Intro to Philosophy- ALL TEST QUESTIONS- Brother David

195 What pairing are given for Plato, Aristotle, Augustine and Aquinas?

For Aquinas and Aristotle, it's concrete things first (particulars) then we can know universals. For Plato and Augustine, it was vice versa.

059 How do Plato and Aristotle differ over "form" and "substance"?

For Aristotle, form gives to a substance not only it's essential structure but also its developmental dynamic. For Plato, though form itself is not a substance, every substance has form, an intelligible structure that makes the substance what it is. Aristotle believed form and substance were basically the same while Plato believed they were very different.

352 What view of Nietchze's thought was given?

For Nietzsche, the death of God signified not just the recognition of religious illusion but the demise of an entire civilization's world view that for too long had held man back from a daring, liberating embrace of life's totality.

201 What happened to Aristotle's writings in the West?

Increasingly recognized as a naturalistic cosmology not readily combined with straightforward Christian outlook

396 What conclusion did Philosophy and Science share?

Reality may not be structured in anyway the human mind can objectively discern.

410 What was the Romantic's attitude toward religion?

Sacred; against the hierarchies and institution of traditional religion, against enforced believes, hierarchies and hollow ritual

149 What was the influence of Neoplatonic theologians?

Shifted emphasis towards a belief in a purely spiritual redemption in which man's highest faculties alone would be reunited with God

126 What is the second view of Christianity presented?

focused more emphatically on the present alienation between man and the world from God

294 What governed the celestial and terrestrial?

A single set of physical laws, such as inertia and gravity

011 What is the difference between "being" and "becoming"?

"Being" is a changeless, static state while "becoming" is a transitional stage, transforming from one idea to the next. A very few things are truly "being" because everything is in the process of "becoming" something new and the only thing that truly "is [being]" is the Idea because it is a set determined thing.

011 What is the difference between "being" and "becoming"? (Basic English)

"Being" is an eternal idea that never changes, while "becoming" is a process of constant change to form a certain idea

428 What was the Romantic's only remaining response?

Despair or self-annihilating defiance

137 What view is put forward by Althanasius?

"God became man so we can become God"

105 What was "potently initiated" with John's gospel?

"In the beginning was the Logos," that Christianity's relationship with Hellenic philosophy was potently initiated

046 How does Plato contrast the "irrational" and the "rational"? (Basic)

"Irrational" is physical. "Rational" is spiritual.

381 What does predigested refer to?

"Predigested" refers to how the mind is set up to receive/ interpret knowledge of the world. (Our mind projects order anti the world, which we then perceive)

373 What new understanding of "to be" is given?

"to be" does not mean "to be a material substance"; rather, "to be" means "to be perceived by a mind"

208 What swept through Europe in the thirteenth and fourteenth century? (Basic)

An extraordinary wave of mystical fervor involving thousands of people

210 What "new stress" and "old stress" are presented in the text?

A "new stress" on the Bible and faith in God's Word as the basis of that true Church began to displace the institution Church's old stress on dogma and papal sovereignty.

203 What happened a "half-century" after Aquinas?

50 years after Aquinas's death, his life and work was reevaluated by the Church hierarchy and he was canonized as a scholar-saint.

245b Why [did the Renaissance thrive on this]?

???? no restrictions on knowledge meant bigger explosion of ideas?

186 What was Sic et Non and what was its impact on the West?

A complication of contradictory statements by various church authorities that caused medieval thinkers to become increasingly preoccupied with the possible plurality of truth, with debate between competing arguments and with the growing power of human reason for discerning correct doctrine

380 What is experience?

A construction of the mind imposed on sensation

272 What happened on the last day of Copernicus' life? What did most think about this?

A copy of the (his) published work, the Commentarioulus, was brought to Copernicus. For most who heard of it, the new conception (Heliocentricism) was so contradictory to everyday experience, so patently false, as not to require serious discussion.

267 In time, what would characterize the educated European?

A decidedly nonorthodox tendency toward intellectual pluralism, skepticism, and even revolution.

035 What would become fundamental to the evolution to the Western mind?

A dialectal form of argument brought on by Socrates; reasoning through rigorous dialogue as a method of intellectual investigation intended to expose false beliefs and elicit truth

099 What does the "final design" refer to?

A divine summon given to Jesus t recognize God's sovereignty over the world, and to aid in the realization of his purpose- to bring peace, justice and fulfillment to all mankind. This was explicit during the Babylonian Captivity and developed an increasing sense of the coming "Day of the Lord"

038 For Plato, what replaced the mythic heroes and gods?

A hero of intellectual and spiritual quest for absolutes in a realm endangered by sophistry and traditionalism

156 According to Augustine, what was History?

A manifestation of God's will, as it was still under God's command and spiritual in design. Augustine compared world history to a great melody by some ineffable composer with the parts of that melody being the dispensations suitable to each epoch

175 What was the Manichean cloud?

A metaphor for the effects of manicheanism on Christianity

284 What was the anima matrix?

A moving force akin to astrological "influences" which emanated from the Sun and moved the planets- most powerfully close to the Sun, less so when distant.

034 What did Socrates establish for the first time?

A new awareness of the central significance of the soul to the Greek mind, establishing it as the seat of the individual waking consciousness and of the moral and intellectual character.

234 What does "limits of the matrix" refer to?

A potent maturation occurred during the medieval era in terms of philosophy, psychology, religion, science, politics and art; The mind set of the low Middle Ages couldn't handle nor comprehend the new information emerging

036 What is philosophy (according to Socrates)?

A process, discipline, a lifelong quest as it was concerned less with knowing the right answers than with the strenuous attempt to discover those answers, and to continually subject one's thoughts to the criticism of reason in earnest dialogue with others

432 What perspective is the "archetypal sacrifice" intending to bring about!

A radical persoectivism, sovereign critical sensibility, and a powerful poignantly ambivalent anticipation of the merhing nihilism in western culture Epochal transformation in cultural view of the western mind(?)

312 What would man establish for himself?

A rational world within which all flourished

044 What is "philosophic illumination"?

A reawakening to and remembrance of forgotten knowledge, a establishment of the soul's happy intimacy with the transcendent Ideas that inhere all things.

185 What "movement" was facilitated by the Scholastics?

A recalculated movement from Plato and Aristotle in their own intellectual evolution

276 What kind of revolutionary was Copernicus?

A revolutionary who maintained many traditional assumptions that worked against the immediate success of his hypothesis

006 The author begins by examining what one striking Greek characteristic?

A sustained, highly diversified tendency to interpret the world in terms of archetypal principles.

016 What is the "unique confluence" of Plato's philosophizing?

A unique confluence of the emerging rationalism of Hellenic philosophy with the prolific mythological imagination of the ancient Greek psyche.

205 What did Dante create? (Basic)

A vast Classical-Christian mythology that included all of creation and would later be highly influential on Christian imagination

027 How were the Gods portrayed?

As Greek men and women; ideal, spiritualized yet manifestly human and individual

414 What divisions (dualisms) are identified

After faith-reason and science-religion, the dualisms became subject-object, inner-outer, man-world, humanity-science.

118 What happened with man's rebellion?

After man's rebellion and fall from grace, his reasoning was increasing obscured and need for revelation became absolute.

281 What drastically undercut the Church's status among individuals?

Catholic's formal commitment to a stationary Earth

091 What brought the Greek legacy to the West?

Alexander and the Romans through conquest and literary works such as Orid and Virgil.

349 What synopsis of Marx ideas is presented?

All ideas and cuotural forme, even religion, reflected marerial motivations, specificall dynamics of class struggle. Religion treated each social class differently. To transform the world, to fealize the ideals of human justice and community, man mist rid himself of religious delusion.

374 When the mind analyzes its experience, what will be found?

All its supposed knowledge is based on a continuous chaotic volley of discrete sensations, and that on these sensations the mind imposes an order of its own; Impressions

370 For Locke, what was knowledge?

All knowledge of the world must finally rest on man's sensory experience. Through the combining and compounding of simple sensory impressions or ideas into more complex concepts, through reflection after sensation, the mind can arrive at sound conclusions.

078 What was the stoic view of reality?

All reality was pervaded by an intelligent divine force, the Logos or universal reason which ordered all things

251 According to Luther, what had become antithetical to the individual Christians need for faith?

All the accretion brought into Christianity by the Roman Church that were not found in the New Testament

251 According to Luther, what had become antithetical to the individual Christians need for faith? (detailed)

All the accretion brought into Christianity by the Roman Church that were not found in the New Testament were now solemnly questioned, criticized, and often expelled altogether by the Protestants: the centuries' accumulation of sacraments. rituals, and art, the complex organizational structures, the priestly hierarchy, and its spiritual authority, the natural and rational theology of the Scholastics, the belief in purgatory, papal infallibility, clerical celibacy, the eucharistic transubstantiation, the saints' treasury of merits, the popular worship of the Virgin Mary and finally the Mother Church herself. All these had become antithetical to the individual Christian's primary need for faith in Christ's redemptive grace: Justification occurred by faith alone.

232 What would the Reformation recognized?

All the infringements on orthodox Christian dogma that the humanist movement was encouraging and would therefore call a halt to the Renaissances hellenization of Christianity

330 What similarity is seen in Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton?

Although scientific works, still drew little distinction between astronomy and astrology; pertained a sense of astrology and alchemy,

433 What is the human subject?

An embodied agent, acting and judging in a context of that can never be fully grasped or controlled. No proofs or beliefs, objective

032 What "reasonably reliable" picture can be presented?

An image based on early Platonic dialogues in combination with other source describing Socrates as a man of singular character and intelligence, who was imbued with a passion for intellectual honest and moral integrity rare for his or any age.

142 Who was the "ideal Christian"?

An obedient and relatively passive receptor of the divine, whose presence could be fully known by the human soul only in a radical break from this world

155 Augustine answered what great criticism?

Answered the great criticism aimed of the Christian religion by the surviving pagans that Christianity undermined the integrity of Roman imperial power and thereby opened the way for Barbarian triumph.

219 What did Aquinas leave room for that Ockham did not?

Aquinas left room for a rational knowledge that approached the divine mystery and enhanced theological understanding

215 What did Ockham argue?

Argued that nothing existed except individual beings, that only concrete experience could sense as a basis for knowledge and that universals existed not as entities external to the mind but only as mental concepts.

072 How can the second set of characteristics be characterized?

Aristotelian, particularity, nonpersonal, being = being as

059 How do Plato and Aristotle differ over "form" and "substance"? (Basic)

Aristotle believed form and substance were basically the same while Plato believed they were very different.

