Intro to Human Geography Chapter 3

What percentage of immigrants are under 15?

16% of immigrants compared to 23% for the total U.S. population

What percentage of immigrants are young adults in the United States?

40% between the ages of 25-39 compared to about 23% of the entire U.S. population

What is the percentage of unaccompanied minors to the U.S.?

90% are between the ages 12 and 17

Diversity

A few immigrants are admitted by lottery under a diversity category for people from countries that historically sent few people to the United States

Brain drain

A large-scale emigration by talented people (Scientists, researchers, doctors, and other professionals migrate to other countries where they can make better use of their abilities)

Quota

A maximum limit to on the number of people who could immigrate to the United States during a one-year period

Intraregional migration

A movement within one region

International migration

A permanent move from one country to another

Migration

A permanent move to a new location (It is a form of relocation diffusion)

Internal migration

A permanent move within the same country

How many Chinese live in other countries?

About 35 million (U.S. is the leading receiving country)

How many unauthorized immigrants are employed in the United States?

About 8 million (5% of the total U.S. civilian labor force)

What percentage of the world's population are international migrants?

About 9 percent (live in a country that they were not born in)

What are the destinations for most of the interregional migrants in Canada?

Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan

Civil rights

Americans favor letting law enforcement officials stop and verify the legal status of anyone they suspect of being an unauthorized immigrant

Border security

Americans would like more effective border control so that fewer unauthorized immigrants can get into the country, but they don't want to spend a lot of money to build more walls or fences

Intervening obstacle

An environmental or political feature that hinders migration

Family reunification

Approximately 3/4 of immigrants are admitted to reunify families, primarily spouses or unmarried children of people already living in the United States

Distribution of immigrants

California and Texas have the largest number of unauthorized immigrants; Nevada has the largest percentage

Where do most of recent immigrants (more than one-half) head for in the United States?

California, Florida, New York, or Texas

Skilled workers

Exceptionally talented professionals receive most of the remainder of the quota

Why do most people immigrate?

For economic reasons Migrate from places with few job opportunities to places where jobs seem to be available

What has been the largest flows within Europe of migrants in recent years?

From countries in Southeastern Europe such as Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, and Serbia, especially to Italy and Spain From countries in Eastern Europe, such as Poland, Russia, and Ukraine, especially to Germany, the United Kingdom, and Ireland.

What does most counter-urbanization represent?

Genuine migration from cities and suburbs to small towns and rural communities

Who identified migration transition?

Geographer Wilbur Zelinsky

Internally displaced person

Has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee, but has not migrated across an international border

What can international migration be divided into?

Interregional migration and intraregional migration

What kind of migration is more common than interregional or international migration?

Intraregional migration

What can cause the attractiveness of a region to change?

It can shift with economic change

How was the rest of the United States settled from the Atlantic coast?

Mass interregional migration

Who are currently the largest group of U.S. immigrants?

Mexicans who come to the United States without authorized immigration documents

What country has sent the most immigrants to the United States?

Mexico passed Germany in 2006 as the country with the most immigrants to the U.S.

Emigration

Migration from a location

What resulted from the Industrial revolution in the 1800's in Europe and North America?

Migration from rural areas to urban areas

Immigration

Migration to a location

Source Country of immigration

More than one-half of unauthorized immigrants emigrate from Mexico. The remainder are about evenly divided among other Latin American countries and other regions of the world

Workplace

Most Americans recognize that unauthorized immigrants take the jobs that nobody wants, so they support some type of work-related program to make them legal, as opposed to raids on workplaces in attempts to round up unauthorized immigrants

What are some attractive environments for migrants?

Mountains, seasides, and warm climates Regions with warm winters, such as southern Spain and the southwestern United States, attract migrants from harsher climates

Interregional migration

Movement from one region of a country to another

Counter-urbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas

What countries have net in-migration?

North America, Europe, and the South Pacific

Refugee

Person who has been forced to migrate to another country to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violation of human rights, or other disasters and cannot return for fear of persecution because of race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group or political opinion

Local initiatives

Polls show that most Americans believe that enforcement is a federal government responsibility .

Guest Worker program

Program used by Germany and other wealthy European countries to allow immigrants from poorer countries to immigrate temporarily to obtain jobs

Why has the territory occupied by urban areas rapidly expanded?

