Intro to Psych

Drugs, trauma, fatigue, hypnosis, and sensory deprivation produce:

Altered states of consciouness

_____ refers to the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding

elaboration

The first step in memory is

encoding

Best friends Kate and Diana are at the park, watching their children play together. Kate reminds Diana about the time that they had a big fight on the same playground as children and didn't talk to each other for almost a week. In the context of long-term memory, Kate's recollection of this event best exemplifies the use of her _____ memory.

episodic

Cognitive physchologist are interested in examining the process of A. problem solving B. clinical diagnosis C. classical conditioning D. operant conditioning

A

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a flashbulb memory A. joseph remembers what he was doing when he heard that his wife was in an accident B. Anna suddenly remembers that she has to study for a geography test C. Eva remembers that math formula that she studied in class and can apply it on her test D. all the above

A

in the context of memory retrieval, which of the following refers to better recall for items at the beginning of a list A. the primacy effect B. the recency effect C. proactive interference D. retoractive interference

A

which is true of classical conditioning A. it occurs without awareness or effort based on the presentation of two stimuli together B. it allows the learner to learn the association between a behavior an d consequence C. it doesnt pair stimuli together

A

which of the following is a way to improve short term memory: A. chunking B. Visuo-spacial sketchpad C. priming D. connectionism

A. chunking

Ashley is in the habit of listening to music while studying. she usually puts her headphones on when she is reading. In this scenario, Ashley is demonstrating ______ A. divided attention B.sustained attention C. vigilance D.Chunking

A. divided attention

While attending lecture. Lea starts yawning and fights hard to stay awake. she reclines in her chair and within minutes she falls asleep with her head jerking upward at short intervals. Lea is in: A. stage 1 sleep B. Stage 2 sleep C. stage 3 sleep D. stage 4 sleep

A. stage 1 sleep

States of consciouness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities are called:

Automatic Processes

Sharon can type a text message on her cell phone without even looking at the keypad. This is an example of: A. theory of mind B. executive function C. automatic processing D. an altered state of consciousness

Automatic Processing

which of the following best explains being cognitively flexible A. the tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that one has accurately predicted an outcome B. recognizing that options are available and adapting to the situation C. the tendency to ignore info about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid info

B

At the top level, long term memory is divided into substructures of ____ A. episodic memory and semantic memory B. explicit memory and implicit C. phonological loop and central excutive D. sensory memory

B.

____ memory refers to a combination of components that include short term memory and attention that allows individuals to hold info temporarily as they perform cognitive tasks A. implicit B. working C. sensory D. procedural

B.

Helen works night shifts at a local grocery store every other day. She has trouble sleeping, which is most likely due to: A. excess of melatonin B. the fact that her circadian rhythms do not follow a 24-hour cycle C. the fact that she experiences fewer than normal periods of REM sleep per night D. a state called hypnagogic reverie

B. The fact that her circadian rhythms don't follow a 24-hour cycle

Which of the following statements is true of REM sleep? A. REM sleep is an active stage of sleep during which dreaming does not occur B. The longer the period of REM sleep, the more likely the person will report dreaming C. Non-REM sleep is charactreized by intense rapid eye movement and vivid dreaming D. Reports of dreaming by individuals awakened from non-REM sleep are typically longer, more vivid, and less related to waking life than reports by those awakened from REM sleep

B. The longer the period of REM sleep, the more likely the person will report dreaming

Jessica loves to travel by air. She enjoys being in an airplane and experiencing the excitement of flying. However, Jessica's last three flights were highly turbulent and made her anxious and physically sick. Consequently, Jessica now fears flying. In this scenario, in the context of classical conditioning, Jessica's fear of flying is a(n) A. unconditioned stimulus B. unconditioned response C. conditioned stimulus D. conditioned response

B. conditioned response

. Jackie walks through her neighborhood park every evening because she finds the experience stimulating. She hears dogs barking, children laughing, and people talking. She smells flowers, trees, and sometimes, rain. She sees couples in love, families together, and nature in full bloom. Which of the following systems of memory is responsible for holding this information from the world in its original form? A. semantic B. sensory C. explicit D. long term

B. sensory

Jennifer suffered a stroke at the age of 49. Since the stroke, she has not been able to form any new memories or process new information. However, she remembers all her friends and family members and can recount stories from her past with great accuracy. In this scenario, Jennifer most likely has _______. A. Alzheimer disease B. retrograde amnesia C. anterograde amnesia D. Parkinson's amnesia

C

which of the following statements about retrieval of memory is true A. retrieval precedes the process of info rehearsal B. retrieval takes place after the info is encoded and before it is stored C. retrieval is heavily dependent on the way a memory was retained

C

in the context of short term memory, which of the following is true of rehearsal: A. info stored in short term memory last half a minute or less with rehearsal B. rehearsal can only be verbal, giving the impression of an inner voice C. info can be retained idefinietly if rehersal is not interrupted

C.