061 What did Aristotle "define and establish" for the Western mind?

Aristotle established systematic rules for the proper employment of logic and language. In addition to building on Socratic and Platonic principles, he also brought new clarity, coherence and innovations of his own. Aristotle defined deduction and induction; syllogism; the analysis of causation, basic distinctions between subject-predicate, essential-accidental, matter-form, potential-actual, universal-particular, genus-species-individual and then categories of substance, quantity, quality, relation, place, time, position, state, action and affection.

062 How did Aristotle realign Plato's archetypal perspective?

Aristotle realigned Plato's archetypal perspective from a transcendent focus to an immanent one, so it was fully directed to the physical world with its empirically observable patterns and processes.

183 What happened around the year 1000 ad/ce? (Basic)

Around the year 1000AD: cultural activity, population, agriculture, education and trade rapidly increased in the west.

412 What "counterpoint" is identified?

Artistic and literary culture as a counterpoint to dominant scientific world conception.

454 Why is our moment in history a pregnant one?

As a civilization and as a species we have come to a moment of truth, with the future of the human spirit, and the future of the planet, hanging in the balance. If ever boldness, depth, and clarity of vision were called for, from many, it is now. Yet perhaps it is this very necessity that could summon forth from us the courage and imagination we now require.

341 Christian seemed best understood as what?

As a singularly successful folk myth- inspiring hope in his believers, giving meaning and order to their live, but without ontological foundation.

197 What does "the soul was in a sense all things" mean?

As it had been created in such a way as to have the whole order of the universe inscribed within it

344 What became clear with successive philosophers?

As successive philosophers drew more rigorous conclusions from empiricist basis, it became clear that philosophy could no longer justifiably make assertions about God, the soul's immortality and freedom or other propositions that transcended concrete experience.

123 What did the institutional Church become?

As the living embodiment of Christian dispensation, became the official guardian of the final truth and highest court of appeal in an matters of ambiguity- not only the court, but also the prosecuting and punitive arm of the religious law.

417 What is the basis of Hegle's thought?

At the foundation of Hegle's though was his understanding of dialectic, according to which all things unfold in a continuing evolutionary process whereby every state of being inevitable brings forth its opposite.

369 What two opposite developments were occurring?

At the same time that modern man was extending his effective knowledge of the world, his critical epistemology revealed the limits beyond which his knowledge could not claim to penetrate

443 What is contemporary science become aware of?

Aware of its epistemological and existential limitations

310 Who presents what twin epistemological base?

Bacon and Descartes present the twin epistomological base: Bacon's inductive empiricism and Descarte's deductive mathematical rationalism.

301 If Bacon wasn't a philosopher or scientist, what was he?

Bacon was a potent intermediary whose rhetorical power and visionary ideal persuaded future generations to fulfill his revolutionary program: the scientific conquest of nature for man's welfare and God's glory.

066 How did Aristotle see the heavens?

Caused by the Unmoved Mover, Aristotle considered these heavenly bodies to be gods, a fact he considered to have been accurately conveyed by the ancient myths (even though he considered the myths an unreliable source of knowledge)

143 What did the conscientious Christian do and believe?

Devoted their efforts to preparing for such an afterworldly salvation, spurred by the belief that only a few elect would be saved

342 What is meant by the "leap of faith"?

Basis of religious conviction due to the fundamental man-God separation, despite lack of empirical and rational evodence

366 What was the consequence of the global explorers? (Detailed)

Became evident that human history extended back farther than assumed, many other significant cultures existed in both the past and present, that these possessed views very different from the European and that there was nothing immemorial, absolute or secure about modern western man's status or values

391. Why should philosophy concern itself only with therapeutic clarification

Because human experience was fundamentally based on language

390. Why could the human mind no longer be relied upon

Because man's thinking was governed by irrational factors which he could not control or be aware of

408 What is the "highest truth" according to Nietzsche?

Being born within man through the self creating power of the will. All of man's striving for knowledge and power would fulfill itself in a new being who would incarnate the living meaning of the universe. Man is something that must be overcome.

416 What could the scientist not do in Goethe's view?

Could not arrive at nature's deeper truths by detaching himself from nature and employing bloodless abstractions go understand it, registering the external world like a machine.

053 What did Plato consider blasphemous? Why?

Blasphemous to call any celestial bodies "wanderers", if celestial bodies were wandering and any irregularities would contradict the perfect divine order. If it is changing and wandering, it is not perfect. Perfect does not need to change.

346 In what setting was the Scientific Revolution being born?

Born amidst the immense turmoil and destruction of the wards of religion that followed the Reformation that amused crisis in Europe in the name of divergent Christian absolutisms.

101 What is the similarity between the Exodus and the Resurrection?

Both boosted hope, just as Exodus provided the historical root of the Judaic hope in the future day of the Lord so to did Christ's resurrection and reunion with God provide the foundation for the Christian hope in mankind's future resurrection and reunion with God.

269 What was the Scientific Revolution？

Both the final expression of the Renaissance and its definitive contribution to the modern world view.

303 What is the significance of the recovery of Sextus Expiricus's thought?

Brought skepticism into modern thought; put doubt in knowledge

187 What did the Scholastic unknowingly prepare for? How so?

By confronting the tension between divergent tendencies- Greek and Christian, reason and faith, nature and spirit- the Scholastic unknowingly prepared the way for massive convulsion in the Western world view caused by the Scientistic revolution.

192 How is the "particularity" made intelligible?

By experiencing the particular through the sense, the human mind could then prove toward the universal, which made intelligible the particular.

440 What is said of "Grand theories"?

Cannot be sustained without producing empirical falsification and intellectual authoritarianism

368 What happened to res cogito and res extensa?

Cartesian program of mechanistic analysis began to overcome the division between res cogito and res extensa, thinking subject and material world. Universe could be comprehended as a machine, so man could as well.

049 What did the ancients see in the celestial and terrestrial realms? (Basic)

Celestial was perfect, beautiful, timeless and with order, while earth was decaying and changing.

116 How was the Christian view structured?

Centered on dualism of good and evil, Christianity was structure by a transcendent principle, but it was now a descively monolithic structure, absolutely governed by one God.

353 Measured by its own standards, how did Christianity appear?

Christianity fell woefully short of ethical greatness and many alternative systems from ancient stoicism to modern liberalism and socialism seemed to provide equally inspiring programs for human activity without the baggage of implausible supernatural belief.

174 What was "pluralistic in origin" and "monolithic in form"? Why?

Christianity's contradicting synthesis because it included many different cultural and intellectual inflections but formed singularly durable synthesis

282 What was the ultimate cultural meaning of Galileo's conflict?

Church versus science, and, by implication, religion versus science; Science defeated the Church

005 What three eras will be explored? Specifically where will the author begin?

Classical, Medieval, and Modern, beginning with the Greeks in classical.

305 What is the meaning and significance of cogito, res cogito, res externa?

Cogito ergo sum means I think, therefore I am, meaning all else can be questions but the irreducible fact of the thinker's awareness. It is the first principle and paradigm of all other knowledge and would be the basis for subsequent deductions and model for all other self-evident rational intuitions. Res cogito- the spirit, that which man perceives as within- was understood fundamentally different and separate from res extensa- the entire physical universe, everything that man perceives as outside his mind.

292 What fell to Isaac Newton?

Complete the Copernican revolution by quantatively establishing gravity as a universal force; what moved the planets, how they remained in their orbits, why heavy objects fall toward Earth, the basic structure of the universe, the issue of the celestial-terrestrial dichotomy

200 What is the "one great summa"? (Basic)

Comprehensively uniting the Greek and Christian world views

200 What is the "one great summa"? (Detailed)

Comprehensively uniting the Greek and Christian world views; The scientific and philosophical achievements of the ancients would be brought within he overarching vision of theology

202 What was the initial reaction of the church to the above?

Condemned antitheoogical thinking as they felt threatened by the pagan Aristotelian-Arabic science and cut communications between scientific thinkers and traditional theologians.

431 What has Western man moved from and to?

Confidence in man's status and abilities to awareness of his insignificance and destructive abilities; positive to negative

161 What is the "constant tension" presented here? (Basic)

Constant tension with the Hellenic element which sought and found evidence of a divine philosophy in the works of diverse pagan thinkers

442 What is said of the status of "contemporary religion"?

Contemporary region has been revitalized as well by its own plurality, finding new forms of expression and new sources of inspiration and illumination ranging get from eastern mysticism and psychedelic self-exploration to liberation theology and eco feminist spirituality

334 What characterized the early scientific revolutionaries?

Continued to act, speak, think of their works in terms conspicuously remeniscent of religious illumination; they clung to religious and superstitious values, they were a double standard

270 What motivated Copernicus?

Copernicus was motivated by his participation in the intellectual atmosphere of Renaissance Neoplatonism, especially his embrace of Pythagorean conviction that nature was comprehendible in mathematic terms.

273 What does "upstart astrologer" refer to?

Copernicus; one who foolishly wished to reverse the entire science of astronomy while fragrantly contradicting the Holy Bible

307 What could man no longer claim?

Could no longer claim to see immanent forms and purposes in nature as that would be asserting metaphysical impiety and thus claiming direct access to God's mind.

316 What was modern science's culminating triumph over traditional religion? (my words)

Darwin's theory of evolution (because it proved that God did not start the world)

343 What did Newton's cosmic architecture demand?

Demanded a cosmic architect (creator) but the attributes of such a God could be properly derived from the empirical examination of his creation, not from the extravagant pronouncements of revelation; chance can't explain organization

427 What did and didnt man possess?

Did: existence that was engulfed by morality, risk, fear, energy, contradiction and uncertainty Didn't: determining essence

379 In Kant's view, what is the 'nature of the human mind'?

Does not passively receive sense data, but actively structures it

139 What is the partial dualism taught by Paul?

Dualism in the present to affirm a greater cosmic unity in the future

418 What is the great intellectual evolution?

Duality is not a negative, it's a positive. We evolve through differences until there are new differences. It's an conversation.

