:

It is necessary to prevent an officer or bystander's death or grievous injury

Police officers can make station adjustments instead of an arrest for:

Juveniles

What is the most common way to pass a law making an act criminal:

Legislative Bill

According to the Chicago District 4 study, 22.6% of drivers stopped by the police, and ___ of the drivers, were Hispanic.

Less than 1%

According to "Why Innocent People Plead Guilty," what percentage of defendants who agree to a plea bargain are actually innocent:

Less than 20%

The SARA community policing technique is used for:

Long-term problem solving

About 30% of prisoners who request a writ of habeas corpus are released

False

There have been professional police forces since the Middle Ages.

False

During the Community Era of policing, the main task of the police was:

Preventing crime

Which type of police is concerned with crimes that begin in one state and end in another:

Federal

The President of the U.S. has the power to grant pardons to individuals on trial for or convicted of:

Federal Crimes

How do you become a judge in the state of Minnesota?

Missouri Compromise

Which sentence is not used often:

Banishment

Who is more likely to be sexually assaulted in prison:

Gay men

The Grand Jury decides

If there is enough evidence to have a trial

Which issues the sentence in a jury trial:

Judge

Which is NOT a property crime

Robbery

Posession by an orisha (god) an important religious rite in:

Santeria

Public order offenses CANNOT be recorded in the NCVS (National Crime Victimization Survey)

True

Which issues the verdict?

Trial Jury

Randy was arrested for selling methamphetamine. He pleads not guilty due to duress, and as evidence shows the text his Cousin George sent: "I want you to help me sell my meth supply. If you don't I will break your legs and put you in the hospital.' Why is the duress excuse unlikely to be successful:

A text message is not an immediate threat

Which is direct evidence:

A witness claims that the defendant bragged about committing the crime

The Insanity defense is used most often in trials for the crime of ___

Assault

Which is NOT a means of criminalizing an act: A. The people vote in a referendum B. The state or federal Supreme Court invalidates a law C. The state or federal legislature passes a bill D. The governor or President issues an executive order

B. The state or federal Supreme Court invalidates a law

According to the reading assignment, allegations of sexual assault by student athletes are usually investigated by ___. A. The campus police B. The university athletics department C. The Title 9 Office D. An outside arbitrator

B. The university athletics department

Who are more likely to be incarcerated:

Black transgender women

The convict must engage in rehabilitation activities such as classes, drug counseling, and job training in:

Community Corrections

According to "Cincinnati's Problem-Oriented Police Reform," which is effective in decreasing the crime rate:

Community Policing

Prostitution is included in:

Consensual Sexual Offenses

Which of the criminal justice systems is most concerned with what should happen to people convicted of a crime?

Corrections

The police can base "reasonable suspicion" on: A. Observed criminal acts B. An informant's description C. Suspicious behavior D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Why do groups working toward decriminalization usually try to increase their access to resources first? A. Legislatures and courts are unlikely to listen to groups that lack political and social capital. B. They need some political and social capital to attract participants to their activist activities C. Lack of access to jobs, education, and health care are more immediate problems than laws that criminalize them D. All of the above

D. All of the above

You can legally enter someone's curtilege if you have: A. License B. Privilege C. Legitimate business with them D. Any of the above E. None of the above

D. Any of the above

Alaska Natives constitute 16% of the population of Alaska, but nearly half of arrests for vandalism, alcohol violations, and many other offenses. This suggests a problem in the guarantee of: A. The Five Freedoms B. A Speedy Trial C. Miranda Warnings D. Equal Protection

D. Equal Protections

June hypothesizes that juveniles who watch movies and tv programs with strong sexual content are likely to engage in premature sexual behavior. What research methodology is she most likely to choose: A. Experiment B. Content Analysis C. Participant Observation D. Ethnography

D. Ethnography

Many public order offenses were passed during the late 19th century in order to criminalize the everyday activities of: A. Juvenile delinquents B. LGBT people C. Native Americans D. Immigrants

D. Immigrants

How does "America's Faulty Perception of the Crime Rate" explain the ongoing belief that the crime rate is increasing? A. Clickbait articles on the internet B. An increase in violent crime C. Increased surveillance making it more likely for criminals to get caught D. Increased media attention to violent crimes

D. Increased media attention to violent crimes

Which CANNOT be a crime: A. stating that your boss is the devil B. possessing a pornographic film C. having a meeting to discuss criminal activity D. wanting to kill someone

D. Wanting to kill someone

DNA is used frequently on tv crime shows. Why is it not used often in real life?

DNA samples degrade within a few days.

Which program is effective (significantly decreases the recidivism rate):

Educational Release

99% of burglaries involve using force to enter the property

False

Juveniles have the right to a jury trial.

False

Serious crimes are always handled by the FBI

False

Why is sending a militarized police force to handle crowd control during political protests likely to result in violence?

Militarization results in a perception that the protesters are "enemy troops"

Markaya vandalizes a mural at the Minnesota State Capitol in St. Paul. Who has the authority to arrest them:

Minnesota State Police

Importing water hyacinths into the U.S. is a federal crime, because they can upset the ecosystem. The penalty is a fine of $500 or up to six months in prison. It is a:

Misdemeanor

Why are there many more state courts than federal courts:

More people commit state crimes than federal crimes

Why are most ex-offenders unemployed a year after their release:

Most employers have a policy of not hiring ex-offenders, regardless of the nature of the offense.

Which statement explains the largest proportion of convicts who are HIV positive when they go to prison:

Most people who are incarcerated are poor and belong to ethnic minorities, and these populations have a higher incidence of HIV

Terrorism is a crime classified by:

Motive

District Attorney Blanche asks the Grand Jury to evaluate a case to determine corpus delicti (is there enough evidence to go forward). They tell her that they have witness statements and a confession from the defendant, but no forensic evidence. How does Blanche respond:

No problem. You don't need forensic evidence to determine corpus delicti.

Which prison program is least likely to be effective in rehabilitation (doesn't help the inmate overcome the background variables that pushed them toward crime):

Parenting classes

Why is community policing more effective than traditional policing in reducing the crime rate in the community?

Police officers can respond to criminogenic factors before they result in crime

According to the Constitution, which criminal justice system has due process rights:

Policing, Courts

BONUS: The Boston Police Strike resulted in a call for increased ___ in policing.

Professionalism

Which can state that an element of crime is missing

Trial Jury

Which establishes guilt beyond a reasonable doubt

Trial Jury

Which issues the verdict in a jury trial:

Trial jury

About half of juveniles who are placed go to secure facilities.

True

According to "A Dream Denied," laws against sleeping in public were applied to an hurricane evacuee who was sleeping in his car after losing his house.

True

According to "A Dream Denied," some cities prohibit distributing free food in public in order to keep charitable organizations from helping the homeless.

True

According to "ABA Calls for Repeal," states have seen an increase in homicides since they introduced Stand Your Ground Laws.

True

According to "How Past Crimes May Drive Job Seekers into Poverty," people with criminal records are twice as likely to be in poverty as those with no records.

True

According to "The Boston Police Strike," in 1919 Boston, police officers typically worked over 80 hours per week

True

According to "The Cities that Claim Zero Hate Crimes," police officers often claim that an incident was not a hate crime to avoid the extra paperwork involved in hate crime reporting

True

Circumstantial evidence is usually enough to establish the guilt of the defendant.

True

Laws against "camping on public streets" serve the same function that the old vagrancy laws served.

True

The same stereotypes are applied to almost every minority group

True

Young adults commit more crimes than middle-aged adults

True