Suburbanization

What is the worlds third most populous country?

The United States

What does a suburban lifestyle offer people?

The ability to live in a detached house rather than an apartment, surrounded by a private yard where children can safely play. A garage or driveway on the property guarantees space to park cars at no extra charge In the U.S., suburban schools tend to be more modern, better equipped, and safer than those in cities

Floodplain

The area subject to flooding during a specific number of years, based on historical trends Some people are forced to move by water-related disasters because they live in a vulnerable area

What does the increase in female migration to the United States reflect?

The changing role of women in Mexican society

Net migration

The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants

What is another factor related to water that can affect migration?

The lack of water in certain areas

What did the impact of the severe recession have on intraregional migrants?

(They move primarily for lifestyle reasons than for jobs) Found that they couldn't get loans to buy new homes and couldn't find buyers for their old homes

Years of immigration in the United States

-61% 10 years or more -23% 5 to 9 years -16% less than 5 years (all in 2013) - 38% less than 5 years - 37% more than 10 years (all in 2003)

China

-An estimated 100 million people have emigrated from rural areas in the interior of the country -They are headed for the large urban areas on the eastern coast of the country, where jobs are most plentiful, especially in factories

Russia

-Population is highly clustered in the western, or European, portion of the country

Why does counter-urbanization happen?

Very rapid expansion of suburbs

What age group did Ravenstein believe comprised long-distance immigrants?

Young adults seeking work rather than children or elderly people

U.S. Immigration in the mid-nineteenth to early twentieth century

- 1840's and 1850's: Primarily from Ireland and Germany -1880's and 1890's: Primarily from Northern and Western Europe, including Norway and Sweden, as well as Germany and Ireland -1900 - 1910's: Primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Italy and Russia

What are the three main eras of immigration in United States history?

- Colonial settlement in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries -Mass European immigration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries -Asian and Latin American immigration in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries

What are the three largest flows of immigrants in the world?

- From Latin America to North America - From Asia to Europe - From Asia to North America

What are the laws that Ravenstein formulated for the distance that migrants travel to their new homes?

- Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country - Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity

What reasons do Ravenstein's "laws" provide for why people migrate?

- Most people migrate for economic reasons -Political and environmental reasons also induce migration, although not as frequently as economic reasons

What are Ravenstein's three "laws"?

- The distance that migrants typically move - The reasons migrants move - The characteristics of migrants

How are economic immigrants and refugees treated differently in such countries?

-Economic immigrants are not generally accepted unless they possess special skills or have a close relative already there, and even then they must compete with similar applicants from other countries -refugees receive special priority in admission to other countries

Canada

-Has had significant interregional migration from east to west for more than a century

What kinds of immigration are primary phenomenons according to migration transition?

-International migration is primarily a phenomenon of countries at stage 2 of the demographic transition -Internal migration is more important is stages 3 and 4

What is migration transition?

-It consists of changes in a society comparable to those in the demographic transition -It is a change in the migration pattern in a society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition

What is the major reason for the large-scale migration to the suburbs?

-It is not related to employment, as is the case with other forms of migration. -People are instead pulled by a suburban lifestyle

Brazil

-Most Brazilians live in a string of large cities near the Atlantic Coast -Brazil's interior tropical region is very sparsely populated -The coastal areas now have net out-migration, whereas the interior areas have net in-migration

What were the distinctive gender and family-status patterns that Ravenstein noted in his migration theories?

-Most long distance migrants were male -Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals rather than families with children

U.S. immigration in the late twentieth to early twenty-first century

-Two leading sources of immigrants since the late twentieth century have been Latin America and Asia -About 13 million Latin Americans and 7 million Asians have migrated to the U.S. in the past half century

U.S. immigration in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

-Two main sources of early immigrants to the American colonies and the newly independent United States were the U.K. and Africa -2 million Britons came to the U.S. prior to 1840; about 400,000 Africans were shipped as slaves to the 13 colonies; an additional 250,000 Africans were brought to the United States illegally during the nineteenth century

Children of immigration

1 million unauthorized immigrants are children and 4.5 million babies have been born in the U.S., making them citizens

What are the stages of migration transition that line up with the stages of demographic transition?