296 What have been Philosophy's three identities?

During the classical era, Philosophy held a largely autonomous position as definer and judge of the literate culture's world view. While in the medieval peripd, Philosophy had more of a subordinate role in joining faith and reason. In the modern era, philosophy began to be more fully independent force intellectual life of the culture

158 What did early Christianity assert contrary to Judaism?

Early Christianity, contrary to Judaism, asserted "The Law was made for man and was fufilled in the love of God, which eliminated the need for eepressive obedience and instead called upon a liberating and wholehearted embrace of God's will as one's own"

129 Within Christianity, what emerged anew from Judaism? (Basic)

Elements of Judaic sensibility emerged a new in the Christian understanding

322 What changes does "point six" (6) present?

Eliminated traditional celestial-terrestrial dichotomy, the sky was no longer the heavens/divine

404 How did the Romantic and Enlightenment view of man differ?

Enlightenment valued man as unqualified rational intellect and its power to comprehend and exploit the laws of nature while the Romantic valued man rather for his imaginative and spiritual aspirations, his emotional depths, his artistic creativity, and powers of individual self expression and self-creation

065 What did Eudoxus try to achieve?

Eudoxus tried to achieve an answer to the problem of planetary movements. He achieved the first scientific explanation of the irregular motions of the planets, providing an influential initial model for the subsequent history of astronomy.

434 What point is the author making with the term "Eurocentric"?

European thought was central and considered the only thought, so everything else suffered by comparison.

193 What is "every creature" that God is not?

Every creature is a compound of essence and existence, while God alone is not a compound for his essence is existence. Creatures have existence; God is existence.

181 What is the "central task" identified by the author?

Follow the complex evolution of the Western mind from the medieval Christian world view to the modern secukar world view

366 What was the consequence of the global explorers? (Basic)

Expansion of geographic knowledge and also exposure to other cultures and histories.

439 What are the "many sins" that have been committed?

Exploitation, the western world has systematically exploited the third world, taking natural resources assuming it's our God given right it do so,

350 The Christian religion was now faced with what?

Faced a historical situation not unlike that encountered at its inception, when it was one faith among many in a large sophisticated urbanized environment- a world a,bivalent about religion in genera, and distanced from the claims and concerns of the Christian revelation in particular.

448 Where do we find the most radical criticism of the status quo?

Feminist perspective and impulse

308 What did human reason establish?

First established its own existence, out of exponential necessity, and then God's existence and thus the God-guranteed reality of the objective world and its rational order.

385. What attempt in Kant's view had only produced skepticism

The attempt to rationalize relish

058 How do Plato and Aristotle differ over "universals" and "particulars"?

For Plato, the particular was less real, a derivative of the universal. It was the opposite for Aristotle; the universal was less real, a derivative of the particular.

205 What did Dante create? (Detailed)

For by integrating the scientific constructs of Aristotle and Ptolemy with a vividly imagined portray of the Christian universe, Dante created a vast Classical-Christian mythology encompassing the whole of creation that would exert a considerable and complete influence on the later Christian imagination

405 How did the Romantic and Enlightenment view of nature differ?

For the enlightenment, nature was an object for observation and experiment, theoretical explanation, and technical manipulation. For the romantic, nature was a live vessel of spirit, a translucent source of mystery and revelation.

367 "Macrocosmic dimensions" forced what?

Forced upon man's awareness of a disturbingly humble sense of his own relative minuteness in both time and space.

229 What had been given to man, I.e., bestowed by the gods?

Free will; the ability to determine freely his position in the universe, even to the point of ascending to full union with the supreme God

229 What had been given to man, I.e., bestowed by the gods? (Basic)

Freedom (free will), mutability and the power of self transformation

364 What did Freud do to the rationalism of enlightenment?

Freud brought human consciousness under the light of rational investigation. He revealed that below or beyond the rational mind existed an overwhelmingly potent repository of nonrational forces which did not readily submit either to rational analysis or to conscious manipulation, and in comparison with which man's conscious ego was a frail and fragile epiphenomenon. (Pushed man toward Christian world view)

030 What transition did the Sophists mediate?

From an age of mythical to an age of practical reason

286 What can be said of Galileo's life work?

Galileo had effectively supported the Copernican theory, initiated the full mathematization of nature, grasped the idea of force as a mechanical agent, laid the foundations of modern mechanics and experimental physics, and developed the working principles of modern scientific method.

108 What views of history are presented?

Generally cyclical (Hellenic) and decisively linear and progressive (Judaic)

430 What growing 'incapacity" is seen? Why

Incapacity to modern artist relate to nature because of increase of subjectivism and lack of aesthetic form

290 What two fundamental questions remained?

Given inertia, why did the Earth and other planets continually fall toward the sun? And given a moving noncentral Earth, why did terrestrial objects fall to the Earth at all?

411 What was the Romantic's God like?

God of mysticism, pantheism, immanent cosmic process; a divinity more ineffably mysterious, pluralistic, all-embracing neutral or even feminine in gender; a numberous creature force within nature and within the human spirit

317 What changes do "point one" (1) present?

God was no longer the creator nor governor of the physical universe. He created it and then left it to be ruled by regular natural laws in physical and mathematical terms; the physical universe was independent of God.

019 What happened by the 5th century?

Great Greek tragedians Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides were employing the ancient myths to explore the deeper themes of the human condition.

409 What two temperaments held similarity divergent attitudes towards what two traditional pillars of Western culture?

Greco-Roman classicisms and Judeo-Christian religion

240 What are some of the consequences of these inventions? (Basic)

Growth of individualism, demise of feudalism, rise of nationalism and secular forces against the church, a paradigm for modern machines, undermined traditional authorities

037 What does Socrates seemingly do to clarify his ideas?

He decided to concern himself not with facts but with statements about facts

152 How is Augustine a "focal point" for medieval Western Christianity?

He synthesized Judaism, Christianity, and the classical world, largely molding the character of medieval Western Christianity.

163 What two understanding of Logos can be seen in the Church? (Basic)

Hellenic-Christian logos, pre-revelation universal reason and Judeo-Christian logs, God's word.

191 What was "at the heart of" Aquinas's vision?

His belief that to subtract these extraordinary capacity from man would be to pressure to lessen the infinite capacity of God himself and his creative omnipotence

420 What did the modern mind take from Hegel?

His grasp of dialectic and his recognition of the pervasiveness of evolution and the power of history

083 What is Ptolemy remembered for doing?

His synthesis established the working paradigm for astronomers from that time through the Renaissance

378 What was the burden of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason?

How was certain knowledge possible in a phenomenal universe? If Newton had attained certain knowledge, and yet Hume had demonstrated the impossibility of such knowledge, how could Newton have succeeded? Who was correct, Newton or Hume?

376 What did Hume conclude about the mind and its fictions?

Hume concluded that the mind itself was only a bundle of disconnected perceptions, with no valid claims to substantial unity, continuous existence, or internal coherence, let alone to objective knowledge. All order and coherence, including that giving rise to the idea of the human self, were understood to be mind-constructed fictions

146 What are Christianity's "central mysteries" and what is found in them?

Incarnation and resurrection, founded the belief not only in the soul's immorality but even in the redemption and resurrection of the body and nature itself

435 What concept from B.L. Whorf is given?

Hypothesis that language shapes the perception of reality as much as reality shapes language

279 What is the consequence of sun spots coming and going?

If the moon's surface was uneven, like the Earth's, and if the sun had spots that came and went, then these bodies were not the perfect, incorruptible and immutable celestial objects of Aristotelian-Ptolemaic Cosmology.

406 What does "shadows of existence refer to"?

Imperatives of romantic introspection; to explore the mysteries of interiority, of moods and motives, love and desire, fear and angst, inner conflicts and communicable states of consciousness to know the infinite The knowledge the scientists have are the shadows of something bigger; they can't see the entire reality

255 What is the "religious backlash" referred to?

In a conservative religious backlash Orthodox Christianity was energetically reestablished against the Renaissance's pagan Hellenism, naturalism and secularism

302 What was Descartes faced with?

In an age faced with a crumbling world view, with unexpected and disorienting discoveries of every sort, and with the collapse of fundamental institutions and cultural traditions, Descartes was faced with a skeptical relativism concerning the possibility of certain knowledge was spreading among the European intelligentsia.

020b and what did they [the prototypical scientists] do? (Additional)

In doing so they began to complement their traditional mythological understanding with more impersonal and conceptual explanations based on their observations of natural phenomena

355 What shift in the psychological vector is identified?

In earlier periods of the West's history, wisdom and authority were located in the past, but the modern awareness increasingly located that power in the present.

316 What was modern science's culminating triumph over traditional religion? (book)

In modern science's culminating triumph over traditional religion, Darwin's theory of evolution brought the origin of nature's species and man himself within the compass of natural science and the modern outlook.

211 What two forced were changing the Church?

Individualism (new) and Secularization/Secularism/Socialism (old)

208 What swept through Europe in the thirteenth and fourteenth century? (detailed)

Intensely devotional, Christ-centered,mane aimed at achieving a direct inner union with the divine, this religious outpouring involving thousands of men and women took placed largely without regard to the Church

056 What is the "crux" of Aristotle's difference with Plato?

Involved the precise nature of the Forms and their relation with the empirical world, as Aristotle believed the empirical world was fully real while Plato believed reality only existed in a transcendent and immaterial realm of ideal ethics

198 Where can Aquinas's impact on Western thought be found?

It lays especially in his conviction that the judicious exercise of man's empirical and rational intelligence, which had been developed and empowered by the Greeks could now marvelously serve the Christian culture.

300 What must not be assumed?

It must not be assumed that the world was divinely permeated and ordered in a manner directly accessible to the human mind, leading the mind directly to God's hidden purposes as tub assume this would bar the mind from insight into nature's actual forms. Do not assume that there was a God behind everything. It is not provable.

189 For Albertus and Aquinas, what was a "short step to"?

It was a short step to their conclusion that the more the world was explored and understood, the great knowledge of and reverence for God would result

170 Why was the Church alone capable of sustaining order in the West?

It was already an authority figure when Rome fell.

119 What happend to Astrology?

It was discouraged and condemned

327 What is said about the modern scientific method?

It was founded on the Pythagorean faith that the language of the physical world was one of number, which provided a rationale for the conviction that the empirical observation of nature and the testing of hypotheses should be systematically focused through quantitative measurement. It was also the inheritor of the basic Platonic belief in the rational intelligibility of the world order and in the essential nobility of the human quest to discover that order.

117 Why was faith a "primary means"?

It was pivotal in Christian understanding, for comprehending the deeper meaning of things one needed to embrace the revealed truth, and commit to God's freely bestowed grace.

271 What would a moving earth make automatically true?

It would automatically make regular planetary orbits around the sun appear to the terrestrial observer as irregular movements around the earth.