Narcolespy is a sleep disorder characterized by: A. sleepwalking and sleep talking B. an anxious, panicky feeling C.irresistible long periods of sleep D. excessively long periods of sleep

C. irresistible long periods of sleep

While preparing for a biology test, Aaron studies the human heart by closing his eyes and forming a picture of it in his mind, just as it is shown in the text book. He also labels each part in his mind as it is in the textbook. which of the following encoding processes is aaron using in this scenario? A. divided attention B. serial position effect C. mental imagery D. Chunking

C. mental imagery

________ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus ad acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response

Classical conditioning

Many smokers like to associate themselves to the late George Burns, a famous actor who smoked cigars continuously for many years and lived to be nearly a hundred, as evidence that smoking is relatively harmless. These individuals tend to ignore the thousands of people who die every year from lung cancer. They are illustrating:

Confirmation bias

An individual's awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal is called

Consciousness

Two years ago, Naomi played the part of Lady Macbeth in a talent show. She recited an entire monologue from one of the scenes of the play. Now, Naomi can only recollect the opening lines of the same monologue. Which of the following tendencies is Naomi displaying in this scenario by recalling only the opening lines? A. the recency effect B. proactive interference C. retroactive interference D. the primacy effect

D

Which of the following is an example of functional fixedness A. Melissa is unaware of the features of her new ipod B. cindy puts her jacket on a coat hanger C.roberto uses his baseball glove to play catch D. Albert cannot find another use for his leftover singles

D

Thomas is playing his video game and is about to complete the last level. He seems unaware that his mom has been calling him for long. Which of the following is Thomas demonstrating? A. Arousal B. Automaticity C. Daydreaming D. Selective attention

D. Selective attention

Which of the following is one of the main reasons that rehearsal does not work well for retaining info over the long term A. it involves the unconscious repitition of info B. it can only be verbal C. it always results in distortion of memories D. it often involves mechanically repeating information

D. it often involves mechanically repeating info

In the context of the processes involved in memory, which of the following best describes encoding: A. storing the info B. retaining the info C. retrieving the info D. taking in the info

D. taking in the info

In operant conditioning, _____ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation

Generalization

If Professor Wagner were to build a robot that functions using only automatic processes, we would expect it to make decisions using

Heuristics

After the outcome of an election is announced, George states that he knew all along what the outcome would be. This is a form of:

Hindsight bias

_______ in operant conitioning occurs when the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable

Negative reinforcement

Morphine and heroin are derivatives of: A.coca B.ephedra C.hashish D.opium

Opium

Roger witnesses a burglary. On being questioned by the police, Roger provides a vague description of the burglar, mentioning his approximate build and height, but he is unable to recall specific details. Which of the following is most likely the highest level of processing that Roger has engaged in while encoding information about the burglar? A. intermediate B. intimate C.Deep D.shallow

Shallow

Sarah's grandfather takes a nap in his recliner while snoring loudly. When he suddenly stops snoring, Sarah looks to see if he is fine. He appears not to be breathing. For a moment Sarah wonders if he's dead, but suddenly he coughs and resumes snoring. Sarah's grandfather appears to suffer from:

Sleep apnea

The concept of mindfulness refers to

The state of being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities.

According to sigmund Freud, a dream is

a person's unconscious desire that he/she wishes to fulfill.

______ is the conscious recollection of info, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, info that can be verbally communicated

declarative memory

which element of sensory memory would be the most useful to stan who is quickly scanning a map of th U.S. to learn where each state fits

iconic memory

positive reinforcement in operant conditioning

increases frequency of behavior

In _____, the organism learns through experience with negative stimuli that it has no control over negative outcomes

learned helplessness

Liam is studying in his room for an exam but is disturbed by the loud music from his neighbor's house. He closes the window so that he can no longer hear the loud music. In this scenario, Liam's behavior demonstrates _____ in operant conditioning.

negative reinforcement

Being receptive to other ways of looking at things is referred to as _____.

open minededness

Jackie is amazed at how fast Eric's fingers move over the keyboard when he plays computer games. Eric doesn't have to look at the keypad to recall the placement of each key. His fingers automatically move to the keys meant for controlling his in-game character while he focuses on game strategies. Which type of memory is primarily responsible for Eric's dexterity with the keyboard?

procedural

Ryan, a high-school football player, received a head injury during a game. Following recovery, Ryan was unable to remember anything that happened before the injury. However, he was able to form new relationships and new memories. In the context of forgetting, Ryan's condition best exemplifies _____.

retrograde amnesia

A preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people organize and interpret information is called

schema

People adapt very quickly to the procedures and behaviors that are appropriate in a church setting. The general knowledge of how to behave in church is called a

schema

In the context of operant conditioning, a reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience is a _____ reinforcer

secondary

David, a sales representative, earns an extra $1000 every time he is able to sell $10,000 worth of merchandise in a week. In the context of operant conditioning, this bonus acts as a(n) _____ for David.

secondary reinforcer

Jacob asks his little brother Boris to play a game of chess with him. As Boris has never played chess before, Jacob explains the rules of the game to him. What type of long-term memory has primarily helped Jacob to recount his knowledge of chess to Boris?

semantic

short term memory can store info for a longer period of time than _____ memory

sensory

_____ is a system of memory that holds info for a time frames of a fraction of a second to several seconds

sensory memory

While auditioning for a play, Theodore insists that he will audition either first or last. He believes that there are greater chances of him making a lasting impression if he is either first or last. In this scenario, Theodore is adhering to the _____.

serial positioning effect

a person is more likely to store a seven digit home number in his or her _____ memory

short term

_____ refers to the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more rapidly than those in the middle

the serial position effect

Valium and Xanax are two types of

tranquilizers