1) High daily or seasonal mobility in search of food 2) High international emigration and interregional migration from rural to urban 3) High international immigration and intraregional migration from cities to suburbs 4) Same as stage 3

What are the four leading countries for immigrants to the U.S.?

Asia and China (including Hong Kong), the Philippines, India, and Vietnam

What counties have net out-migration?

Asia, Latin America, and Africa

Why does political migration occur?

Because of political conflict

Why has intraregional migration slowed during the early twenty-first century?

Because of the severe recession

Why did Ravenstein theorize that males were more likely than females to migrate long distances to other countries?

Because searching for work was the main reason for international migration, and males were much more likely than females to be employed

Why is the distinction between economic immigrants and refugees important?

Because the United States, Canada, and European countries treat each of the groups differently

What do parties who oppose immigration often blame immigrants for?

Crime, unemployment and high welfare costs

What are immigrants less likely to be?

Elderly people; only 5% of immigrants are over age 65 compared to 14% of the entire U.S. population

Where did most migrants in the mid-nineteenth to early twentieth centuries arrive at in the U.S.?

Ellis Island in New York harbor

Where is net out-migration being recorder in Canada?

In provinces from Manitoba eastward

Where is counter-urbanization most often seen in the U.S.?

In the rocky mountain states

Pull factor

Induces people to move into a new location

Push factor

Induces people to move out of their present location

What can migration be divided into?

Internal migration and international migration

What is education like for immigrants?

Recent immigrants to the United States have attended school for fewer years and are less likely to have high school diplomas than U.S. citizens The typical unauthorized Mexican immigrant has attended school for four years, less than the average American but a year more than the average Mexican

What states in the U.S. have net in-migration?

Rural countries in states like Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming

How does intraregional migration occur in developed and developing countries?

Rural to urban areas in developing countries; from cities to suburbs in developed countries

Asylum seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hopes of being recognize as a refugee

What is the principle obstacle traditionally faced by migrants to other countries?

The long, arduous, and expensive passage over land or sea

Chain migration

The migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

What caused the end of unrestricted immigration to the United States?

The passing of the Quota Act in 1921 and the National Origins Act in 1924

What lures people to the United States and Canada from Latin America and Asia?

The perception of economic plenty and promise

Circular migration

The temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment

Remittance

The transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated

What countries in southwest Asia have been major destinations for people from south and southeast asia?

The wealthy oil-producing countries

Where are most jobs, especially in the service sector, located?

They are clustered in urban areas

Why do people move because of environmental factors?

They are pulled by the physical attractiveness of a region and pushed by the hazardous aspects of other regions

What are the most prevalent push and pull factors for individuals out of Honduras and El Salvador?

They are pushed out because of increased gang violence and pulled to the United States because of rumors they won't be deported if caught

What are anti-immigration parties afraid of above all else?

They fear that the long-standing cultural traditions of the host country are threatened by immigrants who speak different languages, and prefer different food and other cultural habits

What are people who are unable to migrate to countries permanently able to do for employment?

They may be allowed to migrate temporarily.

What can happen for people to migrate?

They view their current place of residence so negatively that they feel pushed away, and they view another place so positively that they feel pulled toward it

Unauthorized immigrants

Those who enter a country without legal documentation to do so

Where do migrants from countries with relatively low incomes and high natural increase rates head?

To relatively wealthy countries, where job prospects are higher

Why did people migrate from one region of a country to another in the past?

To search for better farmland

What is the principal reason for why individuals immigrate to the United States illegally?

To seek a job

Why do most people move from rural to urban areas, as with interregional migrants? Why are they pushed or pulled?

To seek economic advancement; They are pushed from rural areas be declining opportunities in agriculture and are pulled to the cities by the prospect of work in factories or in service industries

Why are some people lured to rural areas/

To swap the frantic pace of urban life for the opportunity to live on a farm, where they can own horses and grow vegetables Others move to farms but earn a living through nearby offices, small-town shops, or other services

Why would a country let their people leave to work in another country?

To take care of their own unemployment issues

What has diminished the importance of environmental features as intervening obstacles?

Transportation improvements such as motor vehicles and planes that have promoted globalization