244 What accounts for the unique place hold by the Renaissance?

It's paradox of plurality; simultaneous balance and synthesis of many opposites: Christian and Pagan; modern and classical; secular and sacred; art and science; science and religion; poetry and politics. The Renaissance was both an age itself and a transition.

028a Who were the sophists?

Itinerant professional teachers, secular humanists of a liberal spirit who offered both intellectual instruction and guidance for success in practical affairs

256b What is its [the Reformation's] "declaration"?

Its declaration of personal autonomy served as a continuation of the Renaissance impulse- and was thus an intrinsic, if partially antithetical, element of the overall Renaissance phenomenon.

365 What might the elite of Western civilization recognize?

Itself in Marx's dark portrait as a self-deceiving bourgeois imperialist oppressor. The development away from the spiritual and towards the material

160 "On the other hand", how can moral restrictions be seen in the New Testament?

Jesus's emphasis was repeatedly on compassion over self-righteousness and on the inner spirit over the external letter of the law

121 How is Christianity's identity seen?

Jesus, the Church, singularity, salvation, divine parentage, encouraged altruism and allegiance to God

110 According to Augustine, how could Plato's metaphysical conception be fulfilled?

Judeo-Christian revelation of the supreme Creator

436 What would an Archimedean point accomplish?

Judge of all truth, allows each perspective of the truth to be valid. It would allow for one objective truth, but each perspective is valid but not the objective truth

323 What changes does point seven (7) present?

Nature and the origin of man and the dynamics of nature's transformation were now understood to be exclusively attributable to natural causes and empirically observable processes.

277 What did Kepler set out to discover? With whose help? (detailed)

Kepler was the inheritor of a vast body of unprecedentedly accurate astronomical observations collected by Tycho de Brahe, his predecessor as imperial mathematician and astrologer to the Holy Roman Emperor. Armed both with these data and with his unwavering faith in the Copernican theory, he set out to discover the simple mathematical laws that would solve the problem of the planets.

293 What did the educated person know at the beginning of the 18th century?

Knew that God created the universe as a complex mechanical system composed of material particles, moving in an infinite mental space according to a few basic principles, such as inertia and gravity, that could be analyzed mathematically.

060 What did Plato "distrust" and Aristotle "trust"?

Knowledge gained by sense perception

055 What is the foundation of Platonic philosophy?

Knowledge of transcendent Ideas that were the governing principles of divine intelligence

114 What was Tiresias a metaphor for?

Late Greco-Roman pagan; the blind, dying, yet wise seer. If he would discipline himself to God, he could see again, see heaven itself, and become the ever-new child of Christianity

237 Where does the phenomenon of the Renaissance lay?

Lay as much in the sheer diversity of its expressions as in their unprecedented quality

141 How was salvation seen by Augustine?

Less in such dramatic, historical and collective terms, and more as a Church-mediated process that could occur only through the institutional sacraments, and could be fulfilled only when the soul left behind the physical world and entered the celestial state

122 How did the Church see philosophy?

Less vital to spiritual development and intellectual freedom, basically irrelevant, carefully circumscribed, had no significance.

309 How does Descartes and Luther differ?

Luther found certainty in his faith in God's saving grace as revealed in the Bible but Descartes found certainty in his faith in the procedural clarities of mathematical reasoning applied to the indubitablity of the thinking self.

250 What was Luther's view of "man"?

Luther viewed it was the whole man who was corrupt and needed God's forgiveness, not just particular sins that one by one could be erased by prior Church as it was man's soul that required healing.

261 What was Luther's "appeal" and what did it lead to?

Luther's appeal to the primary of individual's religious response would lead gradually but inevitable to the modern mind's sense of the interiority of religious reality, the final individualism of truth and pervasive role in determining truth played by the personal subject.

162 What could the "mature" Christian do?

Make his way though the sensual and intellectual enticements of the secular world and pagan culture, having full knowledge of them while tying himself to the cross for spiritual security

238 What is it that man no longer was?

Man no longer appeared so inconsequential relative to God, the Church or nature

228 What was "man" to humanists?

Man possessed a divine spark, and was capable of discovery within himself the image of the infinite diety; he was a noble microcosm of the divine macrocosm.

363 Within a Darwinian frame of reference, what was and wasn't man?

Man was a highly successful animal, yet still insignificant in the greater cosmos and who's evolutionary fate could lead to extinction. He was not God's noble creation with a divine destiny, but nature's experiment with an uncertain destiny.

361 What is the author's momentous paradox? (Basic)

Man was gaining more knowledge and freedom, which he used to realiz his irrelevance in the greater cosmos.

246 What is said about mankind's "fall" and "recovery"?

Mankind's all from a primal state of enlightenment and grace had brought about a drastic loss of knowledge. Recover of knowledge was therefore endowed with religious significance.

049b What did the ancients see in the terrestrial realms?

Marked by change, decay, unpredictability, generation

389. What contrasts with idealism

Materialism

148 What second view of nature is given?

Nature must be overcome to attain spiritual purity and as a whole was corrupt and finite

318 What changes does "point two" (2) present?

Mind replaced spirit in Christian dualism. Christian dualism between spirit and matter, man and cosmos, God and the world was transformed into the modern dualism of mind and matter, and and cosmos; a subjective and personal human consciousness versus an objective and impersonal material world

338 What happened to the miraculous?

Miracles could no longer command unquestionable belief because there was so scientific explanation of all phenomena in terms of regular natural laws.

357 What had movern civilization done— as Christianity had done before it?

Modern civilization now replaced Christianity as the cultural norm and ideal with which all other sources were to be compared and to which they were to be converted. In the process of overcoming and succeeding Christianity and the church, it incorporated many of the Church's centralized, hierarchal and political approach to the world. (In the sense that Christianity believed they were the chosen people, the West believed they were their own person independent of God)

164 How did the attitude of the Church change over time?

More inward, otherworldly, and philosophically elaborate,must also more institutional, juridical and dogmatic.

431 What has Western man moved from and to?

Moving from a near boundless confidence in his own powers, his spiritual potential, his capacity for certain knowledge, his mastery over nature, and his progressive destiny to what often appeared to be sharply opposite condition: a debilitating sense of metaphysical insignificance and personal futility, spiritual loss of faith, uncertainty in knowledge, a mutually destructive relationship with nature, and an intense insecurity concerning the human future.

258 What was consequence of "restoring a predominately biblical theology"? (Basic)

Nature was no longer associated with direct reference to God and his transcendent reality

088 Whar was the "other field" that sought to bridge the rational philosophies and mystery religions?

Neoplatonism

084 What "versatility" was built into the Ptolemy's theory?

New conflicting observations could be met by adding new geometrical modifications, gave the model a flexible power the sustained its reign throughout the classical and medieval periods

422 What new focus became a source of meaning and identity in a world otherwise devoid of stable values?

New focus on the inner workings of the psyche; inward examination of the consciousness itself

224 What "awaeness" makes Petrarch the "first man of the Renaissance"?

New self-awakeness of human's life's richness and multidimensionality and his recognition of a kindred spirit in the great writers of antiquity.

359 What 'ultimate statement' is present?

Nietzsche's statement of belief in evolutionary human dedication. Nietzsche's superman would be born out of death of God and the overcoming of the limited man

332 What could "humanistic nostalgia" no longer disguise?

No longer disguise the classics irrelevance for the modern mind

452 What is the meaning of Nietzsche's "unchained from the sun"?

No longer reliant on God but our own person, we are now the superman following the Death of God.

421 What change of direction can be seen in the study of Academic history?

No longer taken in a theological, mythological, and metaphysical contact but focused on concrete details of people's lives in social and economic contexts. Disengaged itself from the task of discerning great overarching patterns and comprehensive uniformities in history.

080 What did the philosophers of skepticism teach?

No truths could be known to be certain and that the only appropriate philosophical stance was the complete suspension of judgement

151 What is "sin"?

Not a mere carnality as much as it was the perverse elevation over God of that which was rightly subordinate to God

048 How should one understand the Socratic dictum "Know Thyself"?

Not as the creed of an introspective subjectivist, but as a directive to universal understanding.

264 How was the world to be regarded? (detailed)

Not as the inevitable expression of God's will, to be passively accepted in pious submission, but rather as the arena in which man's urgent duty was to fulfill God's will through questioning and changing every aspect of life, every social and cultural institution, in order to help bring about the Christian commonwealth.

085 What ruled human life?

Not capricious chance but an ordered and humanly knowable destiny defined by the celestial deities according to the movement of planets

190 What could not be "foreign" to God's revelation?

Nothing that was true and valuable could be foreign to God's revelation for both reason and faith derived from the same source

218 What did Ockham sever?

Ockham severed a unity so painstakingly constructed by Aquinas of theological rationalism and logic and science, between religious and scientific truth

216 What was "Ockham's razor" and what does that mean?

Ockham's razor was the principle that "entities are not to be multiplied beyond necessity" meaning he wanted to rid Scholastic thought of Platonic Forms as they focused on the universals which were spurious, emphasizing universals only exist in the human mind but not in reality

204 Collectively, what did the works of Aristotle and Ptolemy offer?

Offered a comprehensive cosmological paradigm representing the best science of the Classical era, one that had dominated Arabic science and that now swept the universities in the West

112 What did Augustine add to the above?

One more source of knowledge: Christian revelation

002 What is the author's belief in our self understanding?

Only by recalling the deeper sources of our present world and world view can we hope to gain the self-understanding necessary for dealing with our current dilemmas.

029 According to the Sophists, what can be known?

Only the contents of his own mind (appearances rather than essences) but these constituted the only reality that could be of valid concern

375 What "ultimate extreme" did Hume bring about?

Only the volley and chaos of sense perceptions exist, and any order imposed on those perceptions was arbitrary, human, and without objective foundation; human knowledge was all opinion. Order is a human invention.

196 Since the time of Boethius, what has opinion been divided over?

Opinion was divided as to whether the universal was real in the Platonic sense or in the Aristotelian sense.

196 Since the time of Boethius, what has opinion been divided over? (Detailed)

Opinion was divided as to whether the universal was real in the Platonic sense, as a transcendent ideal independent of the concrete particular, or in the Aristotelian sense, as an immanent form fully associated with its individual material embodiment.

321 What changes does 'point five" (5) present?

Order of modern cosmos was not comprehensible in principle by man's rational and empirical faculties alone; all other was irrelevant. Knowledge of the universe was a matter for sober impersonal scientific investigation and less so in spiritual enlightenment.

230 What happened to the pagan gods and classical mythology?

Pagan gods regained a sacred dignity and classical mythology began to be regarded as the noble religious truth of those who lived before Christ, as a theology itself

167 How was the authority of the Spirit passed on?

Passed on in an established order to the bishops of the Church, starting with Peter

127 What Paul-Augustine contrast is given?

Paul is more optimistic, while Augustine is more negative

240 What are some of the consequences of these inventions? (detailed)

People came u with their own views and perspectives as moveable type made knowledge more available. Gunpowder led to the overthrow of feudalism, creating internally cohesive nation states but also the empowerment of secular forces against the Catholic Church. The clock would be paradigm of modern machines. The compass, by revealing the errors and ignorance of the ancient geographer, gave the modern intellect a new sense of its own competence and superiority undermining, by implication, traditional authorities.

362 What permeated the pre-modern world?

Permeated with Spiritual, mythic, theistic, and other humanly meaningful categories, but not all these were regarded by the modern perception as anthropomorphic projections

040 What did the Athenians persuade Plato of?

Persuading him of the untrustworthiness of both a rudderless democracy and standard less philosophy; hence the necessity of an absolute foundation for values if any political or philosophical system was to be successful and wise

222 What "radical shift" of focus did Petrarch engineer?

Petrarch radically shifted the focus from Scholasticism's concern with logic, science, and Aristotle, and with the constant imperative of Christianizing the pagan conceptions to value in all the literary classics of antiquity. This shifted the tone and focus of integration and placed value on ancient works.

051 What views emerge in Timeaus?

Plato described the stars and planets as visible images of immortal deities whose perfectly regulated movements were paradigms of the transcendent order. The universe was the living manifestation of divine Reason and nowhere was that reason more fully manifested than the heavens.

068 How did Plato and Aristotle differ with respect to the empirical world?

Plato employed reason to overcome the empirical world and discover a transcendent order, while Aristotle employed reason to discover an immanent oder within the empirical world itself

226 How were Plato's dialogues described? What did they offer?

Plato's dialogues were themselves refined literary masterpieces, not the stodgy Aristotlelian-Scholastic tradition, and thus appealed to the Humanists' passion for rhetorical eloquence and aesthetic persuasiveness, and provided Humanists with a philosophical basis highly compatible with their own intellectual habits and aspirations as it offered a richly textured tapestry of imaginative and spiritual exaltion.

012 How does Plato's understanding of idea differ from the modern view? (Basic)

Plato's understanding of idea differs from the modern view because it can stand on its own and does not depend on human thought (like the modern view).

012 How does Plato's understanding of idea differ from the modern view? (Detailed)

Platonic ideas are not only in human consciousness, but also in their own right; unlike the modern idea that is subjective mental constructs private to the individual mind. Platonic idea was the universe's idea, an ideal entity that can express itself eternally in concrete tangible form or internally as a concept in the human mind; a primordial image or formal essence that can manifest in various ways and on various levels and is the foundation of reality itself.

071 How can the first set of characteristics be characterized?

Platonic, ordered and personal, being vs being as

124 What gave way to the emphatic monolithic system?

Pluralism of classical culture, with its multiplicity of philosophies, it's diversity of polytheistic mythologies and its plethora of mystery religion, gave way to emphatic monolithic system

441 What are the most significant characteristics of the postmodern intellectual situation?

Pluralistic, complex, ambiguous

221 What "superseded" what in human thought?

Probability replaced certainty as empiricism, grammar and logic began to supersede metaphysics.

115 What was Christianity proclaimed as and recognized as?

Proclaimed and recognized as the exclusively authentic source of salvation, superseding all previous Mystics and religions, alone bestowing the true knowledge of the universe and true basis for ethics

214 What would Ockham prove to be?

Prove to be a pivotal thinker in the late medieval moment toward the modern outlook, even though his intentions were entirely to the contrary

333 What had the Catholic Church provided?

Provided the matrix where the Western mind was able to develop and from which scientific understand could change

382 What "two modes" are given?

Pure sensation and pure intellect

223 What mode of thought did Petrarch turn to?

Rather than doctoral formulae, undogmatic introspection and observation for his insights on humanity and full life on literature and action, as well as monastic solitude, for his education

348 For Rousseau, why were rational demonstrations of God and the Deists unsatisfactory?

Rational demonstrations of God and Deists were unsatisfactory for love of God and awareness of mortality were primary feelings not reasonings.

199 What reciprocal relationship in given for philosophy and theology?

Rational philosophy and the scientific study of nature could enrich theology and faith itself while being fulfilled by them

285 What did Galileo establish as the final test of hypotheses?

Quantitive experiment

337 Describe the double-truth universe?

Reason and faith came to be seen as pertaining to different realms with Christian philosophers and scientists and the larger educated Christian public, perceiving no genuine integration between the scientific reality and the religious reality.

295 What seemed reasonable?

Reasonable to assume that after the creation of this intricate and orderly universe, God removed himself from further active involvement or intervention in nature and allowed it to run according to these perfect immutable laws.

165 In what two ways was the Spirit recognized?

Recognized as the divine source of inspiration that had spoken through the Hebrew prophets and as the progenitor of Christ within Mary his mother and as being present at the beginning of Jesus's ministry

339 How was the Bible now recognized?

Recognized not as a unquestionable authoritative and pristine Word of God, but more as a heterogeneous collection of writing in various traditional literary genres, composed, collected, and editorially modified by human hands over centuries.

384. What was knowledge for the modern mind

Relative, subjextive, dislocated, maybe

313 What three forms did the modern mind take? What were their roots?

Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution; Rooted in rebellion against medieval church and the ancient authorities

347 What views were held by Rousseau?

Rousseau argued with the weapons of critical reason and reformist zeal. He believed religious was intrinsic to the human condition and disbelieved in organized churches and clergy. He believed humanity could best learn to worship the creator by turning to nature.

415 Explain the paradox the text identifies. (Basic)

Science liked the idea that man was free of nature, but that freedom was used to become aware of how man and nature were intertwined.

319 What changes does "point three" (3) present?

Science replaced religion as preeminent intellectuL authority, as definer, judge, and guardian of the cultural world view.

395 What is identified as shadows?

Scientific knowledge confined to abstractions

386. According to Kant, how could man view himself

Scientifically as a phenomena (subject to laws of nature), morally as a noumenon (free and subject to God)

120 How was Scripture viewed as the truth?

Scripture was the final and unchanging repository of universal truth and no subsequent human effort were going to enhance, modify, let alone revolutionize, that absolute statement.

128 What had Christ's death done?

Seeded the world with God's spirit, whose continuing presence in mankind would bring about its divine transfiguration

287 Why was there no fundamental celestial/terrestrial division?

Since the entire universe was composed of the same material particles on the same principles, the earth itself was merely another chance aggregation of particles and was neither at rest nor at the universe's center.

041 What does Socrates become for Plato?

Socrates to Plato became a living embodiment of goodness and wisdom, qualities Plato considered foundational principles of the world and highest goals of human aspiration. Socrates may have also been inspiration and personification of Platonic philosophy. Socrates more focused concerns and strategies become the basis for Plato's broader enunciation of major outlines and problems for the subsequent Western philosophy in various areas

387. What things filled the heart for Kant

Starry heavens above me and moral law within me

358 What did Erasmus suggest?

Suggested a new understanding of Christian eschatology whereby humanity might move toward perfection in this world with history realizing its goal of the Kingdom of God in a peaceful earthly society, not through apocalypse, divine intervention and otherworldly escape, but through a divine immanence working within man's historical evolution.

194 What did Aquinas synthesize?

Synthesized Plato's transcendent reality with Aristotle,s concrete reality by means of Christian understanding of God as the loving infinite creator, giving freely of his own being to his creation. Similarly synthesized Aristotelian stress on nature's and man's teleological dynamism, striving forward to move perfect realization with the Platonic emphasis on nature's participation in a superior transcendent reality by conceiving the divine as standing in absolute ineffable perfection and yet also as bestowing its essence (existence) for created things.

247 What kind of revolution was taking place?

Taking place was a spontaneous and irreducible;e revolution of consciousness that affected virtually every aspect of Western culture.

020a Who were the prototypical scientists?

Thales and his successors Anaximander and Anaximenes

372 What did Bishop Berkeley point out?

That if the empiricist analysis of human knowledge is carried through rigorously, then it must be admitted that all qualities that the human mind registers are ultimately experienced as ideas in the mind and there can be no conclusive inference whether or not some of those qualities "genuinely" represent or resemble an outside object

402 What optimistic belief was confounded?

That the world's dilemmas could be solved by scientific advance and social engineering

154 What were Augustine's thoughts on the "root of evil"?

The "root of evil" did not reside in matter, as Neoplatonism suggested,for matter was God's creation and therefore good. Evil was instead a consequence of man's misuse of his free will and resided in the act of turning away from God.

274 What views were held by Giordanno Bruno?

The Bible should be followed for its moral teachings rather than its astronomy, and that all religions and philosophies should coexist in tolerance and mutual understanding.

351 How did the Catholic Church change? Why?

The Catholic Church began to open itself to modernity, to pluralism, ecumenism and new freedom in matters of belief and worship in order to make the idea of God more immanent and evolutionary in character rather than traditional; more congruent with current cosmology and intellectual trends.

325 What happened to Christian understandings?

The Christian Understanding receded in favor of an optimistic affirmation of human self-development and the triumph of rationality and science.

252 What had the Church preceded?

The Church in its earliest apostolic stages had preceded the New Testament, produced it and later canonized it as God's inspired Word.

206 What did the Commedia portray and achievement?

The Commedia portrayed the entire Christian hierarchy all carefully mapped onto the Ptolemaic-Aristotelian system and achieved an extraordinarily comprehensive ordering of the cosmos, a medieval Christian transfiguration of the cosmic order set forth by the Greeks.

280 What was the significance of Galileo's telescope?

The Heliocentric theory had visible physical substantiation and revealed the heavens in their gross materiality- not transcendent point of celestial light but concrete substances appropriate for empirical investigation just like natural phenomena on the Earth

163 What two understanding of Logos can be seen in the Church?

The Hellenic side of the church saw logos as operative in non-Christian wisdom preceding the revelation and in the larger framework of a world history outside the Judeo-Christian tradition while the Exclusivist understanding recognized logos solely within the confines of scripture, church doctrine, and biblical history

403 How did the Romantic vision of the world differ from the scientific vision?

The Romantic vision perceived the world as a unitary organism rather than an atomistic machine, exalted ineffably of inspiration rather than the enlightenment (science) of reason and affirmed inexhaustible drama of human life

356 What was the new faith?

The West's secular faith in science and man

225 What precipitated a Platonic revival/rediscovery? (basic)

The West's sudden access to major works of Platonic tradition and classical Greek culture, such as Plato's Greek Dialogues and Platinus's Enneads

231 What happened to the "absolute uniqueness" of Christian revelation?

The absolute uniqueness of the Christian revelation was relativized and the church's spiritual authority implicitly undermined

329 What "awe" was no longer appreciated?

The awe felt bh medieval and renaissance thinkers towards genius and achievements of the classical golden age no longer seemed appropriate when man was (intellectually) superior.

297 What did Francis Bacon proclaim?

The birth of a new era in which natural science would bring man a material redemption to accompany his spiritual progress toward the Christian millennium.

049a What did the ancients see in the celestial realms?

The celestial realm was the very image of transcendence, residence of the Gods; it possessed an eternal regularity and luminous beauty that made them an entirely different superior order. It was also transcendent of time.

331 What happened after Galileo and Newton?

The celestial-terrestrial division could not be maintained, therefore the metaphysical and psychological premises behind an astrological belief system began to collapse

017 What did Plato resolve?

The central tension in the classical Greek mind between myth and reason

169 What was "increasingly absorbed" by the Church?

The centralized and hierarchal institution of the Church

326 What was disavowed?

The character and direction of the modern mind were such that the latter increasingly disavowed the ancients as scientific or philosophical authorities and depreciated their world view as primitive and unworthy of serious consideration.

242 What happened in the "inner sanctum" of the Vatican?

The combined influences of political dynamism, economic wealth, broad scholarship, sensuous art and a special intimacy with ancient and eastern Mediterranean cultures all encouraged a new and expansively secular spirit in the Italian ruling class, extending into the inner sanctum

360 What "principle" for man is suggested?

The conviction that man was steadily and inevitably approaching entrance into a better world, the manhunts elf was being progressively improved and perfected through his own efforts. Science and reason propelled that progress. Man's own will was the source of the world's betterment and humanity's advancing liberation

182 What "manual labor" was occuring in the monasteries?

The copying of old manuscripts by many hands

259 What has held to be true "in the Catholic view"?

The deepest truths were first divinely revealed as recorded in the Bible and these then become the basis for a continuing growth of truth through church tradition

263 What were secular states becoming?

The defining unit of cultural and political authority

424 What did and didn't the discoveries of psychology reveal?

The discoveries of psychology could reveal nothing with certainty about the world's actual constitution, no matter how subjectively convincing was the evidence for a mythic dimension, an anima mundi, or supreme diety. Depth psychology rather revealed those unconscious structural factors, the archetypes, which appeared to govern all mental functioning and hence human perspectives

039 What was human intellect to Socrates or Plato?

The divine faculty by which the human soul could discover both its own essence and the world's meaning; requiring only awakening

031b How did the Sophists decrease mankind's status?

The effects of their teachings also led to a radical skepticism toward all values which itself led for some to advocate an explicitly amoral opportunism. However, man was no longer considered significant in the cosmos.

401 What brought home the prospect of humanity's self-extinction?

The einsteinian discovery of the equivalence of mass and energy by which apart idle of matter could be converted into an immense quality of energy

213 What "energetic attempt" would backfire? Why?

The energetic attempt to synthesize Aristotelian science with the indubitable tenets of Christian revelation because it was bringing forth all the critical intelligence that would ultimately turn against both the ancient and ecclesiastical authorities.

328 What were the claims of Platonic metaphysics? What became of them?

The eternal ideas, the transcendent reality wherein resided true being and meaning, the divine nature of the heavens, the spiritual government of the world, and the religious meaning of science were now dismissed as elaborately sophisticated products of the primitive imagination.

336 What terrified Pascal? Why?

The eternal silence of the infinite spaces (seemingly mindless universe) because then there was no scientific proof of the Earth and mankind as the metaphysical pivot of God's creation.

138 What was Paul's warning?

The exultant element in Christianity, though valid itself, could easily lead to negative spiritual conseqeunes should its stress swing too far from Christ

451 What idea is presented from Toynbee?

The great determining force of our realty is the mysterious process of history itself "Present-day man has recently become aware that history has been accelerating—and this at an accelerating rate. The present generation has been conscious of this increase of acceleration in its own lifetime; and the advance in man's knowledge of his past has revealed, in retrospect, that the acceleration began about 30,000 years ago ... and that it has taken successive "great leaps forward" with the invention of agriculture, with the dawn of civilization, and with the progressive harnessing—within the last two centuries—of the titanic physical forces of inanimate nature. The approach of the climax foreseen intuitively by the prophets is being felt, and feared, as a coming event. Its imminence is, today, not an article of faith; it is a datum of observation and experience"

435 What is said about the ascendancy of the postmodern mind and postmodern human?

The human quest for meaning in the cosmos has developed upon a hermeneutic enterprise that is disorienting lay free-floating; the post modern human exist in a universe whose significance is at once utterly open and without warrantable foundation

288 What coincided with the atomistic cosmos?

The implications of a Copernican universe- a non-unique moving earth, a neutral, center-less, multi populated, and perhaps infinite space; and the elimination of the celestial-terrestrial distinction.

450 What intellectual question looms over our times?

The intellectual question that looms over our time is whether the current state of profound metaphysical and epistemological irresolution is something that will continue indefinitely, taking perhaps more viable, or more radically disorienting, forms as the years and decades pass; whether it is in fact the entropic prelude to some kind of apocalyptic denouement of history; or whether it represents an epochal transition to another era altogether, bringing a new form of civilization and a new world view with principles and ideals fundamentally different from those that have impelled the modern world through its dramatic trajectory.

241 How was the "life of the state" redefined?

The life of the state was now individual ability and deliberate political action and thought carried the most weight and was seen as something to be comprehended and manipulated by human will and intelligence.

036 What is philosophy (according to Socrates)? (Basic)

The lifelong quest of discovery for life's answers, but not the answers themselves, and to constantly keep human thought rational.

371 What are three factors in the process of human knowledge?

The mind, the physical object, and the perception or idea in the mind that represents that object.

212 What is the "new focus" spoken of?

The new focus on direct experience and reasoning was beginning to undermine the Church's exclusive investment in the authoritativeness of ancient texts.

291 What did Empedocles posited?

The notion of an attractive force acting between all material bodies

388. What was Kant's transcendent ego

The notion of human self imposing categories on experience to render knowledge recognized as an aspect of absolute Spirit constituting reality

283 What did Kepler add to the celestial/terrestrial understanding?

The notion that heavens and Earth should not nor could not be considered absolutely distinct was added to the celestial/terrestrial understanding. Kepler also added the planets moved in elliptical motions.

013 What is Plato's basic belief? (Basic English)

The present world looks confusing and random, but there is a deeper, timeless order.

361 What is the author's momentous paradox?

The progress of the modern era brought Western man freedom, power, enlightenment, insight and success yet also simotaneously undermined the human being existential situation on virtually every front: metaphysical, cosmological, Epistemological, psychological, and even biological The less we had of the beyond, the more we have of the current,

265 What traditional view was reversed?

The pursuit of commercial success was no longer perceived as threatening religious life, but mutually exclusive. Capitalism and Individualism were now accepted.

184 What radical thesis was proposed by Hugh of Saint-Victor?

The radical educational thesis that secular learning, focused on the reality of the natural world, constituted a necessary foundation for advanced religious contemplation and even magical ecstasy

354 What radical shift is identified?

The radical shift of psychological allegiance from God to man, from dependence to independence, from otherworldliness to this world, from transcendent to empirical, from myth and belief to reason and faith, from universals to particulars, from a supernaturally determined static cosmos Tia naturally determined evolving cosmos and from falling humanity to an advancing one.

447 What was the original project of Romanticism?

The reconciliation of subject-object, human-nature, spirit-matter, conscious-unconscious, intellect-soul

256a How is the Reformation defined?

The reformation was a new and decisive assertion of rebellious individualism (of personal conscience, of "Christian liberty", of critical private judgement against monolithic authority of the institutional church) and as such further propelled the Renaissance's movement out of the medieval church and character. It was a reaction against the Renaissance's latter Hellenic and pagan aspects.

094 What would give birth to the Middle Ages?

The restless enterprising rigor of the Germanic people's (downfall of Rome) combined with the civilizing influence of the Roman Catholic Church to forge a culture that was in another thousand years to give birth to the modern west.

415 Explain the paradox the text identifies. (Detailed)

The scientific mind valued human freedom from nature's constraints, man's ability to control his environment and his intellectual capacity to observe and understand nature without anthropomorphic projections which led to a deeper awareness of man's intrinsic unity with nature: his dependence and involvement with natural environment, his epistemology unobjectionable interrelatedness with nature and dangers of the modern attempt of such separation and objectification.

400 What disturbing consequence would tarnish science's reputation?

The scientifically I fathomed complexity of all relevant variables add the consequences of technological manipulation of those variables unpredictable and often pernicious

225 What precipitated a Platonic revival/rediscovery? (detailed)

The search for lost manuscripts of antiquity, Western scholars began to study and master the Greek language, and thee soon arrived in Italy the Greek Dialogues of Plato, the Enneads of Plotinus, and other major works of the Platonic tradition and Classical Greek culture

168 What was the Judaic influence on the Church in the West?

The sense of divinely mandated historical mission, the stress in obedience to the will of God, the moral rigor, the doctrinal conformity and exclusiveness

140 What view highlighted man's spiritual inferiority?

The sheer magnitude of luminous divinity possessed by the Christ of John's gospel

042 What does Plato say about the "soul"?

The soul is implicit of forgotten knowledge of the divine. It is immortal and experiences direct and intimate contact with the eternal realities prior to birth, but the postnatal human condition of bodily imprisonment causes the soul to forget the true state affairs

166 What conflict, with respect to the Spirit, soon developed?

The spontaneous experience of the Holy Spirit soon came into conflict with the conservative imperatives of the institutional Church

207 What began to change in the High Middle Ages? Why?

The status of the institutional Church changed as it beame considerably more controversial; having consolidated its authority in Europe after the tenth century, the Roman papacy had gradually assumed a role of immense political influence in the affairs of Christian nations The individual spiritual church replaced the powerful institutional church

320 What changes does "point four" (4) present?

The subjective mind and objective world view were now fundamentally distinct and operated in different principles

159 "On the one hand", how can moral restrictions be seen in the New Testament?

The tone of Jesus's teachings were often extremely uncompromising and judgemental, phrasing in the hard dialectic of Semitic manner and intensified in the light of the imminent end times

010 Why is the universal superior to the particular?

The universal is beyond change and never passes away, while the particular may cease to be, but not the universal proper that the particular thing embodied

051 What views emerge in Timeaus? (Additional)

The universe was the living manifestation of divine Reason and nowhere was that reason more fully manifested than the heavens. God had formed the world from chaos of primordial matter and created the heavens as a moving image of eternity, revolving precisely according to perfect mathematical Ideas which in turn created time. Plato believed it was man's encounter with the celestial movements that had first given rise to him and reasoning about the nature of things...the most liberating of God's gifts to mankind.

446 What has been increasingly criticized and rejected?

The univocal literalism that tended to characterize the modern mind

013 What is Plato's basic belief?

There exists a deeper, timeless order of absolutes behind the surface confusion, and randomness of the temporal world

028b and what did they (Sophists) believe? (Basic)

They believed in rationalism, naturalism but that ones own judgement should decide his own beliefs and conduct, not based on religion or speculation as the truth was relative.

028b and what did they (Sophists) believe?

They believed in the same rationalism and naturalism that came before them. They also believed man was the measure of all things, and his own individual judgements concerning everyday human life should form the basis of his personal beliefs and conduct- not naive conformity to tradition nor indulgence in far-flung abstract speculations. Truth was relative, not absolute. The ultimate value of any belief or opinion could be judged only by its practical utility in serving an individual's needs in life.

188 What did Albertus and Aquinas hold in common?

They both believed in the knowledge of the senses, the empirical, Aristotle, and that you could know God through his creation

275 Why did the Catholic Church condemn the heliocentric hypothesis?

They felt threatened by it, more than the ideas of Luther and Calvin combined. If the Earth truly moved, then no longer could it be the fixed center of God's creation and plan of salvation, nor could man be the central focus of the Cosmos.

031a How did the Sophists increase mankind's status?

They provided intellectual training and established a liberal education as a basis for effective character formation. They identified man as increasingly free and self determining.

004 What thought is borrowed from Virginia Woolf?

This quote of literature can also be applied to world views and philosophy: "The success of masterpieces seems to lie not so much in their freedom from faults—indeed we tolerate the grossest errors of them all—but in the immense persuasiveness of a mind which has completely mastered its perspective".

429 What was Art's task?

To "make the world strange" to stock the dulled sensibility, to forge a new reality by fragmenting the old

135 What wasn't history and what was history?

Wasn't an endless cycling of deteriorating stages, but was the matrix of humanity's defication

299 What must be done to find nature's true order?

To discover nature's true order, the mind must be purified of all its internal obstacles, purged of its habitual tendencies to produce rational or imaginary wish fulfillment so in advance of empirical investigation. The mine must humble itself, rein itself in. Otherwise science would be impossible.

445 What is the human challenge?

To engage the world or set of perspetives which brings forth the most valuable, life-enhancing consequences

298 What criticism of Aristotle and Plato is presented by Bacon?

To fill the world with assumed final causes, as did Aristotle, or with intelligible divine essences, as did Plato, was to obscure from man a genuine understanding of nature on its own terms, solidly based on direct experimental contact and inductive reasoning from particulars.

438 What iw the Western mind's "overriding compulsion"?

To impose wome form of totalitizing reason- theological, scientific, economic- an every aspect lf life is accused of being not only self-deceptive but destructive

383 What is Philosophy's "true work"?

To investigate the formal structure of the mind, for only there would it find the true origin and foundation for certain knowledge of the world.

090 What is the philosopher's task?

To overcome the human bondage to the physical realm by moral and intellectual self-discipline and purification and to turn inward to a gradual ascent back to the Absolute.

001 What is the author's aim in this text?

To provide a coherant account of the evolution of the Western mind and its changing conception of reality.

377What intellectual challenge did Kant face?

To reconcile the claims of science to certain and genuine knowledge of the world with the claim of philosophy that experience could never give rise to such knowledge, and to reconcile the claim of religion that man was morally free with the claim of science that nature was entirely determined by necessary laws.

024 What was the "via regia" for Pythagoras?

To use the present world and a stepping stone to the beyond, and for Pythagoras he comprehended scientifically the order of the natural universe using a large collection of scientific research and information on the Gods and their relations

113 What was the ancient and medieval mind predisposed toward?

Toward thinking in terms of types, symbols, and universals, and Platonism offered the most philosophically sophisticated framework for comprehending that mode of thought

171 How was the patriarchal base of the Church altered? (basic)

Towards accepting Mary as holy or a "great mother"

095 What has Christianity presided over?

Western culture for most of its latter existence

157 What did Augustine's "dramatic scenario" envision?

Two invisible societies of the elect and the damned the city of God and the city of the world, battling throughout creation's history until the Last Judgement.

345 How could human history by understood?

Understood as progressing from a mythical and theological stage through a metaphysical and abstract stage to its final triumph in science based on the positive and concrete

010 Why is the universal superior to the particular? (Basic English)

Universal is never-ending but the particular can die.

314 What replaced the dogmatic?

Verifiable facts and theories tested and discussed among equals

220 What do the terms "via modern" and "via antiqua" refer to?

Via Moderna was in contrast to Aquina's and Scotus's Via Antiqua. Via Moderna was nominalism, while Via Antiqua was realism/empiricism.

393 What happened by the third decade of the twentieth century?

Virtually every major postulate of the earlier scientific conception had been controverted

335 What caused the "great passion" in discovery?

Was caused by the belief of many scientific revolutionaries that they were recovering divine knowledge lost in the primal fall.

264 How was the world to be regarded?

Where man's job was to fulfill God's will through questioning in order to bring about the Christian commonwealth

209 Eckhart, Tauler, and Suso were concerned with what?

With direct religious illumination and sanctified life of Christian love and service

413 What intractable division is identified? (Detailed)

With the modern psyche so affected by the Romanitc sensibilities and in some sense identified with it, yet with the truth claims of science so formidable, modern man experienced in effect an untracrable dividion between his mind and his soul.

233 What was "complete" with the rediscovery of Platonic texts?

With the recovery of the direct sources of the Platonic line, the medieval trajectory was in a sense complete.

243 What is meant by "a new pictorial summa"?

Written with Renaissance artistic imagery as its language, the new pictorial summa was a transcendent synthesis integrating the dialectal components of Western culture.

245a What did the Renaissance thrive on?

a determined "decompartmentalization" maintaining no strict divisions between different realms of human knowledge or experience.

145 What do the writings of Paul, John and Augustine all express?

a peculiar mixture of the mystical and the juridical

132 How does our image of God change from Yahweh to Jesus?

acted less vengeful judge, more compassionate

063 How does "being" exist for Aristotle?

being is moved from potentiality to actuality according to an inner dynamic dictated by a specific form

125 What is the first view of Christianity presented?

an already existent spiritual revolution that was now progressively transforming and liberating both the individual soul and the world in the dawning light of God's revealed love

077 What was the reflective individual of the Classical era exposed to?

an enormous multiplicity of viewpoints

086 What was astrology to the Hellenistic era?

became the one belief system that cut across the boundaries of science, philosophy, and religion, forming a peculiarly unifying element in the otherwise fragmented outlook of the age.

054 What are the characteristic elements of Platonic philosophy? (Basic)

belief in absolute, divine order; Ideas/Forms; the attitude towards experiments as it is to be used only to be overcome; the overlap between mythic gods and Ideas and Forms; the conflict between mythic Gods and one divine order and intelligence, and the antithetical effects of Platonism on later developments of Western culture.

397 How does science "typically" proceed?

by seeking confirmations of prevailing paradigms- gathering facts in the light of that theory, performing experiments on its basis, extending its range of applicability to further articulating its structure attempting to clarify residual problems.

092 What was all "but passed"?

classical civilization's finest hours were all in the past

111 What had Plato based all human knowledge upon?

derived from sense perception, unreliable, and derived from direct perception of the eternal Ideas, knowledge which is innate but forgotten and requires recollection, and which provide the only source of certain knowledge.

424 What did and didn't the discoveries of psychology reveal? (Basic)

did: archetypes, human thinking that governed human perspectives didn't: god

392 What was the optimism of the modern age tied to?

directly tied to confidence in science and in its powers to improve indefinitly the state of human knowledge, health and general welfare.

227 What did the Humanists discover?

discovered a non-Christian spiritual tradition possessing a religious and ethical profundity seemingly comparable to that of Christianity itself

144 What is Jewish literature "distinguished" for?

for its pronounced sense of God's personal relation to and concern for man and his history

103 What events combined to move Christianity from Palestine to the larger Hellenistic world?

for the reluctance on the part of most Jews to embrace Christian's revelation and the success of Paul's reaction- bringing Christianity to the Gentiles- combined with political events to shift the new religion's center of gravity from Palestine to the larger Hellenistic wold

423 What did Jung find?

found evidence of a collective unconscious cannon to all human beings and structured according to powerful archetypal principles

025 In what direction was the Hellenic mind moving?

from supernatural to natural, from divine to mundane, from mythical to conceptional, from poetry and story to prose and analysis

258 What was consequence of "restoring a predominately biblical theology"? (Detailed)

helped to purge the modern mind of Hellenic notions in which nature was permeated with divine rationality and final causes

033 What was Socrates' "overriding concern"?

how one should live and how to think clearly about how one should live

079 What was the primary value of life according the Epicureans?

human pleasure, meaning the freedom from pain and feaer

021 How was nature to be explained?

in terms of nature itself, not of something fundamentally beyond nature, and in impersonal terms rather than means of personal Gods and Goddesses

130 What did the Christian church "inculcate"?

inculcated a pronounced sense of sin and guilt, the danger on even likelihood of damnation, and consequently a need for strict observance of religious law and an institutionally defined justification of the soul before God.

394 What revived human freedom?

indeterminate subatomic particles? very small particles move indiscriminately, not planned man became mechanical because everything was planned and had laws, but now there were these particles randomly without laws, so maybe that's why human's have freedom

449 What is said (good and bad) of the post modern era?

is an era without consensus on the nature of reality, but is blessed with an unprecedented wealth of perspectives with which to engage the great issues that confront it

398 What is said of the history of science?

is one of radical shifts of vision in which a multitude of narrational and non empirical factors play crucial roles.

266 What was the educational strategy to the above?

it involved not only teaching of the catholic faith and theology, but also the full humanistic program from the Renaissance and classical era: developing a scholarly "soldier of Christ."

254 What is the "paradox of the Reformation" mentioned here?

its essentially ambiguous character for it was at once a conservative religions reaction and a radically libertarian revolution

315 What did the Renaissance leave behind?

left behind the ancient and medieval world views as primitive superstitious, childish, unscientific, and oppressive.

426 Whar was the downside of "a stupendous quanity of information"?

less ordering, less coherancem and comprehension, less certainty

020b and what did they [the prototypical scientists] do?

made remarkable assumptions that an underlying rational unity and order existed within the flux and variety of the world and established themselves the task of discovering a simple fundamental principle that both governed nature and composed its basic substance.

239 What four technical inventions would play a pivotal role in the new era? (Basic)

magnetic compass, mechanical clock, gunpowder and printing press

239 What four technical inventions would play a pivotal role in the new era? (Detailed)

magnetic compass, which improved navigation and there for increased global exploration; mechanical clock, which changed human relationship to time, nature and work, as it freed and separated human activities from the dominance of nature's rhythm (they didn't need the sun to tell time anymore); gunpowder, which aided in the demise of feudalism and the ascent of nationalism and printing press, which produced tremendous increase in learning and made knowledge more available to the public thus ending the Clergy's knowledge monopoly.

413 What intractable division is identified? (Basic)

man's mind and soul

018 What Western literary tradition was captured? (Basic English)

the tendency to make events of human existence related to the gods

324 What changes does point eight (8) present?

modern man;s independence- intellectual , psychological, spiritual- was radically affirmed with increasing depreciation of any religious belief or institutional structure that would inhibit man's natural right and potential for existential autonomy of individual self-expression

278 What was the new status of mathematics?

now established not just as an instrument for astronomical prediction, but as an intrinsic element of astronomical reality. It was the proof of things.

136 What had been overcome in the unification of the cosmos?

old dualisms and pluralistic ideas

147 What did the primitive Christian faith perceive?

perceived the nature of spiritual salvation in explicitly psychosomatic terms

268 What would begin to bring clarity to the above?

the Scientific Revolution

096 What did 1st century belief structure of Christianity reflect?

reflected actual events and teachings of Jesus (somewhat)

097 What aspects of Christianity will this book look at?

the tradition of Christianity that held cultural sway over the West from the falloff Rome to the modern era

439 What are the "many sins" that have been committed?

ruthless expansionism and exploitation—the rapacity of its elites from ancient times to modern, its systematic thriving at the expense of others, its colonialism and imperialism, its slavery and genocide, its anti-Semitism, its oppression of women, people of color, minorities, homosexuals, the working classes, the poor, its destruction of indigenous societies throughout the world, its arrogant insensitivity to other cultural traditions and values, its cruel abuse of other forms of life, its blind ravaging of virtually the entire planet.

453 What did Max Weber see?

saw the ineluctable consequences of the modern mind's disenchantment of the world, saw the yawning void of relativism left by modernity's dissolution of traditional world views, and saw that modern reason, (in which the Enlightenment had placed all its hopes for human freedom and progress, yet which could not on its own terms justify universal values to guide human life,) had in fact created an iron cage of bureaucratic rationality that permeated every aspect of modern existence

277 What did Kepler set out to discover? With whose help? (basic)

set out to discover the simple mathematics laws that could solve the problem of the planets, with the help of Tycho de Brahe

074 What two views of the world emerge through Greek philosophy?

sovereignly order cosmos and an unpredictably open universe

131 What was made clear by the New Testament?

that the infinite schism between human and divine had in some sense already been bridged

046 How does Plato contrast the "irrational" and the "rational"?

the "irrational" is associated with matter, the sensible world and instinctual desire while the "rational" is associated with the mind, transcendent and with spiritual desire

235 What was about to "assert itself"?

the 1000 year maturation of the West was about to assert itself in a series of enormous cultural convulsions that would give birth to the modern world

100 How was the resurrection of Jesus seen?

the Christian faithful perceived the triumph of God over morality and evil and recognized the type and promise of their own resurrection

248 What was the "proximate" cause of the Reformation given by the author? (Basic)

the Church was selling indulgences to pay for new stuff

249 What was the "immediate" cause for the Reformation given by the author?

the Church's expensive patronage of high culture and the anti-Hellenic spirit with which Luther sought to purify Christianity

106 What did Christian theologians synthesize?

the Greek philosophical doctrine of the intelligible divine rationality of the word with the Judaic religious doctrine of the creative Word of God, which manifested a personal God's providential will and gave ti human history its salvational meaning

076 What observation did Horace make about the Greek legacy?

the Greeks, captive, took the victors captive

107 What view did Augustine hold?

the Platonic Forms existed within the creative mind of God and that the ground of reality lay beyond the world of the senses, available only through radical inward-turing of the soul

008 Platonism revolves around what central doctrine?

the asserted existence of the archetypal Ideas or Forms; Ideas or Forms

022 What was the essence of Parmenides's declaration?

the autonomy and superiority of the human reason as judge of reality. For what was real intelligible- an object of intellectual apprehension not of sense perception.

104 What did Christian theology establish?

the biblical relation as absolute truth and demanded strict conformity to Church doctrine from any philosophical speculations

236 What will the author now examine?

the complexly intermingled cultural epochs known as the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution

015 What ambiguity can be seen in Plato's archetypes?

the existence of an underlying connection between ruling principles and mythic beings; he treated various philosophical and historical matters in the form of mythological figures and narratives

087 What does the phrasing "intelligible significance" refer to?

the immense influence over human life on the cultural ethos of the Classical era

102 What was not considered to be an accident by early Christians?

the incarnation occurred of the historical moment of the conjunction between the Jewish religions, Greek philosophy, and the Roman empire

089 What was the "first creative act" according to Plotinus?

the issuing forth from the One of the divine Intellect, or Nous, the pervasive wisdom of the universe within which are contained the archetypal Forms or Ideas that cause and order the world.

016 What is the "unique confluence" of Plato's philosophizing? (Basic English)

the merging of the new Hellenic philosophy of reason and the ancient Greek mythological imagination

248 What was the "proximate" cause of the Reformation given by the author?

the papacy's attempt to finance the architectural and artistic glories of the High Renaissance by the theologically dubious means of selling spiritual indulgences

289 What did the Christian Descartes assume?

the physical world was composed of an infinite number of particles, or "corpuscles," which mechanically collided and aggregated in a way determined by God imposed laws.

257 What is the "first premise" of Luther's reform?

the priesthood of all believers and the authority of the individual conscience in the interpretation of Scripture

018 What Western literary tradition was captured?

the primordial mythological sensibility in which events of human existence were perceived as intimately related to and informed by the eternal realm of Gods and Goddesses

173 What was Mary a "prototype" for?

the prototype of the entire Church community

153 What was the culminating factor in Augustine's theological vision?

the quality and power of Augustine conversion; the experience of an overwhelming influx of grace from God turning him away from the corrupt and egoistic blindness of his natural self

217 What are the "two realities" open to humankind?

the reality of God, given by revelation, and the reality of the empirical world, given by direct experience

444 What is Evelyn Fox Kellar's recomendation?

the scientist be capable of empathetic identification with the object he or she seeks to understand

407 What would remain central to the Romantics?

the search for a unifying order and meaning

054 What are the characteristic elements of Platonic philosophy? (Detailed)

the search for and belief in the absolute and unitary over the relative and diverse; the divinization of order and the rejection of disorder; the tension between empirical observation and ideal Forms; the consequently ambivalent attitude toward empiricism as something to be employed only to be overcome; the juxtaposition of primordial mythic deities with the mathematical and rational Forms, the further juxtaposition of the many gods (celestial deities) with the single God (the Creator and supreme intelligence), the religious significance of scientific research; and the complex and antithetical consequences which Plato's thought would hold for later developments in Western culture.

134 What is the "whole drama" the text describes?

the sublime product of the divine plan, the unfolding logos from the creation to the Second Coming

109 What happened in the transition from Greek philosophy to Christian theology?

the transcendent was made immanent, the eternal was made historical and human history itself was now spiritually significant: "And the Logos became flesh and dwelt among us".

260 What was held to be true in the "Protestant perspective"?

the truth lay finally and objectively in the revealed Word of God and fidelity to that unalterable truth alone could render theological certainty

262 With the Reformation, what was finally defeated?

the universal ambition and dream of the Catholic Imperium

306 What did God create?

the universe and defined its laws, but after that system moved on its own; the supreme machine constructed by the supreme intelligence

070 What were the Greeks (perhaps) the first to see?

the world as a question to be answered

098 What is "inextricably [con]joined"?

theology and history

419 For Hegel, how is God's infinite nature expressed?

through the process of God's becoming finite, in nature and in man, that God's infinite nature could be expressed

253 Where was "true Christianity" to be found according to Luther?

to be found in "faith alone", "grace alone" and "Scripture alone"

304 What did Descartes set out to do?

to discover an irrefutable basis for certain knowledge

067 How does De Philosophia see the philosopher's profession?

to move from the material causes of things, as in natural philosophy, to the formal and final causes, as in divine philosophy, and thus to discover the intelligible essence of the universe and the purpose behind all change.

425 How did "deep psychology" become a new faith for modern man?

took characteristics of religion; a path for healing of the soul bringing regeneration and rebirth, epiphanies of sudden insight and spiritual conversion, etc.

133 How was Christ's redemptive act seen?

viewed as an absolute and positive fulfillment of human history and all of human suffering that Adam's original sin, the archetypal origin of human alienation and morality

172 What was Mary seen as an exemplar for? (basic)

virtues of Christian ethos

399 What was Emerson's warning?

warned that man's technical achievements might not be unequivocally in nis own best interests: "Things are in the saddle and ride mankind"

340 What did the Judeo-Christian God seem to be?

was a peculiarly durable combination of wish-fulfillment fantasy and anthropomorphic projection-made in man's own image to assuage all the pain and right all the wrongs man found unbearable in his existence.

150 What is said about man's spirit?

was entrapped in an alien body in an alien material world, which could only be transcended by the esoterically knowledgeable, the Gnostic elect

311 Why was man a noble creature?

was noble by being not by virtue of being the central focus of a divine plan as revealed in scripture but because by his own reason he has grasped nature's underlying logic and thereby achieved dominion over its forces

047 What is the "Law of Universal Logos"?

what everything is defined by, tends toward and is ultimately balanced by its opposite, so that all opposites ultimately constitute a unity; the universe's deepest order based on reason